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Relation between functional mobility and dynapenia in institutionalized frail elderly

ABSTRACT

Objective

To investigate the relation between functional mobility and dynapenia in institutionalized frail elderly.

Methods

A descriptive, correlational study involving 26 institutionalized elderly men and women, mean age 82.3±6 years. The instruments employed were the Mini Mental State Examination, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Timed Up and Go test, a handgrip dynamometer and a portable dynamometer for large muscle groups (shoulder, elbow and hip flexors, knee extensors and ankle dorsiflexors).

Results

Significant negative correlation between functional mobility levels assessed by the Timed Up and Go test and dynapenia was observed in all muscle groups evaluated, particularly in knee extensors (r -0.65).

Conclusion

A significant negative correlation between muscle strength, particularly knee extensor strength, and functional mobility was found in institutionalized elderly. Data presented indicate that the higher the muscle strength, the shorter the execution time, and this could demonstrate better performance in this functional mobility test.

Frail elderly; Muscle strength; Geriatric assessment; Health of institutionalized elderly

RESUMO

Objetivo

Investigar a relação entre mobilidade funcional e dinapenia em idosos frágeis institucionalizados.

Métodos

Estudo descritivo, correlacional conduzido com 26 idosos institucionalizados de ambos os sexos com média de idade de 82,3±6 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física, teste Timed Up and Go, dinamômetro de preensão manual e dinamômetro portátil para avaliar grandes grupos musculares (flexores do ombro, flexores do cotovelo, flexores do quadril, extensores do joelho e dorsiflexores do tornozelo).

Resultados

Foi observada correlação negativa significativa do nível de mobilidade funcional avaliado pelo teste Timed Up and Go com a dinapenia em relação a todos os grupos musculares avaliados, sobretudo os extensores do joelho (r -0,65).

Conclusão

Foi encontrada significativa correlação negativa da força muscular, sobretudo dos extensores do joelho, com a mobilidade funcional em idosos institucionalizados. Quanto maior a força muscular, menor foi o tempo de execução, o que pode significar um melhor desempenho no teste de mobilidade funcional.

Idoso fragilizado; Força muscular; Avaliação geriátrica; Saúde do idoso institucionalizado

INTRODUCTION

Population ageing is one of the most significant trends of the 21st century. This phenomenon is progressing fast - particularly in Brazil - and this country is projected to rank sixth in elderly population, in 2020.(11. Veras R. Population aging today: demands, challenges and innovations. Rev Saude Publica. 2009;43(3):548-54. Review.) However, the ageing process is associated with physiological and functional changes conducive to compromised mobility and autonomy. Among the disabling changes, the frailty syndrome of the elderly (FS) stands out as a highly prevalent condition in this cohort, with unfavorable outcomes on senior health. Functional decline across multiple organ systems is a major cause of vulnerability and may lead to falls, disability, hospitalization and, in advanced stages, death.(22. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA; Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-56.,33. Cameron ID, Fairhall N, Gill L, Lockwood K, Langron C, Aggar C, et al. Developing interventions for frailty. Adv Geriatr. 2015;1-7.) The frailty syndrome may be clinically explained by loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia), decreased muscle strength (dynapenia), changes in balance, loss of functional mobility and reduced levels of physical activity.(44. Soares AV, Borges Junior NG, Hounsell MS, Marcelino E, Rossito GM, Sagawa Júnior Y. A serious game developed for physical rehabilitation of frail elderly. Eur Res Telemed. 2016;5(2):45-53.)

Dynapenia reflects the progression of sarcopenia and central nervous system changes and is the first and most important clinical manifestation of FS.(55. Iwamura M, Kanauchi M. A cross-sectional study of the association between dynapenia and higher-level functional capacity in daily living in community-dwelling older adults in Japan. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):1.) Sarcopenia and dynapenia are both age-related; however, these entities should be studied separately.(44. Soares AV, Borges Junior NG, Hounsell MS, Marcelino E, Rossito GM, Sagawa Júnior Y. A serious game developed for physical rehabilitation of frail elderly. Eur Res Telemed. 2016;5(2):45-53.) Dynapenia is a better predictor of disability and death, as compared to loss of muscle mass alone.(66. Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Simonsick EM, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the health, aging and body composition study cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(1):72-7.)

