Flora and Annual Distribution of Flowers and Fruits in the Ubajara National Park, Ceará, Brazil

Abstract

Although the conservation of tropical biodiversity depends on protected areas, there is still a very large ‘gap’ of knowledge on the flora of Brazilian reserves, especially in the Northeast region of Brazil. Field and herbarium surveys of the phanerogamic flora of the Ubajara National Park, located on the Brazilian Northeast, were made and analyses on phenology and dispersal syndromes were performed. 418 taxa (213 trees and shrubs, 100 terrestrial herbs, 68 climbing plants, 33 sub-shrubs, two epiphytes, one hemiparasite and one aquatic herb) were recorded. The most representative families were: Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Asteraceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The annual flowering / fruiting peak hypothesis was not fully confirmed, therefore, the forest may be an important food resource for the fauna all year long (especially in the moister region). Zoochory was the predominant dispersal syndrome in the moister area, whereas, autochory and anemochory together, predominated in the drier area.

Keywords:  biodiversity; mountain forest; protected areas; evergreen forest; deciduous forest

1. Introduction and objective

The Brazilian semi-arid domain covers an area with a huge physiographic and climatic heterogeneity (associated with continentality, altitude and slope) – which influences moisture and rainfall (Mantovani et al., 2017). In this context, many kinds of vegetation may occur, such as stepic savanna (caatinga and carrasco), savanna (cerrado), coastal semideciduous forest (mata de tabuleiro), semideciduous/deciduous forest (mata seca) and semideciduous/evergreen forest (mata úmida) – the last two can be found mainly in montane regions (Souza & Oliveira, 2006; IBGE, 2012; Moro et al., 2015; Mantovani et al., 2017). According to Zappi et al. (2015), at least 4,659 species of angiosperms were reported for all these plant formations.

The climate in montane regions of the Brazilian semi-arid domain is usually moister than the surroundings, due to orographic precipitation. These habitats are arranged like moist islands in a dry landscape, where forest flora and vegetation develop (Pereira et al., 2010; Nascimento et al., 2012; Pinto et al., 2012; Silva & Figueiredo, 2013). Known as brejos de altitude, they often shelter deciduous, semideciduous and/or evergreen forests, with high species richness in comparison with the surrounding semi-arid landscapes (Pereira et al., 2010; Nascimento et al., 2012; Pinto et al., 2012; Silva & Figueiredo, 2013). Thus, the brejos de altitude may form a patchy and fragmented mosaic of relic vegetation from a moist paleoclimate (Bétard et al., 2007; Mantovani et al., 2017).

The vegetation in the brejos de altitude is also an important resource to local and migratory fauna. The few researches made on these areas show that the seasonality and the water availability rule the phenological patterns and dispersion syndromes. It seems to be a tendency for this kind of biological community to have flower and fruit availabilities all year long (Locatelli & Machado, 2004). Also, it seems to be a predominance of zoochory in moist areas, while autochory and anemochory are predominant in dry areas (Diogo et al., 2016).

The Brazilian semi-arid domain, in which these montane forests are located, is also subjected to overpopulation, about 15% of the national population with 27 million inhabitants (Araújo, 2011), and to an intense rhythm of anthropic exploitation since the Portuguese colonization, especially on the highlands, which are moister than surrounding semi-arid depression (Lopes et al., 2017; Mantovani et al., 2017). Furthermore, protected areas in the Brazilian semi-arid domain account for only 7.8% of its area, of which only 1.3% is under the full protection usage regime, i.e. with restrictions to human intervention (Menezes et al., 2010). Thus, according to Rylands & Brandon (2005), it is one of the most poorly protected regions of Brazil.

Although the conservation of tropical biodiversity depends on protected areas and their surrounding vegetation (Mantovani et al., 2017), there is still a very large ‘gap’ on the knowledge of the flora of Brazilian protected areas. Most of them are still poorly known, making a consistent analysis of their effectiveness for conservation very difficult (Oliveira et al., 2017; Mattar et al., 2018). According to Moro et al. (2015), floristic studies in the Ubajara mountain forest are highly desirable, since extensive floristic surveys for the Ceará highlands were only performed for Baturité and Araripe areas.

Thus, floristic surveys on Brazilian protected areas have a huge role on supporting conservation, management and restoration programs. Although many efforts have been made to assess the flora of Ceará (Loiola, 2013; Tabosa et al., 2016; Ribeiro & Loiola, 2017; Carneiro et al., 2018; Sampaio et al., 2019), there are still very few published studies on the flora of the protected areas of the state of Ceará. From an inventory of the phanerogamic flora, it could be presented some analysis on the floristic composition, the phenological patterns and the dispersal syndromes found in the Ubajara National Park, located in a montane region of the state of Ceará, Brazil. This protected area is considered of extreme biological importance due to its high diversity and for being listed as a priority area for conservation and sustainable use (Brasil, 2007).

2 Material and methods

2.1. Study area

The Ubajara National Park is a full protection reserve, created in 1959. After two additions (the first in 1973 and the second in 2002) to the Ubajara National Park, its protected area reached 6,288 ha. It is located in the north of the Ibiapaba plateau, near the coast (3° 45’ S, 40° 54’ W). Due to orographic rainfall, most part of the park is under a moister climate (Aw, Köppen-Geiger) than the surrounding valleys (Bsh, Köppen-Geiger). The terrain stands on a sedimentary sandstone on the higher altitude areas with outcrops of calcareous rocks on the windward slope. The Tropical Seasonal Deciduous Forest (TSDF) develops between 400-700 m and accounts for 72.1% of the area of the park. Between 700-900 m, there is a Tropical Seasonal Evergreen Forest (TSEF), accounting for 18% of the park; and in the lowlands (bellow 400 m), there is the stepic savanna, which accounts for 9.9% of the park (Figure 1). The park is well preserved, it has about 88.7% of conserved vegetation and only 1.9% of disturbed vegetation. On the surroundings of the park, there is significant anthropogenic disturbance, especially on the moist side, with permeability of only 36.8%, while on the dryer side the permeability is 56% (Mantovani et al., 2017).

Figure 1
Vegetation of the Ubajara National Park in Ceara, Brazil.

On the lands with altitudes around 400-700 meters, the average annual rainfall is 950 mm, concentrated from January to June, and the temperature is 28.2 °C (Figure 2A). The soil is shallow and stony and could be classified as Dystrophic Regolith Neosol. The main headwaters of the Acaraú River basin are lotaced inside the Ubajara National Park. Additionally, the rainfall of the eastern slope of Ibiapaba infiltrates into calcareous rocks and resurge in the lower altitudes. This water is used to irrigate agriculture and also for household use. However, both the headwaters and the resurgent water can deplete during the dry season of deforested area (inside or outside the park) during consecutive years of drought.

