Alternative Substrates Formulated with Agro-Industrial Residues for Forest Species Seedling Production

Nhantumbo, Luciana Samuel; Araujo, Maristela Machado; Fermino, Maria Helena; Aimi, Suelen Carpenedo; Griebeler, Adriana Maria

doi:10.1590/2179-8087-FLORAM-2020-0084

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE, Silviculture • Floresta Ambient. 28 (2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087-FLORAM-2020-0084 linkcopy

Alternative Substrates Formulated with Agro-Industrial Residues for Forest Species Seedling Production

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate different container sizes and substrates formulated with agro-industrial residues to produce Handroanthus heptaphyllus and Schinus terebinthifolius seedlings. The experiment had a completely randomized design with four replications (48 seedlings each), in a factorial scheme (containers × substrates), with two containers (110 and 180 cm³) and ten substrates (agro-industrial residues (crushed peach pits and peel rice) mixed with organic compost). Carbonized and hydrolyzed rice husk (CRH and HRH, respectively) were used. At 90 and 108 days after the emergence of the S. terebinthifolius and H. heptaphyllus seedlings, the morphophysiological attributes were evaluated. Considering the attributes evaluated in this study, the 180 cm³ container promoted more significant seedling growth for both species. Substrates containing up to 20% CRH, HRH, or crushed peach pits (CPP) are indicated for S. terebinthifolius, and those with up to 30% CRH or 10% HRH or CPP are indicated for H. heptaphyllus.

Keywords:
Carbonized rice husk; hydrolyzed rice husk; crushed peach pits; morphophysiological attributes; seedling quality

Treatments	Components/proportion (v:v)
T1 - 100CS	100% CS
T2 - 10CRH	90% CS and 10% CRH
T3 - 20CRH	80% CS and 20% CRH
T4 - 30CRH	70% CS and 30% CRH
T5 - 10HRH	90% CS and 10% HRH
T6 - 20HRH	80% CS and 20% HRH
T7 - 30HRH	70% CS and 30% HRH
T8 - 10CPP	90% CS and 10% CPP
T9 - 20CPP	80% CS and 20% CPP
T10 - 30CPP	70% CS and 30% CPP

Substrate	Characteristics
Substrate	DD (kg m^-3)	TP (m³ m^-3)	AS (m³ m^-3)	WRC	WEA (m³ m^-3)	BW (m³ m^-3)	PH	EC (dS m^-1)
100CS	270.38	0.77	0.14	62.96	22.58	4.20	5.68	0.52
10CRH	252.06	0.76	0.16	60.14	23.24	4.02	5.91	0.48
20CRH	252.65	0.79	0.18	61.41	24.38	3.91	5.75	0.44
30CRH	237.93	0.80	0.21	58.52	24.28	3.75	5.92	0.38
10HRH	268.18	0.78	0.17	61.50	22.40	4.03	5.39	0.53
20HRH	246.38	0.75	0.22	53.14	18.89	3.47	5.40	0.53
30HRH	232.79	0.78	0.31	47.12	17.05	2.16	5.51	0.45
10CPP	322.63	0.77	0.17	59.63	21.73	3.94	5.53	0.50
20CPP	354.30	0.73	0.18	54.89	19.85	2.43	5.41	0.50
30CPP	402.76	0.70	0.20	49.94	17.14	2.15	5.64	0.40

Substrates	Height (cm)		F_v/F_m
	Containers (cm³)
	110	180	110	180
100SC	32.71 Aa*	33.16 Aa	0.79 Aa	0.64 Bb
10CAC	32.23 Aa	37.72 Aa	0.74 Aa	0.72 Aa
20CAC	34.60 Aa	39.94 Aa	0.76 Aa	0.74 Aa
30CAC	28.48 Bb	35.91 Aa	0.78 Aa	0.77 Aa
10CAH	32.79 Aa	33.64 Aa	0.79 Aa	0.78 Aa
20CAH	34.95 Aa	31.66 Aa	0.74 Aa	0.77 Aa
30CAH	22.44 Bb	34.38 Aa	0.64 Bb	0.75 Aa
10CPT	30.36 Aa	29.64 Aa	0.77 Aa	0.75 Aa
20CPT	31.12 Aa	32.14 Aa	0.71 Ba	0.74 Aa
30CPT	27.58 Bb	35.53 Aa	0.71 Ba	0.70 Ba
CV (%)	12.57		7.83
Overall average	32.55		0.74