Some studies showed that handgrip dynamometry is the easiest method to measure muscle strength in elderly people, and it has good correlation with both lower limb strength and functional performance.(77. Bohannon RW. Are hand-grip and knee extension strength reflective of a common construct? Percept Mot Skills. 2012;114(2):514-8.,88. Roberts HC, Syddall HE, Sparkes J, Ritchie J, Butchart J, Kerr A, et al. Grip strength and its determinants among older people in different healthcare settings. Age Ageing. 2014;43(2):241-6.) Also, handgrip strength is one of FS clinical diagnostic criteria.(22. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA; Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-56.)

Lower limb strength is related to accomplishment of routine tasks, such as rising from a chair, going down a flight of stairs and walking at appropriate speed, which correspond to basic abilities associated with functional independence levels.(99. Bassey EJ, Fiatarone MA, O’Neill EF, Kelly M, Evans WJ, Lipsitz LA. Leg extensor power and functional performance in very old men and women. Clin Sci (Lond). 1992;82(3):321-7.) Although dynapenia is a systemic process, identification of representative muscle groups may contribute to early recognition of elderly persons prone to FS development.

Functional mobility is strongly related to independence levels in elderly people and may be evaluated using the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), a rapid, practical and user-friendly functional test.(1010. Soares AV, Carvalho Júnior JM, Fachini J, Domenech SC, Borges Júnior NG. [Correlation between handgrip, scapular and lumbar dynamometry tests]. Acta Bras Mov Hum. 2012;2(1):65-72. Portuguese.)

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relation between functional mobility and strength of selected muscle groups in frail elderly.

METHODS

A descriptive, correlational study developed at Ancianato Bethesda, in Joinville, Santa Catarina, between February and November 2015. This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Instituto Superior e Centro Educacional Luterano Bom Jesus, protocol number 393.274, CAAE: 21681413.6.0000.5365. All participants signed an Informed Consent Term attesting to their volunteer participation in the study.

Potential participants were indicated by Ancianato Bethesda’s health team among the 98 elderly residing at the organization. Of these, 30 elderly individuals of both sexes, with mean age of 83.2±6 years and diagnosed with FS, were selected and evaluated. The frailty syndrome of the elderly diagnosis was based on the following pre-established criteria:(22. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA; Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-56.) decreased handgrip strength; decreased gait speed; unintentional weight loss; fatigue and decreased levels of physical activity. Elderly persons presenting with three or more, one or two, or none of these diagnostic criteria were classified as frail, pre-frail and non-frail, respectively.

Exclusion criteria were as follows: deficiencies resulting from neurologic diseases, such as dementia and stroke; severe heart diseases or limb amputation; severe visual, auditory and/or vestibular deficiency; and incapacitating orthopedic or rheumatic conditions.

Twenty-six out of 30 participants were included in the study, 18 of whom were women. Even after application of general diagnostic criteria, four participants were excluded due to parkinsonism (one participant), signs of dementia (one participant) or time taken to complete the TUG test below 10 seconds (two participants).

Initial assessment consisted of creation of a medical record including personal data, brief clinical history and a list of 12 associated conditions and/or dysfunctions (systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, parkinsonism, heart, lung or kidney disease, obesity, rheumatic disease and visual, auditory and/or vestibular deficits), medications on use and associated treatments.

The sample was further screened using the following criteria: TUG test execution time (cutoff value ≥10 seconds);(1111. Bohannon RW. Reference values for the timed up and go test: a descriptive meta-analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2006;29(2):64-8.) absence of significant cognitive deficit according to Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and/or signs of severe depression based on the Geriatric Depression Scale.(1212. Valim-Rogatto PC, Candolo C, Brêtas AC. [Physical Activity Level, Accidental Falls and Associated-Psychossocial Factors in Senior Citizen Centers]. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2011;14(3):521-33. Portuguese.)

