Afro-Brazilian and African History and Culture in K-12 Education in Paraíba state, Brazil

Chagas, Waldeci Ferreira

doi:10.1590/2175-623661125

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THEMATIC SECTION: EDUCATION AND ETHNIC-RACIAL RELATIONS • Educ. Real. 42 (1) • Jan-Mar 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-623661125 copy

Afro-Brazilian and African History and Culture in K-12 Education in Paraíba state, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

In this article, the teaching of Afro-Brazilian and African history and culture in public schools in Paraíba is discussed. The experiences developed by thirty teachers who work in K-12 education and in municipal public schools located in municipalities from the three meso-regions of Paraíba - coastal, agreste and brejo - are analyzed. For the analysis, projects developed and implemented by the teachers were used, through which the content, methodology, didactic resources and the relations between the implementation of these projects and the development of the education for the ethnic-racial relations were discussed.

Keywords:
History; Afro-Brazilian Culture; Curriculum; Ethnic-Racial Education

Project	Level	General Objective	Approach	Resources	Methodology
1	Kindergarten II	Introducing the African culture and its presence in the lives of Brazilians.	The African Myth of the Creation of the World. The African elements in daily life of Brazilians, based on each one.	Children's literature, "Bruna e a Galinha D'Angola."	Conversation about the story told.
2	2nd grade	Introducing the world of animals based on the African fauna.	The diversity of the African fauna. The different landscapes of Africa. Africa's Cultural diversity. Images of Africa.		Conversation about the content of the video.
3	2nd grade	Knowing and respecting racial differences. Acknowledging the black culture in the constitution of the Brazilian people.	The cuisine. The dance. Physical aspects of the Black Person.	Children's Literature, "O Jongo." Photographs of Black People.	Conversation about the different expressions of Afro-Brazilian culture and the physical differences of Brazilians, based on the self. Photo exhibition with different types of Brazilians and their cultural manifestations.
4	2nd grade	Introducing the Brazil-Africa relations and the Constitution of the Afro-Brazilian Culture.	The presence of Africans: Dances, Songs, Musical Instruments, and Foods.	Children's Literature	Conversations about the differences between black and white Children presented in children's books. Image exhibition about Expressions of Afro-Brazilian Culture. Listening of Songs related to the Folklore. Exhibition of black characters of Brazilian folklore.
5	2nd grade	Enabling the development of values for coexistence with the ethnic and racial diversity.	Constitution of the Brazilian People. Africa: geographic aspects. Self-awareness. Respect for self and for the other. The Relation with Africa. Dances. Foods. Songs	World Map. Children's Literature, Black Girls. Six Short African Stories. First Story: The Creation of the World. Lila and the Secret of Rain. Music of Jackson do Pandeiro	Conversations about the contents of the books.
6	1st grade	Addressing the diversity of Afro-Brazilian culture through the child's play.	African Heritages in Children's Play. Acknowledging self and the other. Valuing oneself and the other in the differences. Who am I? Construction of Unity in Collectivity	Kids games (Maze and Macala). Children's literature: Canção dos Povos Africanos; Menina Bonita do Laço de Fita; Pretinho, Meu Boneco Querido.	Conversations about the differences between individuals, circle dance nursery rhymes with songs from Pretinho, Meu Boneco Querido.
7	5th grade	Studying, using the movie "Kiriku e a Feiticeira", a little of African history and culture.	Traditional Africa: social organization (family), production, marketing of goods, access to land. African Unity. Roles of women, men, and seniors. African Identity.		Conversation about the content of the video.
8	1st to 5th grade	Fostering students' respect for racial differences.	What is the color of my skin? Brazil, a country of people with different colors. The colors of Brazil came from Africa.	"What color is my color?"	Conversation about the content of the video. Construction of the self-portrait.
9	Nursery School	Fostering children's respect for the racial differences.	Appreciation of African Culture.	Literature, O Cabelo de Lelê.	Photo exhibition about the diversity of the African people.
10	3rd grade	Revivifying the history of Africa and value, in schools, the Afro-Brazilian culture.	Our vision on Africa. Location of Africa in the World. The Black and the Constitution of Brazilian Culture.	Children's literature; Pretinho, Meu Boneco Querido. Earth Globe and World Map.	Conversation about Africa, the Afro-Brazilian culture, and the presence of African descent in Brazil.
11	4th grade	Studying the history of the black people and their forced immigration to Brazil	Values of the Afro-Brazilian Culture. The Brazilian people constitution process.	African contemporaneity	Conversation about the difference between blacks and whites in Brazil, based on the presentation of images of black children and of white children and perception of one's own body and of the body of the other. Conversation about Africa.
12	Kindergarten II	Examining the children's skin colors so they acknowledge themselves equal in the difference.	Appreciation of different individuals: black, white, and indigenous. Perception of the difference between black and white dolls.	Children's literature: A boneca Preta, Cadê Clarice, O Pé de Igor.