Figure 2
Walter & Lieth climatic diagrams for Vegetation of the Ubajara National Park, Ceara, Brazil. (A) Tropical Seasonal Deciduous Forest (TSDF); and (B) Tropical Seasonal Evergreen Forest (TSEF).

The TSEF area (above 700 m) exhibits average annual rainfall of 1,500 mm, concentrated from January to June, and an average temperature of 26.1 °C (Figure 2B). The soil was classified as deep Dystrophic Tb Haplic Cambisol (CXBd).

2.2. Data collection and analysis

During approximately six years, the team went through the main park trails and vegetation patches to collect samples of the flora. The first collection was made between 2011 and 2014, being part of the project “Efetividade de UCs Federais do estado do Ceará na conservação biológica do semiárido brasileiro” (CNPq/ICMBio 13/2011, Nº. 551998/2011-3). Additional samples were obtained between 2017 and 2018 during the project “Conservação da biodiversidade em nível de paisagem: mudanças climáticas e distúrbios antropogênicos” (CNPq/ICMBio/FAPs 18/2017, Nº 421350/2017-2). Collections were also made in phytosociological and functional survey plots (unpublished data). Whenever possible, samples in reproductive state (with flowerbuds, flowers and/or fruits) were obtained. Vouchers were deposited in the Herbarium Prisco Bezerra (EAC) at the Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC). The survey was complemented by gathering samples deposited by other researchers into the EAC collection.

The botanical determination was based on specialized literature, expert opinions and comparisons with other specimens from the EAC collection. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV, 2016) classification system was adopted. Names of the families, genera, species and authors names were confirmed on the International Plant Names Index (IPNI, 2019) and in the Flora of Brazil 2020 under construction website (JBRJ, 2019). The classification of exotic species was adopted, as suggested by Moro et al. (2012). It could be gathered data on family, species, vernacular name, main collector, plant formation, growth-form, flowering / fruiting period, fruit size, fruit type and dispersal syndrome only for native flora.

Classification of growth forms followed the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2012): tree – woody plants higher than 3 m; shrub – woody plants with the main branch up to 50 cm above the ground level and generally shorter than 3 m; sub-shrub – plants with woody main stem and secondary herbaceous branches, generally having a height of less than 2 m; terrestrial herb – terrestrial plants with herbaceous aerial stem; epiphytic herb – plants with herbaceous stem which develop with another plant’s support; climbing plants – lianas or vine plants with elongated stems, that usually are supported by a substrate or epiphytes that rely on their phorophyte for support, and also hemiparasite – plants that use the resources of their host, but have chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis.

The reproductive phenophases data were compiled of exsiccates of the EAC. Fruit size information and diaspore dispersal syndromes were obtained from herbarium sheets whenever possible, and from the literature when not. Diaspores were classified in small, medium and large following the length/width ratio criterion, as proposed by Tabarelli & Peres (2002). The dispersal syndromes were classified as anemochorous, autochorous or zoochorous, followed by Van der Pijl (1982).

The number of species per growth form, dispersal syndromes and diaspore size were analyzed through frequency diagrams. Flowering and fruiting patterns throughout the year were analyzed through circular histograms made with ORIANA 4 software (Kovach, 2011), based on the percentage of species which were flowering and fruiting (there was data on flowering for 80% of the species and on fruiting for only 30%). The following parameters were calculated for the phenology evaluation (with months corresponding to 30° angles): mean angle (μ), representing the period of the year in which a particular phenophase occurred in most taxa; circular standard deviation (sd); Rayleigh (Z) test, which determines the significance of the mean angle; and vector (r), which is a measure concentration around the mean angle. The null hypothesis on the (Z) test is that flowering and fruiting are distributed evenly throughout the year, and therefore there is no seasonality of each phenophase. The alternative hypothesis is that there is seasonality (if the mean angle is significant). The vector (r) varies from 0 (when the phenological activity is evenly distributed throughout the year) to 1 (when the phenological activity is seasonal/concentrated in a period of the year).

3. Results and discussion

Were found 418 specific/sub-specific taxa (84 families; 274 genera) could be found, from which 335 were found in the TSEF, 53 in TSDF, and 30 in both vegetations. Due to the absence of flowers or fruits, from this total number of registered data, only 22 species were identified up to genus and four were only identified up to family (^{Appendix A}). This floristic richness was higher than any other ever recorded in montane forests of Brazilian semi-arid domain. According to the study of Nascimento et al. (2012), the researchers could find 293 species in Planalto da Borborema (Paraíba), nevertheless, Pereira et al. (2010) found 136 species in Serra Negra (Pernambuco), and Silva & Figueiredo (2013) only 100 species in Serra da Meruoca (Ceará). However, this disparity in the species richness of the Ubajara National Park may be due to the high number of terrestrial herbs recorded, in other words, 100 species that comprise 23.9% of the species; on the other hand, other studies did not indicate no more than 10% of herbs in the species richness. In addition, the other forests cited may have different areas and the respective surveys in each study may have different sampling effort, so the comparison may not be conclusive.

The families with the highest species richness were Fabaceae (64 spp.), Malvaceae (24 ssp.), Asteraceae (20 ssp.), Rubiaceae (18 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (16 spp.), Sapindaceae (14 spp.), Apocynaceae (13 spp.) and Myrtaceae (11 spp.). These data are in accordance to the same studies performed in other montane forests of the northeastern Brazil (Rodal & Nascimento, 2002; Nascimento et al., 2012; Silveira et al., 2019). All other families had 10 or less species each. The most numerous genera were Erythroxylum (9 spp.), Passiflora (7 spp.), Croton (7 spp.) and Combretum (6 spp.) – ^{Appendix A}.

In addition to the species listed in the ^{Appendix A}, 28 exotic species (26 genera, 17 families) could be cataloged – ^{Appendix B}. The families with greatest numbers of exotic species were Araceaee (6 spp.), Apocynaceae and Amaryllidaceae (3 spp. each). These species are mostly ornamental and were planted on the park entrance and along the pathway to the cable car. Only five exotic species were found inside the park: Cryptostegia madagascariensis Bojer ex Decne., Coffea arabica L., Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Mangifera indica L. and Bambusa sp. In this case, the exotic species probably were present in the park before of its creation because it was a human occupied area. In the case of zoochorous plant species, exotic fruitful species may compete for the dispersers with native flora. Once the perpetuation of the native flora depends on both preservation and dispersal of diaspores (see Oliveira et al., 2017; Mattar et al., 2018), indigenous biodiversity may be somehow threatened.