The TUG test was used for specific assessment of functional mobility,(1010. Soares AV, Carvalho Júnior JM, Fachini J, Domenech SC, Borges Júnior NG. [Correlation between handgrip, scapular and lumbar dynamometry tests]. Acta Bras Mov Hum. 2012;2(1):65-72. Portuguese.) since this tool has good intra-rater (ICC-0.95) and inter-rater (ICC-0.98) reliability.(1313. Andrews AW, Thomas MW, Bohannon RW. Normative values for isometric muscle force measurements obtained with hand-held dynamometers. Phys Ther. 1996;76(3):248-59.,1414. Piva SR, Fitzgerald GK, Irrgang JJ, Bouzubar F, Starz TW. Get up and go test in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(2):284-9.) The International Physical Activity Questionnaire – short form (IPAC-SF) was used to categorize physical activity levels as low, moderate or high with good reproducibility (rs=0.95).(1515. Woods JL, Iuliano-Burns S, King SJ, Strauss BJ, Walker KZ. Poor physical function in elderly women in low-level aged care is related to muscle strength rather than to measures of sarcopenia. Clin Interv Aging. 2011;6:67-76.) Muscle mass estimation was based on the equation of Lee et al.,(1616. Lee RC, Wang Z, Heo M, Ross R, Janssen I, Heymsfield SB. Total-body skeletal muscle mass: development and cross-validation of anthropometric prediction models. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(3):796-803. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(5):995.) for total muscle mass index (TMMI) (5.9 to 9.5kg/M2) calculation, according to the following formula:

Total Muscle Mass (TMM) = 0.244.BW + 7.80.H1– 0.098.A + 6.6.S + Et– 3.3

Where TMMI is expressed as TMMI (kg.m-2)= TMM/E2; BW= body weight (kg); H1= height (meters); A= age (years); S= sex (woman= 0; man= 1); Et= ethnicity (Caucasian= 0, Asian= -1.2; Black= 1.4).

Muscle strength was measured using dynamometry. A handgrip dynamometer (Takei®) was used to measure handgrip strength, and a portable multiarticular dynamometer (Chatillon®) to measure strength in large upper and lower limb muscle groups. Handgrip strength measurements were made according to the recommendations of the American Society of Hand Therapists,(1010. Soares AV, Carvalho Júnior JM, Fachini J, Domenech SC, Borges Júnior NG. [Correlation between handgrip, scapular and lumbar dynamometry tests]. Acta Bras Mov Hum. 2012;2(1):65-72. Portuguese.) while large muscle group measurements (shoulder, elbow and hip flexors, knee extensors and ankle dorsiflexors), as recommended by Andrews et al.(1313. Andrews AW, Thomas MW, Bohannon RW. Normative values for isometric muscle force measurements obtained with hand-held dynamometers. Phys Ther. 1996;76(3):248-59.) Both devices were calibrated prior to data collection.

The best out of two measurements of maximal isometric voluntary contraction sustained for 3-5 seconds was recorded per muscle group. The arithmetic mean of muscle group measurements was then calculated. Means were normalized to body weight for isometric strength determination (strength x 9.81/body weight = N/Kg).(1515. Woods JL, Iuliano-Burns S, King SJ, Strauss BJ, Walker KZ. Poor physical function in elderly women in low-level aged care is related to muscle strength rather than to measures of sarcopenia. Clin Interv Aging. 2011;6:67-76.)

A digital scale with 50g resolution (2096PP, Toledo®, Brazil) and a stadiometer measuring 1mm increments (ES2020, American Medical do Brasil Ltda., Sanny®, Brazil) were used for body mass and height measurements, respectively.

Data analysis

Data tabulation and analysis were performed using the GraphPad Prism 6 software®; means, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values were determined. Relations between variables analyzed in the study (TUG versus strength) were investigated using the Pearson’s correlation test. The level of significance was set at 95% (p<0.05).

RESULTS

Twenty-six out of 30 participants met the inclusion criteria adopted in this study. Selected participants had low levels of physical activity and did not show signs of dementia or depression according to MMSE and the Geriatric Depression Scale, respectively.

Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations of individual variables) are shown in table 1. Bilateral handgrip and large muscle group strength measurement were expressed as means. Strength measurements were normalized to body mass to minimize potential effects of anthropometric and/or biotypological features. However, the absolute mean 22.2kgf (±8.6) should also be considered, as it is commonly reported in studies in which this variable is controlled.

Table 1
Descriptive statistics for variables analyzed in the study

Correlation coefficients between functional mobility (TUG test) and muscle strength are given in table 2.

Table 2
Analysis of correlation between Timed Up and Go test results and strength measurements

Functional mobility was negatively correlated with strength tests, i.e., the lower the strength, the longer the execution time - and the poorer the performance - in the TUG test. All correlation coefficients were significant; however, knee extensor strength was particularly correlated with functional mobility.