13	Nursery School	Acknowledging the differences and similarities of individuals based on their cultural identity.	Cultural identity, similarities and differences between individuals. Equality in difference. Author acknowledgement.	Images of individuals from different cultures: indigenous, black, European, and Asian.	Conversation about the cultural similarities and differences between individuals: African, European, indigenous, and Asian. Questioning children about the difference between them and other individuals, regarding skin color, hair type, eye color, and usual way of dressing.
14	3rd grade	Tackling racial prejudice	The similarities and differences between human beings.		Equal or Different Dynamics. Students observe themselves and one another and point similarities and differences between them and their colleagues.
15	3rd grade	Discussing the discrimination against Africa and Africans	Africa yesterday and today.		Conversation about Africa yesterday and today based on the video.
16	4th grade	Appreciating the Afro-Brazilian and African history and culture.	Educating for the elimination of racism and the appreciation of racial identity. Differences bring closer together, they do not make grow apart.	Song of Grupo Olodum: "Dança aí, nego nagô." Posters with black individuals.	Conversation about the song. Identification of aspects of the Afro-Brazilian and African history and culture in the video, song, and posters.
17	Preschool	Fostering attitudes of respect for diversity among the students.	Equality and difference in Africa and in Brazil.	Children's literature, "Bruna e a Galinha D'Angola."	Conversation
18	1st grade	Fostering the students' interest and acknowledgment in relation to the African culture and observe the biodiversity of this continent.	Nature: animals of the African jungle. Society: Africa's cultural diversity.	World Map. Images of African peoples.	Conversation about the nature and diversity of the African continent. Location of Africa in the World Map.
19	1st grade	Addressing the children's ethnic and racial identity, promoting their self-esteem, the appreciation of diversity, and the embrace of their color.	Racial identity of each child. The diversity of children and colors in the classroom. Hair types in the classroom.	Children's literature, book, Que Cor é a minha Cor? Os Cabelos de Lelê. Colorful playdough.	Conversation about each one's color. Construction of the self-portrait. Analysis of the other's self-portrait. Modeling of the figures of the mother and the father, and of the own figure.
20	1st grade	Comprehending the culture brought to Brazil by the Africans that was reconstituted here, constituting the Brazilian culture.	Images of Africa. Africa, land of blacks? The diversity of the African people. Children's Identity in the classroom.		Conversation about the civilizing values of the Africans.
21	5th grade	Acknowledging the Brazilian black people's protagonism based on the cultural manifestations	The Brazilians' vocabulary and relation with Africa. The Dances and Struggles of Blacks in Brazil. Afro-Brazilian Cuisine.	Song lyrics. O canto das Três Raças.	Reading of lyrics of the song "Canto das Três Raças." The song was sung and there was a conversation about the lyrics and the relation with the Brazilian people.
22	4th and 5th grade	Exploring the African heritage in Brazil.	Images of Africa. The Africa continent of slaves, of blacks, and of people without culture? Deconstruction of images of Africa. Origin of the Brazilian of African descent. The African heritage in Brazil.	Children's Literature:	Conversation with students, storytelling.
23	Literacy	Reflecting on the Afro-Brazilian and African history and culture.	Black individuals in Africa and in Brazil. The different types of individuals and of hair in Africa and in Brazil.	Children's Literature: the stories of Ifá, o Advinho; A Botija de Ouro e o Presente de Ossanha; and O Cabelo de Lelê. Toys: black dolls and white dolls.
24	1st and 2nd grade	Encouraging the children to reflect on the similarities and differences between individuals and realizing that the differences between a child and a colleague make none of them superior or inferior.	The different types of people, different beauties. The racial identities of each student. Various expressions of the Afro-Brazilian culture: foods, dances, religions.	Children's Literature: Bruna e a Galinha D Angola, Betina, O Casamento da Princesa.	Construction and painting of the self-portrait. Preparation of Afro-Brazilian food.
25	5th grade	Enabling the student to understand Africa in its complexity and diversity.	From Negation to Positivation of Africa and Africans. The relation between Brazil and Africa. The Identity of Brazilians: Kings and Queens in Africa, enslaved in Brazil.	Clippings from newspapers and magazines with images of Africa, of Africans, and of blacks in Brazil.	Questioning students about their image of Africa.
26	3rd grade	Addressing the cultural diversities of Brazilians and their particularities. Stimulating respect for cultural differences and for different individuals.	The way five children were treated due to being different. Did the differences make them unequal? Differences bring people closer together, they do not make them grow apart. The diversity of the Brazilian people.	Different dolls.	Puppet theatre
27	3rd and 4th grade	Knowing the Afro-Brazilian and African history and culture based on the story Bruna e a Galinha D'Angola	Creation of the universe in the African culture. Diversity in Africa and the relation with Brazil. African customs reinvented in Brazil.	Children's literature, Bruna e a Galinha D' Angola.