Regarding the growth form, considering only indigenous species, it could be recorded 213 trees and shrubs, 100 terrestrial herbs, 68 climbing, 33 sub-shrubs, two epiphytic herbs, one hemiparasite and one aquatic herb (Figure 3A). Forests usually have a low proportion of herb richness in comparison to trees and shrubs. One possible cause of the high proportion of herbs in the flora of the Ubajara National Park may be a consequence of the compilation of data from the herbarium collection; while rainfall forest trees may exhibit supra-annual flowering/fruiting patterns (see Pereira et al., 2008), herbs usually have annual patterns (increasing the chances of being incorporated to the herbarium – once EAC have not accepted vegetative samples in the last years). A complete floristic checklist for the Ubajara National Park will only be possible after a long-term phytosociological survey or reproductive phenodinamic study on the future.

Figure 3
Number of taxa of the Evergreen Tropical Forest (ETF) and the Deciduous Tropical Forest (DTF) of the Ubajara National Park-Ceara, Brazil: (A) growth form; (B) dispersal syndrome; (C) fruit size; (D) fruit types; (E) circular histogram of relative flowering frequency (µ = 85.524°, sd = 167.128°, Z = 0.031, p = 0.97, r =0.014); and (F) circular histogram of relative fruiting frequency (µ = 150.334°, sd = 105.854°, Z = 4.215, p = 0.02, r = 0.181). The arrow shows the average date and its standard deviation.

On spectrum of dispersal syndromes (Figure 3B), as expected, zoochory was predominant on the total flora (55%) and in the TSEF alone (201 species, 56%); while in the TSDF alone, the proportion of zoochory was lower (37 species, 46%). This predominance of zoochory in forests was found by Locatelli & Machado (2004) and by Diogo et al. (2016), showing that the Brazilian montane regions are important to preserve the richness of native species and available resource supply for local and migratory fauna. In both vegetations (TSEF and TSDF), the large and very large diaspores predominated, followed by medium and small ones (Figure 3C). The predominant type of fruit are capsule, drupe, bacca, legume, achene, samara, follicle and schizocarp (Figure 3D).

The Rayleigh test was only significant for fruit production (Figure 3F), seeing that this production is concentrated on June (in the end of the rainy season) with standard deviation from April to July (µ = 150.334°, sd = 105.854°, Z = 4.215, p = 0.02, r = 0.181). This fruiting peak in the beginning of the dry season seems to be an adaptation of plants from seasonal and dry climates, whose seeds have the following wet season to germinate and establish (Locatelli & Machado; 2004; Pau et al., 2011). On the other hand, the vectors r exhibited low results, indicating that the frequencies of the fruiting species are distributed evenly all year long. In addition, data on fruiting was available for only 30% of the species, so conclusions are not supported by these evidences. However, our results allowed generalizing that Ubajara National Park (as other montane forest from Northeast region of Brazil) offers resources for the fauna all year long.

Our results also showed that the Ubajara National Park has an important contribution to conservation of biodiversity, because the number of flowering plant species protected by this area is higher than those of other montane forests in Northeast region of Brazil (Carnaval et al., 2009; Homeier et al., 2010; Leite et al., 2016; Kamimura et al., 2017). The high diversity found in the Ubajara National Park may be attributed to its environmental heterogeneity, seeing that its topographic variation provides a range of different habitats, sheltering different vegetations and therefore a high floristic diversity.

4. Conclusions

The Ubajara National Park exhibits a huge species richness and an outstanding floristic composition – which makes this protected area very important for preservation of the local biodiversity. Beside the preservation of the plant species, the diversity of phenological patterns, types of fruits and dispersal syndromes create a substantial resource supply for local fauna almost all year long.

These results derived from a long-term sampling effort – an unparalleled study in the whole Brazilian semi-arid region. They represent not only an important contribution for the knowledge on the biodiversity of the semi-arid domain in northeast Brazil, but also a fundamental subside to the management of the park (including the formation of seed banks and seedlings production for restoration) and to further research on biodiversity, ecology, ethnobiology and effectiveness of protected areas.

Our results highlight the importance of studying the flora of the Brazilian protected areas. This is a fundamental step in assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in maintaining biodiversity.

Appendix A List of families and species of the Tropical Seasonal Deciduous Forest (TSDF) and the Tropical Seasonal Evergreen Forest (TSEF) of the Ubajara National Park in Ceará, Brazil, where x = presence of taxa.