DISCUSSION

Increased life expectancy is associated with increased age-related vulnerability and disability, which are major causes of institutionalization.(11. Veras R. Population aging today: demands, challenges and innovations. Rev Saude Publica. 2009;43(3):548-54. Review.) Health surveillance studies involving 436 elderly individuals and all institutions (nursing homes, long-term care facilities and geriatric clinics) in the municipality of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul indicate that elderly persons with advanced age (i.e., aged over 75 years) prevail in these settings.(1717. de Carvalho MP, Luckow EL, Siqueira FV. [Falls and associated factors in institutionalized elderly people in Pelotas (RS, Brazil)]. Cienc Saude Colet. 2011;16(6):2945-52. Portuguese.) Similar findings were documented in the present study, which also involved institutionalized elderly with advanced age - a common epidemiological profile among the elderly.

Four out of 12 associated dysfunctions and/or conditions investigated were more prevalent in this study: visual deficit, systemic arterial hypertension, rheumatic conditions and vestibular deficit. This clinical profile is actually quite common among elderly people, particularly with advancing age.(1717. de Carvalho MP, Luckow EL, Siqueira FV. [Falls and associated factors in institutionalized elderly people in Pelotas (RS, Brazil)]. Cienc Saude Colet. 2011;16(6):2945-52. Portuguese.) It is worth mentioning some features, such as visual impairment, systemic arterial hypertension (of significance in Brazilian epidemiology),(1818. Dantas AO. Hipertensão arterial no idoso: fatores dificultadores para a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso [monografia]. Minas Gerais: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 2011.) rheumatic diseases(1919. Tavares DM, Guimarães Mde O, FerreiraI PC, Dias FA, Martins NP, Rodrigues LR. Quality of life and accession to the pharmacological treatment among elderly hypertensive. Rev Bras Enferm. 2016;69(1):122-9.) and finally vestibular changes leading to compromised balance and increased risk of falls in elderly persons.(2020. Teixeira CS, Doneles PP, Lemos LF, Pranke GI, Rossi AG, Mota CB. [Evaluation the influence sensory stimuli that keep body balance in elderly women]. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2011;14(3):453-60. Portuguese.)

Elderly individuals included in this study did not show signs of cognitive impairment according to MMSE (i.e., MMSE scores were consistent with participants’ schooling). However, the heterogeneity of Brazilian elementary education and associated regional characteristics must be taken into account, as this may lead to different response profiles in cognitive scales.(2121. Brucki SM, Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Bertolucci PH, Okamoto IH. [Suggestions for utilization of the mini-mental state examination in Brazil]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2003;61(3B):777-81. Portuguese.)

Body changes occur with ageing and can be detected using anthropometric measurements, and body mass index is easily applied. It is an important indicator of nutritional status and a predictor of morbidity and mortality.(2222. de Menezes TN, de Fátima Nunes Marucci M. [Anthropometry of elderly people living in geriatric institutions, Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica. 2005;39(2):169-75. Portuguese.) Body mass index is highly correlated with body weight, but poorly correlated with height, and normative values adopted for young adults must be adjusted to elderly patients to account for changes in bone and muscle mass, body fat and water content. Although body mass index is widely used for body composition assessment in clinical practice, the isolated use of this parameter is controversial and not an international consensus. In this study, the values found were considered within normal ranges reported for this age group, as per the recommendations suggested by critical analysis of the literature.(22. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA; Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-56. 33. Cameron ID, Fairhall N, Gill L, Lockwood K, Langron C, Aggar C, et al. Developing interventions for frailty. Adv Geriatr. 2015;1-7.)

Sarcopenia is a complex, incapacitating process in elderly people. Hence, the TMMI can be used for enhanced investigation of body composition in this cohort, since it includes both anthropometric and demographic data.(44. Soares AV, Borges Junior NG, Hounsell MS, Marcelino E, Rossito GM, Sagawa Júnior Y. A serious game developed for physical rehabilitation of frail elderly. Eur Res Telemed. 2016;5(2):45-53.,2424. Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12(4):249-56.) Total body mass index values documented in this study reflect normal reference values.(2525. Gobbo LA, Dourado DA, Almeida MF, Duarte YA, Lebrão ML, Marucci MF. [Skeletal-muscle mass of São Paulo city elderly – SABE Survey: Health, Well-being and Aging]. Rev Bras Cineantrop Desemp Hum. 2012;14(1):1-10. Portuguese.)