Project	Level	General Objective	Approach	Resources	Methodology
01	9th grade	Deconstructing the Eurocentric and colonizing conception about the African continent.	Africa, space, territory, and societies. Africa prior to the European colonization. The Enslavement of Africans. Living conditions of Africans in Brazil. Formation of the quilombos: a form of resistance. Africans in Brazil's cultural constitution.	Poem "África Mãe," Tim Maia. Excerpt from the movie: Amistad. Video Zumbi dos Palmares, construtores do Brasil.	Session of video/movie. Conversation and debate about Images of Africa.
02	6th to 9th grade	Observing/addressing some aspects of the African culture based on the video "Kiriku e a Feiticeira".	African Habits, Cultures, and Dances.		Kiriku e a Feiticeira and conversation about its content, highlighting aspects of the African culture.
03	6th to 9th grade	Reflecting on the richness of the Afro-Brazilian culture. Building knowledge about the ethnic and racial diversity of Brazil.	Brazil's Cultural diversity. Popular Culture and Ethnicity.	Textbooks and Supplementary Educational Materials. Human Resources	Knowledge building workshops/artifacts related to the Afro-Brazilian history and culture: painting, beads, braids and Afro hair types, capoeira circles.

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Faculdade de Educação Avenida Paulo Gama, s/n, Faculdade de Educação - Prédio 12201 - Sala 914, 90046-900 Porto Alegre/RS Brasil, Tel.: (55 51) 3308-3268, Fax: (55 51) 3308-3985 - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
E-mail: educreal@ufrgs.br

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[1] Waldeci Ferreira Chagas holds a Bachelor degree in History from UFPB, a Master's and a PhD in History from UFPE, is an Associate Professor in the Department of History of the UEPB, Campus Guarabira, in classes of African History and Teaching of Afro-Brazilian and Indigenous Culture. He is part of the NEABI/UEPB/Guarabira team. E-mail: waldecifc@gmail.com