Gender and science: An analysis of brazilian postgraduation

BARROS, Suzane Carvalho da Vitória; MOURÃO, Luciana

doi:10.1590/1982-0275202037e180108

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Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas)

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Sumário

Social and Organizational Psychology • Estud. psicol. 37 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202037e180108 copy

Gender and science: An analysis of brazilian postgraduation

Gênero e ciência: uma análise na pós-graduação brasileira

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Gender issues are present in different work environments, including the academic world. This secondary data research aimed to compare, by gender, distribution and scientific output of Brazilian faculty who are active in stricto sensu postgraduation. A collection protocol was developed to capture data made available by the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, in the quadrennium 2013-2016 (n = 50.533, 57.5% men). The results indicate no difference in production by gender, but the following gender disparities in the researchers’ career were identified: (i) female prevalence in the areas of Health, Humanities and Linguistics and Arts, and male prevalence in the Exact and Earth Sciences, Engineering and Agrarian Sciences; (ii) gender differences in favor of men in the earning of research productivity scholarships. We conclude that a reduction in gender disparities in science is expected over time, although there is still a male predominance in the scientific field.

Keywords
Career mobility; Confl ict (Psychology); Faculty; Gender identity

School	Big Area	Female		Male		Total
School	Big Area	n	%	n	%	n	%
Life Sciences (38% Tenured Professors)	Biological Sciences	2.551	43	3.379	57	5.930	31
	Health Sciences	4.468	53	3.962	47	8.430	44
	Agrarian Sciences	1.528	33	3.137	67	4.665	25

Exact Sciences, Technological and Multidisciplinary (32% of Tenured Professors)	Exact and Earth Sciences	1.449	27	3.970	73	5.419	34
	Engineering	770	21	2.963	79	3.733	23
	Multidisciplinary	3.125	45	3.776	55	6.901	43

Humanities (30% of Tenured Professors)	Applied Social Sciences	2.021	39	3.221	61	5.242	34
	Humanities	3.765	52	3.514	48	7.279	47
	Liberal Arts	1.816	62	1.118	38	2.937	19

Variables	Female (N = 21.493)		Male (N = 29.040)		Total sample (N = 50.533)
Variables	M	SD	M	SD	t	Sig. (2-tailed)	d Cohen
Funded Research Projects	9.46	11.66	10.16	12.92	-6.341	0.00	0.006
Master’s Degree Advisor (in progress)	7.12	5.97	7.43	7.16	-5.215	0.00	0.005
PhD Advisor (in progress)	6.36	7.69	6.97	8.52	-8.339	0.00	0.008
PMD Advisor (in progress)	1.25	4.21	1.30	4.89	-1.140	0.25	0.010
Total Advisory (in progress)	14.73	10.09	15.70	12.43	-9.425	0.00	0.009
Master’s Degree Advisor (Completed)	3.11	2.74	3.14	2.97	-0.997	0.32	0.010
PhD Advisor (Completed)	1.19	1.86	1.29	1.96	-5.722	0.00	0.005
PMD Advisor (Completed)	0.48	1.75	0.51	2.04	-1.885	0.59	0.015
Total Advisory (Completed)	4.77	3.51	4.93	4.02	-4.584	0.00	0.004
Monograph Advisory Service	3.00	6.14	2.78	6.21	3.963	0.00	0.004
Expertise in Scientific Advising	4.67	6.85	3.87	6.21	13.621	0.00	0.012
Undergraduate Workload	550.20	580.75	534.98	575.71	2.927	0.03	0.003
Published Articles	12.11	13.59	12.52	14.84	-3.219	0.01	0.003
High Impact Journals	8.08	10.35	8.38	11.50	-2.950	0.03	0.003
Complete Published Books	0.99	2.34	0.86	2.17	15.868	0.00	0.006
Chapters of Published Books	3.04	5.00	2.37	4.43	10.182	0.00	0.014
Technical Services Provided	5.92	13.54	4.69	13.38	5.193	0.00	0.009
Short Duration Courses	1.08	2.77	0.93	3.36	22.331	0.00	0.005
Paper Presentations	8.53	13.18	6.14	10.84	5.284	0.00	0.020
Editorial	0.48	2.59	0.36	2.26	6.394	0.00	0.005
Teaching Material	0.23	1.85	2.48	4.24	14.119	0.00	0.006
Organization of Scientific Events	2.48	4.24	1.96	4.00	1.994	0.46	0.013