Handgrip strength measurements in this study were similar to values given in previous studies with institutionalized elderly involved in falls.(2626. Rebelatto JR, Castro AP, Chan A. [Falls in institutionalized elderly people: general characteristics, determinant factors and relationship with handgrip strength]. Acta Ortop Bras. 2007;15(3):151-4. Portuguese.) As regards strength measurement in large muscle groups, knee extensors were better correlated with functional mobility. The TUG test was used to assess functional mobility in this study; therefore, poor performance in this test can be said to truly reflect greater muscle weakness. Knee extensors are vital for good performance in daily activities.(2727. Ploutz-Snyder LL, Manini T, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Wolf DA. Functionally relevant thresholds of quadriceps femoris strength. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57(4):B144-52.)

Studies investigating handgrip and lower limb strength in 150 community-residing elderly persons revealed strong associations between strength tests and frailty criteria, particularly related to lower limb muscles.(2828. Batista FS, Gomes GA, D’Elboux MJ, Cintra FA, Neri AL, Gariento ME, t. al. Relationship between lower-limb muscle strength end functional Independence among elderly people according to frailty criteria: a cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2012;132(5):282-9.) Similar correlations were observed in women in a study involving 621 non-institutionalized Hispanic North American elderly, in contrast with greater correlation with upper limb muscle strength in men in the same study.(2929. Ottenbacher KJ, Ostir GV, Peek MK, Snih SA, Raji MA, Markides KS. Frailty in older Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(9):1524-31.)

Some studies suggest that decreased knee extensor strength is a predictor of reduced mobility and functionality with advancing age, leading to greater vulnerability, increased risk of falls and greater dependence on senior care.(2727. Ploutz-Snyder LL, Manini T, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Wolf DA. Functionally relevant thresholds of quadriceps femoris strength. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57(4):B144-52.,3030. Hicks GE, Shardell M, Alley DE, Miller RR, Bandinelli S, Guralnik J, et al. Absolute strength and loss of strength as predictors of mobility decline on older adults: the inCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012; 67(1):66-73.)

CONCLUSION

This study revealed significant negative correlations between muscle strength, particularly knee extensor strength, and functional mobility in institutionalized elderly. Data indicate that the greater the muscle strength, the shorter the execution time in the Timed Up and Go test, or the better the performance in this functional mobility test.

The authors of this study suggest the use of dynamometry for this purpose, and not only handgrip strength, as is often the case in this field, with particular emphasis on strength measurements in large muscle groups using portable dynamometry.

ACKNOLEGEMENTS

We thank Fundo de Apoio à Manutenção e ao Desenvolvimento da Educação Superior, Secretaria da Educação do Estado de Santa Catarina for funding this study 006/SED/2012.