FAMILY / SPECIES	VEGETATION		MAIN COLLECTOR
	TSDF	TSEF
1. Acanthaceae
Ruellia asperula (Mart. ex Ness) Lindau		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27690)
R. geminiflora Kunth		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. 549
2. Alstromeriaceae
Bomarea edulis (Tussac) Herb.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1591
3. Amaranthaceae
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze		x	Castro, A.J. (EAC 6153)
A. tenella Colla		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1528
Cyathula achyranthoides (Kunth) Moq.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3973)
Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5064)
4. Amaryllidaceae
Hippeastrum stylosum Herb.		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. 595
Zephyranthes cearensis (Herb.) Baker		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. 594
5. Anacardiaceae
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott	x		Fernandes, A. (EAC 15095)
Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão	x		Matos (EAC 6897)
Spondias mombin L.	x		Freitas, B.
Tapirira guianensis Aubl.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1940
Thyrsodium spruceanum Benth.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27839)
6. Annonaceae
Annona exsucca DC.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27751)
A. leptopetala (R.E.Fr.) H.Rainer		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 8287)
Annonaceae sp1		x	Sterile material
Guatteria pogonopus Mart.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1939
G. schomburgkiana Mart.		x	Lima-Verde, L.W. 3542
Guatteria sp.		x	Sterile material
Oxandra sessiliflora R.E.Fr.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1489
Xylopia sp.	x		Sterile material
7. Apiaceae
Spananthe paniculata Jacq.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27943)
8. Apocynaceae
Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. & Zucc.	x		Loiola, M.I.B. 1872
A. riedelii subsp. oliganthum (Woodson) Marc.-Ferr.	x		Fernandes, A. (EAC 8895)
A. subincanum Mart.	x		Araújo, F.S. 699
Forsteronia pubescens A. DC.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2229
Mandevilla hirsuta (A.Rich.) K.Schum.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27684)
Matelea denticulata (Vahl) Fontella & E.A.Schwarz		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1527
Rauvolfia ligustrina Willd.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27923)
R. paucifolia A.DC.		x	Castro, A.S.J. 1377
Schubertia grandiflora Mart.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27886)
Tabernaemontana catharinensis A.DC.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3997)
Apocynaceae sp1		x	Sterile material
Apocynaceae sp2		x	Sterile material
Apocynaceae sp3		x	Sterile material
9. Araceae
Anthurium sinuatum Benth. ex Schott		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27781)
Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 28493)
Monstera praetermissa E.G.Gonç. & Temponi		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1804
Philodendron acutatum Schott		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27815)
P. ornatum Schott		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 28491)
Spathicarpa gardneri Schott		x	Andrade, I.M. (EAC 28492)
Taccarum ulei Engl. & K.Krause		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2215
10. Arecaceae
Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.		x	Observed
Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng.		x	Balick, M.J. 1354
11. Asteraceae
Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 2948)
Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass.		x	Matias, L.Q. 677
Ageratum conyzoides L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3940)
Aspilia andrade-limae J.U.Santos		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5066)
Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3937)
Bidens cynapiifolia Kunth		x	Castro, A.J. (EAC 6152)
B. pilosa L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 16657)
Brickellia diffusa (Vahl) A.Gray		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4008)
Centratherum punctatum Camss.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3993)
Conocliniopsis prasiifolia (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3899)
Elephantopus mollis Kunth		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5083)
Emilia fosbergii Nicolson		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1523
E. sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex Wight		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27850)
Galinsoga parviflora Cav.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1511
Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27478)
Lepidaploa salzmannii (DC.) H.Rob.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3887)
Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski		x	Alvesm M. 421
Pseudogynoxys cabrerae H.Rob. & Cuatrec		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1506
Trixis antimenorrhoea (Schrank) Kuntze		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27768)
Wedelia villosa Gardner		x	Fernades, A. (EAC 27803)
12. Begoniaceae
Begonia reniformis Dryand.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3983)
B. saxicola A.DC.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27773)
13. Bignoniaceae
Anemopaegma citrinum Mart. ex DC.		x	Andrade, I.M. (EAC 28494)
Bignonia sp.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27788)
Dolichandra ungüis-cati (L.) L.G.Lohmann		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27948)
Fridericia dispar (Bureau ex K.Schum.) L.G.Lohmann	x		Loiola, M.I.B. 1837
F. platyphylla (Cham.) L.G.Lohmann	x		Sterile material
F. triplinervea (Mart. ex DC.) L.G.Lohmann	x		Sterile material
Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos	x	x	Sterile material
H. serratifolium (A.H.Genter) S. Grose	x	x	Sterile material
Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau ex Verl.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27955)
14. Bixaceae
Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng.	x		Sterile material
15. Boraginaceae
Cordia bicolor A.DC.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1919
C. rufescens A.DC.		x	Sterile material
C. toqueve Aubl.	x	x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27816)
C. trichotoma (Vell.) Arráb. ex Steud.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1820
Euploca procumbens (Mill.) Diane & Hilger		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27855)
Tournefortia membranacea (Gardner) DC.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27761)
Varronia leucomalloides (Taroda) J.S.Mill.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 8282)
V. polycephala Lam.		x	Soares Neto, R.L. 34
16. Burseraceae
Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1922
P. warmingianum Marchand		x	Mata, M.F. (EAC 15587)
17. Cactaceae
Cereus jamacaru DC.	x		Observed
Epiphyllum phyllanthus (L.) Haw.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2202
18. Campanulaceae
Centropogon cornutus (L.) Druce		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5090)
19. Cannabaceae
Celtis brasiliensis (Gardner) Planch.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27793)
C. iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1822
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume		x	Nunes, E. (EAC 27875)
20. Capparaceae
Cynophalla flexuosa (L.) J. Presl	x		Fernandes, A. (EAC 27673)
C. hastata (Jacq.) J.Presl		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27991)
21. Chrysobalanaceae
Hirtella glandulosa Spreng.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3970)
22. Clusiaceae
Clusia pana-panari (Aubl.) Choisy		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27766)
23. Combretaceae
Buchenavia tetraphylla (Aubl.) R.A.Howard.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27750)
Combretum duarteanum Cambess.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4002)
C. fruticosum (Loefl.) Stuntz	x		Loiola, M.I.B. 1845
C. glaucocarpum Mart.	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2219
C. lanceolatum Pohl ex Eichler		x	Loiola, M.I.B. (EAC 53995)
C. laxum Jacq.		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. 551
C. leprosum Mart.	x	x	Nunes, E. (EAC 27829)
24. Commelinaceae
Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) Kuntze ex Hand-Mazz.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2273
Floscopa glabrata (Kunth) Hassk.		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. 550
25. Convolvulaceae
Distimake macrocalyx (Ruiz & Pav.) A.R. Simões & Staples		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27495)
Ipomoea alba L.	x	x	Cavalcanti, F.S. (EAC 28459)
I. blanchetii Choisy		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27907)
I. brasiliana (Choisy) Meisn.	x		Araújo, F.S. 602
I. marcellia Meisn.	x		Sterile material
Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f.		x	Observed
26. Cucurbitaceae
Cayaponia tayuya (Vell.) Cogn.	x	x	Cavalcanti, F.S. 554
Psiguria ternata (M.Roem.) C.Jeffrey		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2263
P. umbrosa (Kunth) C.Jeffrey		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27884)
Rytidostylis amazonica (Mart. ex Cogn.) Kuntze		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2244
27. Cyperaceae
Cyperus laxus Lam.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1545
C. odoratus L.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1790
C. simplex Kunth		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1797
Fuirena umbellata Rottb.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5073)
Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27882)
Scleria latifolia Sw.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3978)
S. secans (L.) Urb.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1490
28. Dilleniaceae
Doliocarpus dentatus (Aubl.) Standl.		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. (EAC 28474)
29. Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea dodecaneura Vell.		x	Sterile material
D. hassleriana Chodat		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 28016)
D. multiflora Mart. ex Griseb		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1547
D. orthogoneura Uline ex Hochr.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5003)
D. piperifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 8239)
30. Ebenaceae
Diospyros inconstans subsp. obovata (Mart. ex Miq.) B.Walln.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5096)
D. sericea A.DC.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27869)
31. Elaeocarpaceae
Sloanea obtusa (Splitg.) Schum.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 8264)
32. Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylum barbatum O.E.Schulz	x	x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27852)
E. citrifolium A.St.-Hil.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1778
E. deciduum A.St.-Hil.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2231
E. laetevirens O.E.Schulz		x	Araújo, F.S. 827
