Effect of continuous growing of resistant soybean genotypes on Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 reproduction

Efeito do plantio contínuo de genótipos resistentes de soja na reprodução de Meloidogyne arenaria raça 1

EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS GROWING OF RESISTANT SOYBEAN GENOTYPES ON Meloidogyne arenaria RACE 1 REPRODUCTION

ELVIRA M.R. PEDROSA¹ & ROMERO M. MOURA²

¹Departamento de Tecnologia Rural, ²Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, fax: [phone]

(Accepted for publication on 02/01/2001)

Corresponding author: Elvira M.R. Pedrosa

ABSTRACT

Even though resistance is the most promising tactic for root-knot nematode management on soybean (Glycine max), virulent biotypes may occur and be selected on specific resistant plant genotypes. In the present study, reproduction rate of Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 increased after four sequences of continuous culture of the parasite on resistant soybean genotypes.

Key words: Glycine max, resistance, root-knot nematode, virulence.

RESUMO

Efeito do plantio contínuo de genótipos resistentes de soja na reprodução de Meloidogyne arenaria raça 1

Muito embora o uso de cultivares resistentes seja a tática de controle mais promissora para o manejo da meloidoginose em soja (Glycine max), biótipos virulentos podem ocorrer no campo e serem selecionados por genótipos resistentes específicos. No presente estudo, a taxa de reprodução de um isolado de Meloidogyne arenaria raça 1 aumentou após quatro cultivos contínuos em genótipos de soja resistentes.

Resistance is described as the ability of a plant to suppress reproduction of a nematode (Barker, 1993; Cook, 1991; Truggill, 1991). Despite races 1 and 2 of Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood being able to reproduce on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] they can differ greatly in their reproductive potential on this crop (Carpenter & Lewis, 1991; Pedrosa et al., 1994, 1996). Microplot (Pedrosa et al., 1994) and greenhouse (Pedrosa et al., 1996) studies indicated that both races of M. arenaria were capable of reproducing on susceptible (CNS) and to a lesser extent on resistant (Jackson and PI 200538) soybean. However, race 1 developed slower and produced fewer eggs than race 2 on all genotypes. The extent of differences between races is critical for management strategies because it may affect crop rotation sequences, as well as the inherent tolerance of the crop to the damage potential of the nematode. On the other hand, continuous use of resistant cultivars should be avoided since reproduction does occur on the resistant genotypes and virulent biotypes may occur in the field and might be selected on specific resistant plant genotypes (Roberts, 1989).

In the present study, a population of M. arenaria race 1 (GA-7 isolate from Georgia, Noe, 1991) was successively cultured on either resistant soybean genotype CNS (R1-CNS) or Jackson (R1-Jac) under greenhouse conditions (temperature range 21-35 ⁰C) with supplemental light from 400-watt multi-vapor phosphor coated lamps to provide a 16-hour photoperiod. After four cycles of inoculations on the soybean genotypes, eggs from infected roots were collected with 0.5% NaOCl (Hussey & Barker, 1973) and increased on greenhouse-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cv. Rutgers. The original isolate of race 1 and race 2 (Govan isolate from South Carolina, Carpenter & Lewis, 1991) were increased on greenhouse-grown tomato, and were included as controls. Inoculum was obtained by hatching second stage juveniles (J2) from eggs for a 48-hour period, after discarding J2 emerging during the first 24 hours.

Four seeds of each soybean genotype, CNS, Jackson, and PI 200538, were planted in 474-cm³ Styrofoam cups filled with 420 cm³ soil mix (80% sand, 12% silt, 8% clay), previously fumigated with methyl bromide. After seven days seedlings were thinned to one plant per cup, and eight days later were inoculated with a 4-ml suspension of 5,000 J2 per cup. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with six replications and the treatment design consisted of 12 treatments (four M. arenaria isolates ´ three soybean genotypes) factorially arranged. Forty-five days after inoculation, eggs were collected from whole root systems with 1% NaOCl (Hussey and Barker, 1973), counted with a stereomicroscope, and subjected to analysis of variance by the SAS GLM procedure (SAS institute, 1985). Data (x) of reproduction were transformed to log₁₀ (x+1) values, and are reported as antilogs. A preliminary experiment was carried out to compare reproduction of M. arenaria race 2 isolate to those race 1 isolates cultured on resistant soybean genotypes after two inoculations cycles. Although the number of eggs per root system of race 2 differed from the race 1 isolate cultured on Jackson, race 2 did not differ from the isolate cultured on CNS.

Egg productions per root system and per gram of root were affected by M. arenaria isolate, but only the number of eggs per root system was affected by soybean genotype. Reproduction of M. arenaria race 2 and isolate R1-CNS was greater on CNS and Jackson than on PI 200538 (Table 1). Indeed, four cycles of CNS inoculation with the race 1 isolate increased its virulence to such degree that its reproduction did not differ (P > 0.05) from race 2. Increase in virulence of R1-Jac was also observed but to a lesser degree. Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 cultured exclusively on tomato produced fewer (P < 0.05) eggs per root system and per gram of root on all soybean genotypes than either M.arenaria race 2 or the selected virulent race 1 isolates. Significant interactions between soybean genotypes and M. arenaria isolates were not detected. These preliminary results indicate the effect of alternating soybean cultivars within a cropping system on root-knot nematode virulence merits future studies. R1-CNS and R1-Jac should be compared in peanut cultured with M.arenaria race 1 cultured exclusively on tomato. Furthermore, the cellular responses in CNS and Jackson induced by R1-CNS and R1-Jac need to be compared to the responses induced by races 1 and 2.

LITERATURE CITED

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• CARPENTER, A.S. & LEWIS, S.A. Aggressiveness and reproduction of four Meloidogyne arenaria populations on soybean. Journal of Nematology 23: 232-238. 1991.
• COOK, R. Resistance in plants to cyst and root-knot nematodes. Agricultural Zoology Reviews 4:213-239. 1991.
• HUSSEY, R.S. & BARKER, K.R. A comparison of methods of collecting inocula of Meloidogyne spp. including a new technique. Plant Disease Reporter 57:1025-1028. 1973.
• NOE, J.P. Development of Meloidogyne arenaria on peanut and soybean under two temperature cycles. Journal of Nematology 23:468-476. 1991.
• PEDROSA, E.M.R., HUSSEY, R.S. & BOERMA, H.R. Response of resistant soybean plant introductions to Meloidogyne arenaria races 1 and 2. Journal of Nematology 26:182-187. 1994.
• PEDROSA, E.M.R., HUSSEY, R.S. & BOERMA, H.R. Penetration and post-infectional development and reproduction of Meloidogyne arenaria races 1 and 2 on susceptible and resistant soybean genotypes. Journal of Nematology 28:343-351. 1996.
• ROBERTS, P.A. & THOMASON, I.J. A review of variability in four Meloidogyne spp. measured by reproduction on several hosts including Lycopersicon Agricultural Zoology Reviews 3:225-252. 1989.
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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  30 Aug 2001
• Date of issue
  Mar 2001

History

• Accepted
  02 Jan 2001