REFERENCES

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    Veras R. Population aging today: demands, challenges and innovations. Rev Saude Publica. 2009;43(3):548-54. Review.
  • 2
    Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA; Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-56.
  • 3
    Cameron ID, Fairhall N, Gill L, Lockwood K, Langron C, Aggar C, et al. Developing interventions for frailty. Adv Geriatr. 2015;1-7.
  • 4
    Soares AV, Borges Junior NG, Hounsell MS, Marcelino E, Rossito GM, Sagawa Júnior Y. A serious game developed for physical rehabilitation of frail elderly. Eur Res Telemed. 2016;5(2):45-53.
  • 5
    Iwamura M, Kanauchi M. A cross-sectional study of the association between dynapenia and higher-level functional capacity in daily living in community-dwelling older adults in Japan. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):1.
  • 6
    Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Simonsick EM, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the health, aging and body composition study cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(1):72-7.
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    Bohannon RW. Are hand-grip and knee extension strength reflective of a common construct? Percept Mot Skills. 2012;114(2):514-8.
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    Roberts HC, Syddall HE, Sparkes J, Ritchie J, Butchart J, Kerr A, et al. Grip strength and its determinants among older people in different healthcare settings. Age Ageing. 2014;43(2):241-6.
  • 9
    Bassey EJ, Fiatarone MA, O’Neill EF, Kelly M, Evans WJ, Lipsitz LA. Leg extensor power and functional performance in very old men and women. Clin Sci (Lond). 1992;82(3):321-7.
  • 10
    Soares AV, Carvalho Júnior JM, Fachini J, Domenech SC, Borges Júnior NG. [Correlation between handgrip, scapular and lumbar dynamometry tests]. Acta Bras Mov Hum. 2012;2(1):65-72. Portuguese.
  • 11
    Bohannon RW. Reference values for the timed up and go test: a descriptive meta-analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2006;29(2):64-8.
  • 12
    Valim-Rogatto PC, Candolo C, Brêtas AC. [Physical Activity Level, Accidental Falls and Associated-Psychossocial Factors in Senior Citizen Centers]. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2011;14(3):521-33. Portuguese.
  • 13
    Andrews AW, Thomas MW, Bohannon RW. Normative values for isometric muscle force measurements obtained with hand-held dynamometers. Phys Ther. 1996;76(3):248-59.
  • 14
    Piva SR, Fitzgerald GK, Irrgang JJ, Bouzubar F, Starz TW. Get up and go test in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(2):284-9.
  • 15
    Woods JL, Iuliano-Burns S, King SJ, Strauss BJ, Walker KZ. Poor physical function in elderly women in low-level aged care is related to muscle strength rather than to measures of sarcopenia. Clin Interv Aging. 2011;6:67-76.
  • 16
    Lee RC, Wang Z, Heo M, Ross R, Janssen I, Heymsfield SB. Total-body skeletal muscle mass: development and cross-validation of anthropometric prediction models. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(3):796-803. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(5):995.
  • 17
    de Carvalho MP, Luckow EL, Siqueira FV. [Falls and associated factors in institutionalized elderly people in Pelotas (RS, Brazil)]. Cienc Saude Colet. 2011;16(6):2945-52. Portuguese.
  • 18
    Dantas AO. Hipertensão arterial no idoso: fatores dificultadores para a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso [monografia]. Minas Gerais: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 2011.
  • 19
    Tavares DM, Guimarães Mde O, FerreiraI PC, Dias FA, Martins NP, Rodrigues LR. Quality of life and accession to the pharmacological treatment among elderly hypertensive. Rev Bras Enferm. 2016;69(1):122-9.
  • 20
    Teixeira CS, Doneles PP, Lemos LF, Pranke GI, Rossi AG, Mota CB. [Evaluation the influence sensory stimuli that keep body balance in elderly women]. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2011;14(3):453-60. Portuguese.
  • 21
    Brucki SM, Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Bertolucci PH, Okamoto IH. [Suggestions for utilization of the mini-mental state examination in Brazil]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2003;61(3B):777-81. Portuguese.
  • 22
    de Menezes TN, de Fátima Nunes Marucci M. [Anthropometry of elderly people living in geriatric institutions, Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica. 2005;39(2):169-75. Portuguese.
  • 23
    Cervi A, Franceschini SC, Priore SE. [Critical analysis of the use of the body mass index for the elderly]. Rev Nutr. 2005;18(6):765-75. Portuguese.
  • 24
    Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12(4):249-56.
  • 25
    Gobbo LA, Dourado DA, Almeida MF, Duarte YA, Lebrão ML, Marucci MF. [Skeletal-muscle mass of São Paulo city elderly – SABE Survey: Health, Well-being and Aging]. Rev Bras Cineantrop Desemp Hum. 2012;14(1):1-10. Portuguese.
  • 26
    Rebelatto JR, Castro AP, Chan A. [Falls in institutionalized elderly people: general characteristics, determinant factors and relationship with handgrip strength]. Acta Ortop Bras. 2007;15(3):151-4. Portuguese.
  • 27
    Ploutz-Snyder LL, Manini T, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Wolf DA. Functionally relevant thresholds of quadriceps femoris strength. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57(4):B144-52.
  • 28
    Batista FS, Gomes GA, D’Elboux MJ, Cintra FA, Neri AL, Gariento ME, t. al. Relationship between lower-limb muscle strength end functional Independence among elderly people according to frailty criteria: a cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2012;132(5):282-9.
  • 29
    Ottenbacher KJ, Ostir GV, Peek MK, Snih SA, Raji MA, Markides KS. Frailty in older Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(9):1524-31.
  • 30
    Hicks GE, Shardell M, Alley DE, Miller RR, Bandinelli S, Guralnik J, et al. Absolute strength and loss of strength as predictors of mobility decline on older adults: the inCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012; 67(1):66-73.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Jul-Sep 2017

History

  • Received
    21 Nov 2016
  • Accepted
    2 Aug 2017
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