E. mucronatum Benth.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2255
E. pulchrum A.St.-Hil.		x	Castro, A.S.F. 1378
E. simonis Plowman		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2211
E. subglaucescens Peyr.	x		Fernandes, A. (EAC 27910)
E. subrotundum A.St.-Hil.		x	Costa-Lima, J.L. 2263
33. Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha poiretii Spreng.	x		Fernandes, A. (EAC 27936)
A. villosa Jacq.	x		Nunes, E. (EAC 27830)
Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur	x		Fernandes, A. (EAC 27716)
Croton adenocalyx Baill.		x	Nunes, E. (EAC 27876)
C. betaceus Baill.	x		Loiola, M.I.B. 2180
C. blanchetianus Baill.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2183
C. floribundus Spreng.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27925)
C. hirtus L’Hér.	x		Fernandes, A, (EAC 27927)
C. jacobinensis Baill.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2214
C. triqueter Lam.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2200
Dalechampia pernambucensis Baill.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27952)
D. tiliifolia Lam.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 15081)
Joannesia princeps Vell.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2233
Margaritaria nobilis L.f.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1590
Microstachys corniculata (Vahl) Griseb.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27935)
Tragia cearensis Pax & K.Hoffm.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1475
34. Fabaceae
Aeschynomene paniculata Willd. ex Vogel		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 8241)
A. sensitiva Sw.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3949)
Albizia polycephala (Benth.) Killip ex Record		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1938
Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul	x	x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27782)
Ancistrotropis peduncularis (Kunth) A.Delgado		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3930)
Andira vermifuga Mart. ex Benth.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 7947)
Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4094)
Ateleia guaraya Herzog		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3957)
Bauhinia pulchella Benth.	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1978
B. ungulata L. var. ungulata	x		Loiola, M.I.B. 1947
Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3936)
Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4012)
C. velutinum (Benth.) Amshoff		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27497)
Canavalia grandiflora Benth.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1935
Cassia ferruginea (Schrad.) Schrad. ex DC.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2234
Centrosema brasilianum (L.) Benth. var. brasilianum		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3929)
C. sagittatum (Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd.) Brandegee		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1486
Chamaecrista duckeana (P.Bezerra & Afr.Fern.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27853)
Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27990)
Copaifera duckei Dwyer		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1895
Crotalaria incana L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3964)
C. retusa L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3984)
C. stipularia Desv.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3948)
Dalbergia cearensis Ducke	x		Fernandes, A. (EAC 3935)
Deguelia nitidula (Benth.) A.M.G.Azevedo & R.A. Camargo	x	x	Araújo, F.S. (UEC 96442)
Desmodium axillare (Sw.) DC.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1488
D. barbatum (L.) Benth.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3913)
D. distortum (Aubl.) J.F.Macbr.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3900)
D. incanum (Sw.) DC.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27749)
D. uncinatum (Jacq.) DC.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3934)
Dioclea megacarpa Rolfe	x		Loiola, M.I.B. 1864
D. sclerocarpa Ducke		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1805
D. virgata (Rich.) Amshoff		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. 560
Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4009)
Hymenaea coubaril L.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1926
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. (EAC 28463)
Inga alba (Sw.) Willd.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1921
I. ingoides (Rich.) Willd.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1829
Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P.Queiroz var. ferrea	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1846
Machaerium acutifolium Vogel	x	x	Cavalcanti, F.S. 534
M. amplum Benth.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1827
M. hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1930
Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.	x		Loiola, M.I.B. 2191
M. candollei R. Grether		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27893)
M. paraibana Barneby		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3962)
M. xanthocentra Mart.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3908)
Mucuna sloanei Fawc. & Rendle		x	Loiola, M.I.B. (EAC 52593)
Myroxylon peruiferum L.f.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 10788)
Ormosia arborea (Vell.) Harms		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27778)
Periandra coccinea (Schrader) Benth.	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1815
Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1928
P. outimouta (Aubl.) L.P.Queiroz		x	Andrade, M. (EAC 28711)
Pterocarpus sp.	x		Sterile material
Pterogyne nitens Tul.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3938)
Rhynchosia phaseoloides (Sw.) DC.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 15585)
Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1931
S. tenuifolia (L.) Britton & Rose		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1544
Senna pendula var. dolichandra H.S.Irwin & Barneby		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3906)
S. obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	x		Fernandes, A. (EAC 27921)
S. pilifera (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4000)
S. rizzinii H.S.Irwin & Barneby		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. 539
Stryphnodendron guianense (Aubl.) Benth.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1936
Stylosanthes capitata Vogel		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3958)
S. scabra Vogel		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3965)
35. Gesneriaceae
Drymonia serrulata (Jacq.) Mart.		x	Castro, A.S.F. (EAC 24892)
Sinningia nordestina Chautems, Baracho & Siqueira-Filho		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1812
Sphaerorrhiza sarmentiana (Gardner ex Hook) Roalson & Boggan		x	Fernandes et al. (EAC 28014)
36. Heliconiaceae
Heliconia psittacorum L.f.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1780
H. spathocircinata Aristeg.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3971)
37. Hernandiaceae
Sparattanthelium botocudorum Mart.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2242
38. Hypericaceae
Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27762)
39. Iridaceae
Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.		x	Nunes, E. (EAC 27872)
40. Lamiaceae
Hyptis atrorubens Poit.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3967)
Cantinoa mutabilis (Rich.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3979)
Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27890)
Ocimum gratissimum L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3992)
Vitex panshiniana Moldenke		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 14839)
41. Lauraceae
Aiouea saligna Meissn.		x	Sterile material
Ocotea glomerata (Nees) Mez		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 28013)
Ocotea sp.		x	Sterile material
42. Lythraceae
Cuphea impatientifolia A. St.-Hil.	x		Fernandes, A. (EAC 27912)
43. Loganiaceae
Strychnos sp.	x		Sterile material
44. Malpighiaceae
Banisteriopsis stellaris (Griseb.) B. Gates	x		Sterile material
Bunchosia pernambucana W.R.Anderson		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27801)
Byrsonima crispa A.Juss.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1933
B. sericea DC.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3914)
Byrsonima sp.		x	Sterile material
Diplopterys pubipetala (A.Juss.) W.R. Anderson & C. Davis		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27736)
Heteropterys coeloptera A.Juss.	x		Sterile material
H. macrodena (DC.) W.R.Anderson	x	x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 7940)
Janusia anisandra (A.Juss.) Griseb	x		Sterile material
45. Malvaceae
Apeiba tibourbou Aubl.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2224
Briquetiastrum spicatum (Kunth) Bovini		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4007)
Byttneria catalpifolia Jacq.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2265
Callianthe bezerrae (Monteiro) Donnel		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 31063)
Ceiba glaziovii (Kuntze) K. Schum.	x		Observed
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1542
Helicteres heptandra L.B.Sm.	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2220
Luehea sp.	x		Sterile material
Melochia nodiflora Sw.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4003)
Pavonia cancellata (L.) Cav.		x	Lima-Verde, L.W. 2390
P. malacophylla (Link & Otto) Garcke		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1929
Peltaea trinervis (C.Presl) Krapov. & Cristóbal		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5074)
Pseudobombax marginatum (A.St.-Hil., Juss. & Cambess.) A. Robyns	x		Sterile material
Sida acuta Burm.f.	x		Fernandes, A. (EAC 27937)
Sida cordifolia L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27693)
S. glutinosa Comm. ex Cav.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4195)
S. rhombifolia L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27894)
S. urens L.		x	Mata, M.F. (EAC 15599)
Sidastrum micranthum (A.St.-Hil.) Fryxell		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5091)
Sterculia striata A.St.-Hil. & Naudin	x		Sterile material
Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. 556
Urena lobata L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27821)
Waltheria viscosissima A.St.-Hil.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4004)
Wissadula periplocifolia (L.) C.Presl. ex Thwaites		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 2750)
46. Marantaceae
Goeppertia effusa Saka & Lombradi		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27840)
G. squarros (Anderss. & Kennedy) Borchs. & S.Suárez		x	Fernandes et al. (EAC 27920)
Maranta protracta Miq.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27774)
47. Melastomataceae
Acisanthera variabilis (Mart. & Schrank) Triana.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27755)
Clidemia biserrata DC.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1491