Productivity Scholarship Level	Distribution by Level (100%)		Women (37%)		Men (63%)
Productivity Scholarship Level	n	%	n	%	n	%
PQ-2	8,503	56	3.390	40	5,113	60
PQ-1D	2,564	17	941	37	1,623	63
PQ-1C	1,404	10	496	35	908	65
PQ-1B	1,301	9	440	34	861	66
PQ-1A	1,288	8	301	23	987	77
Total	15,095		5,582		9,513

School	Gender	PQ Scholarships at College	Percentage Distribution by PQ Scholarship Level
School	Gender	PQ Scholarships at College	1A	1B	1C	1D	2	Total
Life Sciences	Female	2,773	23	35	38	40	45	41
	Male	4,051	77	65	62	60	55	59
	Subtotal	6,824	421	444	479	873	3,022	100

Exact sciences, Technological and Multidisciplinary	Female	1,311	12	20	23	25	28	25
	Male	3,928	88	80	77	75	72	75
	Subtotal	5,239	277	287	303	480	1,395	100

Humanities	Female	1,484	44	54	48	49	49	49
	Male	1,513	56	46	52	51	51	51
	Subtotal	2,997	244	264	254	525	1,710	100
	Total	15,060	942	995	1,036	1,878	6,127	26,038

Big Area	Gender	PQ Scholarships in Big Area (N)	Percentage Distribution by Productivity Scholarship Level
Big Area	Gender	PQ Scholarships in Big Area (N)	1A	1B	1C	1D	2	Total
Exact and Earth Sciences	Female	544	12	14	20	23	27	24
	Male	1,755	88	83	80	76	73	76
	Subtotal	2,299	198	218	243	357	1.283	100

Biological Sciences	Female	1,156	21	38	42	46	46	42
	Male	1,586	79	62	58	54	54	58
	Subtotal	2,742	277	287	303	480	1.395	100

Engineering	Female	278	9	14	19	18	21	18
	Male	1,231	91	86	81	82	79	82
	Subtotal	1,509	137	122	118	276	856	100

Health Sciences	Female	1,126	32	42	45	49	57	51
	Male	1,077	68	58	55	51	43	49
	Subtotal	2,203	197	188	193	356	1.269	100

Agrarian Sciences	Female	491	15	18	23	22	30	26
	Male	1,388	85	82	77	78	70	74
	Subtotal	1,879	149	118	175	330	1.107	100

Applied Social Sciences	Female	395	32	52	43	43	44	43
	Male	515	68	48	57	57	56	57
	Subtotal	910	69	62	69	159	551	100

Humanities	Female	792	46	52	53	47	50	50
	Male	803	54	48	47	53	50	50
	Subtotal	1,595	136	162	130	269	898	100

Linguistics, Letters and Arts	Female	297	61	67	60	65	57	60
	Male	195	39	33	40	35	43	40
	Subtotal	492	39	40	55	97	261	100

Multidisciplinary	Female	489	15	31	34	34	36	34
	Male	942	85	69	66	66	64	66
	Subtotal	1,431	86	104	118	240	883	100

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas Núcleo de Editoração SBI - Campus II, Av. John Boyd Dunlop, s/n. Prédio de Odontologia, 13060-900 Campinas - São Paulo Brasil, Tel./Fax: +55 19 3343-7223 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: psychologicalstudies@puc-campinas.edu.br

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[1] Article based on the thesis of S.C.V. BARROS, entitled “Desenvolvimento profi ssional de pesquisadoras brasileiras: investigando estereótipos,cultura e gênero”. Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, 2018.