Containers (cm³)	Variables
Containers (cm³)	DC (mm)	SDM (g)	RDM (g)	TDM (g)	DQI	LA (cm²)	Cla a (ICF)	Cla b (ICF)
110	3.19 b*	2.0 b	0.54 b	2.54 b	0.19 b	27.86 b	32.13 b	7.72 b
180	3.78 a	2.77 a	0.68 a	3.46 a	0.26 a	40.04 a	33.89 a	8.48 a
Substrates
100CS	3.57 a	2.38 ^ns	0.44 ^ns	2.82 ^ns	0.19 ^ns	34.53 ^ns	32.16 b	8.01 b
10CRH	3.52 a	2.74	0.59	3.33	0.23	40.27	34.44 a	8.91 a
20CRH	3.73 a	2.86	0.65	3.51	0.24	40.82	34.83 a	8.99 a
30CRH	3.54 a	2.52	0.60	3.12	0.24	34.34	35.07 a	9.11 a
10HRH	3.44 a	2.36	0.66	3.03	0.23	34.08	34.19 a	8.39 a
20HRH	4.06 a	2.25	0.60	2.85	0.23	33.33	32.0 b	7.30 b
30HRH	2.79 b	2.03	0.57	2.60	0.19	30.11	32.51 b	7.86 b
10CPP	3.55 a	2.66	0.85	3.48	0.30	31.78	33.46 a	8.57 a
20CPP	3.41 a	1.83	0.54	2.37	0.19	28.49	30.14 b	6.66 b
30CPP	3.21 a	2.25	0.63	2.87	0.21	31.71	35.06 b	7.18 b
CV (%)	11.13	42.88	30.37	35.32	3.77	25.01	8.41	4.33
Overall average	3.48	2.39	0.61	3.00	0.23	33.95	33.01	8.10

Substrates	SDM (g)		TDM (g)		LA (cm²)
			Containers (cm³)
	110	180	110	180	110	180
100CS	1.98 Bb*	3.33 Aa	2.98 Ba	4.63 Aa	371.26 Bb	597.50 Aa
10CRH	2.03 Ba	3.41 Aa	3.03 Ba	4.70 Aa	360.56 Bb	612.90 Aa
20CRH	2.15 Ba	3.09 Ac	3.19 Ba	4.52 Aa	404.20 Ba	518.57 Ab
30CRH	2.20 Ba	3.18 Ab	3.39 Ba	4.35 Aa	397.94 Ba	555.79 Ab
10HRH	2.09 Ba	2.85 Ac	3.15 Ba	4.07 Aa	372.35 Ba	523.28 Ab
20HRH	1.81 Bc	3.17 Ab	3.01 Ba	4.63 Aa	314.27 Bc	508.18 Ab
30HRH	2.11 Aa	2.39 Ad	3.09 Aa	3.31 Ab	406.48 Aa	425.04 Ac
10CPP	1.90 Bb	2.92 Ac	3.03 Ba	4.38 Aa	308.75 Bc	495.78 Ab
20CPP	1.27 Bc	2.50 Ad	2.02 Bb	3.68 Ab	238.18 Bc	435.39 Ac
30CPP	1.13 Bc	1.95 Ad	1.93 Bb	2.89 Ab	215.06 Bc	356.42 Ac
CV (%)	13.24		12.43		13.72
Overall average	2.37		3.50		420.89

	Variables
Containers (cm³)	H (cm)	SD (mm)	RDM (g)	DQI	Chlorophyll b	F_v/F_m
110	18,67 b	3,20 b	1,02 b	0,36 b	4,38 b	0,64 ^ns
180	25,15 a	3,73 a	1,24 a	0,45a	5,03 a	0,62
Substrates
100CS	24,52 a	3,60 a	1,15 a	0,42 a	4,39 ^ns	0,69 a
10CRH	24,15 a	3,81 a	1,15 a	0,44 a	4,66	0,64 a
20CRH	23,14 a	3,68 a	1,23 a	0,46 a	4,41	0,69 a
30CRH	23,59 a	3,53 a	1,18 a	0,44 a	4,84	0,66 a
10HRH	21,56 b	3,42 b	1,14 a	0,43 a	5,11	0,68 a
20HRH	21,35 b	3,44 b	1,33 a	0,47 a	4,73	0,61 b
30HRH	21,93 b	3,40 b	0,95 b	0,36 b	5,31	0,64 a
10CPP	22,5 b	3,46 b	1,30 a	0,44a	4,36	0,61 b
20CPP	19,79 c	3,21 c	0,96 b	0,35 b	4,39	0,57 b
30CPP	16,61 d	3,09 c	0,87 b	0,34 b	4,83	0,53 b
CV (%)	9,67	7,22	19,94	16,32	6,63	12,92
Overall average	21,91	3,47	1,13	0,41	4,7	0,63

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[TFN1] CS - commercial substrate; CRH - carbonized rice husk; HRH - hydrolyzed rice husk and CPP - crushed peach pits.