C. debilis Crueg.		x	Castro, A.S.F. 154
C. hirta (L.) D.Don		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27866)
Miconia minutiflora (Bonpl.) DC.		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. (EAC 28472)
M. nervosa (Sm.) Triana		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27834)
M. prasina (Sw.) DC.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 8211)
48. Meliaceae
Cedrela odorata L.		x	Matos (EAC 6897)
Guarea macrophylla subsp. tuberculata (Vell.) T.D.Penn.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27775)
Trichilia hirta L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5009)
49. Molluginaceae
Mollugo verticillata L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27823)
50. Moraceae
Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul	x	x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27739)
Ficus broadwayi Urb.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1543
Maclura tinctoria (L.) D.Don ex Steud.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27838)
51. Myrsinaceae
Myrsineguianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27857)
52. Myrtaceae
Campomanesia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb.		x	Fernandes et al. (EAC 27806)
Eugenia supraaxilaris Spring	x		Sterile material
E. dysenterica DC.	x		Sterile material
E. flavescens DC.	x		Sterile material
E. florida DC.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 28012)
E. pachnantha O.Berg		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4011)
Eugenia sp.	x		Sterile material
Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC		x	Sterile material
Myrcia sp.1		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27800)
Myrcia sp.2		x	Sterile material
Psidium sp.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27502)
53. Nyctaginaceae
Guapira graciliflora (Mart. ex Schmidt) Lundell		x	Fernandes, A. et al. (EAC 28018)
G. opposita (Vell.) Reitz	x		Sterile material
54. Ochnaceae
Ouratea salicifolia (A.St.-Hil. & Tul.) Engl.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5010)
Sauvagesia erecta L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27776)
55. Olacaceae
Cathedra rubricaulis Miers		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5025)
56. Opiliaceae
Agonandra brasiliensis Miers ex Benth. & Hook.f.	x	x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27758)
57. Orchidaceae
Oeceoclades maculata (Lind.) Lindl.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1538
Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & Sweet		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27905)
58. Oxalidaceae
Oxalis alstonii Lourteig		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2197
O. cratensis Oliv. ex Hook.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1496
O. grisea A.St.-Hil. & Naudin		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1539
O. triangularis A.St.-Hil.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1507
59. Passifloraceae
Passiflora cincinnata Mast.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27757)
P. glandulosa Cav.		x	Castro,A.S.F. 1653
P. laurifolia L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27825)
P. misera Kunth		x	Sterile material
P. suberosa L.		x	Sterile material
P. tricuspis Mast.		x	Sterile material
Passiflora sp.		x	Sterile material
60. Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthus subermaginatus Mull.Arg.		x	Castro, A.S.F. 1654
P. tenellus Roxb.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1498
61. Phytolaccaceae
Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 8668)
Microtea glochidiata Moq.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27859)
62. Piperaceae
Peperomia circinnata Link		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1844
Piper arboreum Aubl.	x	x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27753)
P. caldense C.DC.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27727)
P. divaricatum G.Mey.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27939)
P. hispidum Sw.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27731)
P. tuberculatum Jacq.		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. (EAC 28461)
63. Plantaginaceae
Scoparia dulcis L.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1526
64. Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago scandens L.		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. (EAC 28466)
65. Poaceae
Homolepis isocalycia (G.Mey.) Chase		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 28221)
Lasiacis ligulata Hitchc. & Chase		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3912)
Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K.Simon & S.W.L.Jacobs		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27804)
Olyra latifolia L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27895)
Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1796
Panicum millegrana Poir.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4225)
Setaria adhaerens (Forssk.) Chiov.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27911)
66. Podostemaceae
Apinagia gardneriana Tul.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 8671)
67. Polygalaceae
Bredemeyera brevifolia (Benth.) Klotzsch ex A.W.Benn.		x	Bezerra, P. (EAC 5095)
Bredemeyera floribunda Willd.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3890)
Polygala sp.		x	Martins, P. (EAC 8238)
68. Polygonaceae
Coccoloba mollis Casar		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1924
Triplaris gardneriana Wedd.	x		Loiola, M.I.B. 2059
69. Portulacaceae
Talinum triangulare(Jacq.) Willd.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27950)
70. Ranunculaceae
Clematis affine A.St.-Hil.		x	Fernandes, A.P. (EAC 15141)
71. Rhamnaceae
Gouania virgata Reissek	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1546
Ziziphus undulata Reissek	x		Fernandes, A. (EAC 27499)
72. Rubiaceae
Bertiera guianensis Aubl.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1480
Borreria verticillata (L.) G.Mey.		x	E.B. Souza
Chomelia pohliana Müll.Arg.		x	Brandão, E.K.S. 56
Coussarea hydrangeifolia (Benth.) Müll.Arg.		x	Souza, E.B. 2042
Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K. Schum.		x	Sterile material
Geophila repens (L.) I.M.Johnst.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1786
Guettarda viburnoides Cham. & Schltdl.	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2205
Ixora brevifolia Benth.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3943)
Palicourea marcgravii A.St.-Hil.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1479
Psychotria bahiensis DC.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1478
P. capitata Ruiz & Pav.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1783
P. carthagenensis Jacq.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1789
P. colorata (Willd. ex Schult.) Müll.Arg.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1482
P. deflexa DC.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1781
Psychotria sp.	x		Sterile material
Randia armata (Sw.) DC.	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1847
Rudgea sp.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 28000)
Sabicea cinerea Aubl.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4215)
73. Rutaceae
Ertela trifolia (L.) Kuntze		x	Souza, E.B. 3974
Esenbeckia grandiflora Mart.		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. (EAC 28460)
Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27752)
Z. rhoifolium Lam.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2239
74. Salicaceae
Banara guianensis Aubl.	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2232
Casearia commersoniana Cambess.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27685)
C. decandra Jacq.	x		Loiola, M.I.B. 2208
C. grandiflora Cambess.	x	x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27744)
C. javitensis Kunth		x	Loiola, M.I.B. (EAC 53993)
Xylosma ciliatifolia (Clos) Eichler	x		Lima-Verde, L.W. (EAC 27836)
75. Santalaceae
Phoradendron piperoides (Kunth) Trel.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27833)
76. Sapindaceae
Allophylus edulis (A.St.-Hil. et al.) Hieron. ex Niederl.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1474
A. puberulus Radlk		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27917)
Cardiospermum corindum L.		x	Castro, A.J. (EAC 6149)
Cupania impressinervia Acev.-Rodr.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5004)
C. oblongifolia Mart.		x	Sterile material
Matayba guianensis Aubl.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27742)
Paullinia cearensis Somner & Ferrucci		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27799)
P. pinnata L.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27796)
Paullinia sp.	x		Sterile material
Serjania glabrata Kunth		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1821
S. hebecarpa Benth.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3928)
Serjania sp.	x	x	Sterile material
Talisia esculenta (Cambess.) Radlk.	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 1920
Urvillea laevis Radlk.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 15135)
77. Sapotaceae
Chrysophyllum arenarium Allemão		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. 530
C. rufum Mart.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 7950)
Pouteria macrophylla (Lam.) Eyma	x	x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2210
78. Simaroubaceae
Simarouba amara Aubl.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27737)
79. Smilacaceae
Smilax irrorata Mart. ex Griseb		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2212
80. Solanaceae
Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl.		x	Nunes, E. (EAC 27789)
Capsicum parvifolium Sendtn.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27826)
Cestrum axillare Vell.		x	Mata, M.F. (EAC 15617)
C. latifolium Lam.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5081)
Schwenckia grandiflora Benth.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3968)
Solanum asperum Rich.		x	Loiola, M.I.B. 2237
S. campaniforme Roem. & Schult.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27843)
S. robustum H.L.Wendl.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27957)
S. stipulaceum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27870)
81. Urticaceae
Cecropia pachystachya Trécul		x	Cavalcanti, F.S. 533
Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaudich. ex Griseb.	x		Carauta, J.P.P. 550
82. Verbenaceae
Citharexylum sp.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 6840)
Lantana canescens Kunth		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 4005)
L. fucata Lindl.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 7939)
Stachytarpheta cayenensis (Rich.) Vahl.		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 3999)
83. Violaceae
Pombalia communis (A.St.-Hil.) Paula-Souza		x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 5655)
84. Vitaceae
Cissus gongylodes (Baker) Planch.	x		Loiola, M.I.B. 1593
Clematicissus simsiana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Lombardi	x	x	Fernandes, A. (EAC 27929)

Appendix B List of alien species of the Tropical Seasonal Evergreen Forest (TSEF) and the Tropical Seasonal Deciduous Forest (TSDF) of the Ubajara National Park in Ceará, Brazil, where VN = vernacular name; GF = Growth form: tree (tr), shrub (sh), climber (cl), terrestrial herb (th); O = outskirts, I = inside, x = presence of taxa, * absence of vernacular name.

FAMÍLIA/ESPÉCIE	VN	GF	TSEF		TSDF
			O	I	O	I
1. Amaryllidaceae
Crinum procerum Carey ex Herb.	crino-branco	th	x
Eucharis grandiflora Planch. & Linden	estrela-d’alva	th	x
Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb	lírio-aranha	th	x
2. Anacardiaceae
Mangifera indica L.	mangueira	tr	x	x	x	x
3. Annonaceae
Annona squamosa L.	ata	tr	x	x	x	x
4. Apocynaceae
Allamanda cathartica L.	alamanda	cl	x
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton	algodão-da-praia	th			x
Cryptostegia madagascariensis Bojer ex Decne.	unha-do-diabo	th			x	x
5. Araceae
Aglaonema commutatum Schott	café-de-salão-dourado	th	x
Anthurium andraeanum L.	antúrio	th	x
Caladium x hortulanum Birdsey	tinhorão	th	x
Dieffenbachia amoena Bull.	comigo-ninguém-pode	th	x
Philodendron imbe Schott ex Endl	*	th	x
Spathiphyllum cannifolium (Dryand. ex Sims) Schott	*	th	x
6. Arecaceae
Chamaedorea cataractarum Mart.	palmeira-cascata	tr	x
7. Balsaminaceae
Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.	maria-sem-vergonha	th	x
8. Davalliaceae
Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott	rabo-de-peixe	th	x
N. pectinata (Willd.) Schott	samambaia	th	x
9. Heliconiaceae
Heliconia bihai L.	*	tr	x
H. psittacorum L.	helicônia, bananinha	tr	x
10. Iridaceae
Neomarica candida (Hassl.) Sprague	falso-íris	th	x
11. Melastomataceae
Tibouchina sp.	quaresmeira	sh	x
12. Meliaceae
Azadirachta indica A. Juss	nim	tr			x
13. Moraceae
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.	jaqueira	tr	x	x
14. Poaceae
Bambusa sp.	bambu	tr	x	x
15. Rubiaceae
Coffea arabica L.	café	sh		x
16. Rutaceae
Citrus latifolia Tan.	limoeiro	tr			x
17. Zingiberaceae
Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K.Schum.	*	sh	x

Acknowledgements

We thank the Manegers of Ubajara PARNA for logistics support.

• Financial support Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - CNPq/ICMBio (551998/20113, 421350/2017-2) e Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico - FUNCAP (0132-00007.01.00/18).

References

• Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV – APG IV. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 2016; 181(1): 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
• Araújo SMS. A região semiárida do nordeste do Brasil: questões ambientais e possibilidades de uso sustentável dos recursos. Rios Eletrônica-Revista Científica da FASETE 2011; 5(5): 89-98.
• Bétard F, Peulvast JP, Sales CV. Caracterização morfopedólogica de uma serra úmida no semi-árido do nordeste brasileiro: o caso do Maciço de Baturité-CE. Mercator-Revista de Geografia da UFC 2007; 6(12): 107-126.
• Brasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Áreas prioritárias para conservação, uso sustentável e repartição de benefícios da Biodiversidade Brasileira: Atualização - Portaria MMA n.º 09 de 23 de janeiro de 2007 [online]. Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente; 2007 [cited 2019 Sept 18]. Available from: https://www.mma.gov.br/estruturas/chm/_arquivos/biodiversidade31.pdf
  » https://www.mma.gov.br/estruturas/chm/_arquivos/biodiversidade31.pdf
• Carnaval AC, Hickerson MJ, Haddad CFB, Rodrigues MT, Moritz C. Stability predicts genetic diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot. Science 2009; 323(5915): 785-789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1166955 PMid:19197066.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1166955
• Carneiro JAA, Rebouças NC, Ribeiro RTM, Gomes FM, Miranda RR, Soares-Neto RL et al. Flora do Ceará, Brasil: cleomaceae. Rodriguésia 2018; 69(4): 1659-1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201869413
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201869413
• Diogo IJS, Martins FR, Verola CF, Costa IR. Variation in plant-animal interactions along an elevational gradient of moist forest in a semiarid area of Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasílica 2016; 30(1): 27-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062015abb0198
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062015abb0198
• Homeier J, Breckle SW, Günter S, Rollenbeck RT, Leuschner C. Tree diversity, forest structure and productivity along altitudinal and topographical gradients in a species-rich Ecuadorian montane rain forest. Biotropica 2010; 42(2): 140-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00547.x
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00547.x
• Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. Manual técnico da vegetação brasileira Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2012. 275 p.
• International Plant Names Index – IPNI [online]. 2019 [cited 2019 Sept 18]. Available from: http://www.ipni.org
  » http://www.ipni.org
• Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro – JBRJ [online]. 2019 [cited 2019 Sept 18]. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br
  » http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br
• Kamimura VA, Moraes PLR, Ribeiro HL, Joly CA, Assis MA. Tree diversity and elevational gradient: the case of Lauraceae in the Atlantic Rainforest. Flora 2017; 234(9): 84-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2017.05.013
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2017.05.013
• Kovach WL. Oriana-circular statistics for windows, ver. 4 Wales, UK: Kovach Computing Services; 2011.
• Leite YLR, Costa LP, Loss AC, Rocha RG, Batalha-Filho H, Bastos AC et al. Neotropical forest expansion during the last glacial period challenges refuge hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2016; 113(4): 1008-1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513062113 PMid:26755597.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513062113
• Locatelli E, Machado IC. Fenologia das espécies arbóreas de uma mata serrana (Brejo de Altitude) em Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. In: Porto KC, Cabral JJP, Tabarelli M, editors. Brejos de altitude em Pernambuco e Paraíba: história natural, ecologia e conservação Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente; 2004. p. 255-276.
• Loiola MIB. A new species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) from the Brazilian semiarid region. Phytotaxa 2013; 150(1): 61-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.150.1.5
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.150.1.5
• Lopes SDF, Ramos MB, Almeida GRD. The role of mountains as refugia for biodiversity in brazilian caatinga: conservationist implications. Tropical Conservation Science 2017; 10: 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082917702651
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082917702651
• Mantovani W, Anjos L, Monteiro RF, Araujo FS. A conservação da biodiversidade no domínio caatinga Fortaleza: Edições UFC; 2017.
• Mattar EPL, Barros TTV, Cunha BB, Souza JFD, Silva AMDC. Federal Conservation Units in Brazil: the situation of biomes and regions. Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(2): 2-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.005115
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.005115
• Menezes MOT, Araújo FS, Romero RE. O sistema de conservação biológica do estado do Ceará: diagnóstico e recomendações. Revista Eletrônica do Prodema 2010; 5(2): 7-31.
• Moro MF, Macedo MB, Moura-Fé MM, Castro AS, Costa RC. Vegetação, unidades fitoecológicas e diversidade paisagística do estado do Ceará. Rodriguésia 2015; 66(3): 717-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566305
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566305
• Moro MF, Souza VC, Oliveira-Filho ATD, Queiroz LPD, Fraga CND, Rodal MJN et al. Alienígenas na sala: o que fazer com espécies exóticas em trabalhos de taxonomia, florística e fitossociologia? Acta Botanica Brasílica 2012; 26(4): 991-999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062012000400029
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062012000400029
• Nascimento LM, Rodal MJN, Silva AG. Florística de uma floresta estacional no Planalto da Borborema, nordeste do Brasil. Rodriguésia 2012; 63(2): 429-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2175-78602012000200015
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2175-78602012000200015
• Oliveira U, Soares-Filho BS, Paglia AP, Brescovit AD, Carvalho CJB, Silva DP et al. Biodiversity conservation gaps in the Brazilian protected areas. Scientific Reports 2017; 7(1): 9141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08707-2 PMid:28831073.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08707-2
• Pau S, Wolkovich EM, Cook BI, Davies TJ, Kraft NJB, Bolmgren K et al. Predicting phenology by integrating ecology, evolution and climate science. Global Change Biology 2011; 17(12): 3633-3643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02515.x
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02515.x
• Pereira RCA, Silva JA, Barbosa JIS. Flora de um “brejo-de-altitude” de Pernambuco: reserva Ecológica da Serra Negra. Anais da Academia Pernambucana de Ciência Agronômica 2010; 7: 286-304.
• Pereira TS, Costa MLMN, Moraes LFD, Luchiari C. Fenologia de espécies arbóreas em floresta Atlântica da Reserva Biológica de Poço das Antas, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Iheringia. Série Botânica 2008; 63(2): 329-339.
• Pinto MSC, Sampaio EVSB, Nascimento LM. Florística e estrutura da vegetação de um brejo de altitude em Pesqueira, PE, Brasil. Revista Nordestina de Biologia 2012; 21(1): 47-79.
• Ribeiro RTM, Loiola MIB. Flora do Ceará, Brasil: bixaceae. Rodriguésia 2017; 68(4): 1313-1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201768413
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201768413
• Rodal MJ, Nascimento LM. Levantamento florístico da floresta serrana da reserva biológica de Serra Negra, microrregião de Itaparica, Pernambuco, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasílica 2002; 16(4): 481-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062002000400009
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062002000400009
• Rylands AB, Brandon K. Unidades de conservação brasileiras. Megadiversidade 2005; 1(1): 27-35.
• Sampaio VS, Vieira IMF, Lima-Júnior EAL, Loiola MIB. Flora do Ceará, Brasil: Solanum (Solanaceae). Rodriguésia 2019; 70: e02512017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201970029
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201970029
• Silva MEA, Figueiredo MF. Flora fanerogâmica de um enclave úmido no Ceará: serra da Meruoca. Enciclopédia Biosfera 2013; 9(17): 2811-2820.
• Silveira AP, Loiola MIB, Gomes VS, Verde LWL, Oliveira TS, Silva EF et al. Flora of Baturite - Ceara: a wet island in the brazilian semiarid. Floresta e Ambiente 2019. In press.
• Souza MJN, Oliveira VPV. Os enclaves úmidos e sub-úmidos do semi-árido do nordeste brasileiro. Revista Mercator 2006; 5(9): 85-102.
• Tabarelli M, Peres CA. Abiotic and vertebrate seed dispersal in the Brazilian Atlantic forest: implications for forest regeneration. Biological Conservation 2002; 106(2): 165-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00243-9
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00243-9
• Tabosa FRS, Almeida EM, Melo E, Loiola MIB. Flora do Ceará, Brasil: polygonaceae. Rodriguésia 2016; 67(4): 981-996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201667409
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201667409
• Van der Pijl L. Principles of dispersal in higher plants Berlim: Springer-Verlag. 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87925-8
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87925-8
• Zappi DC, Filardi FLR, Leitman P, Souza VC, Walter BMT, Pirani JR et al. Growing knowledge: an overview of seed plant diversity in Brazil. Rodriguésia 2015; 66(4): 1085-1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566411
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566411

• Associated Editor: Rodrigo Studart Corrêa (ORCID: 0000-0002- 9422-2629)

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  22 June 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  08 May 2019
• Accepted
  27 Dec 2019