Enzyme Activity, Glomalin, and Soil Organic Carbon in Agroforestry Systems

Silva, Cristiane Figueira da; Pereira, Marcos Gervasio; Gomes, João Henrique Gaia; Fontes, Marcelo Antoniol; Silva, Eliane Maria Ribeiro da

doi:10.1590/2179-8087.071617

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE, Silviculture • Floresta Ambient. 27 (3) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.071617 copy

Enzyme Activity, Glomalin, and Soil Organic Carbon in Agroforestry Systems

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate enzyme activity, glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSP), soil chemical attributes, and total organic carbon (TOC) in two Agroforestry systems (AFS) (AFS-1 and AFS-2), in a traditional agriculture area (TA), and secondary forest (SF) area in Paraty (RJ). Soil samples (from 0 to 5 cm depth) were collected during the rainy and dry seasons. AFS improves and/or maintains soil chemical indicators based on pH increase, reduces aluminum saturation and maintains soil nutrient content (Ca, Mg and K), when compared with SF. The contribution of organic material and the biodiversity of the AFS provide the maintenance of the total organic carbon content of the soil. AFS maintain the activity of the enzymes protease, β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase, and total enzyme activity (FDA), and the production of glomalin-related soil protein at levels similar to those observed in SF, especially during the rainy season.

Keywords:
protease; β-glucosidase; FDA; acid phosphatase; agroecology

Areas	Plant species
AFS-1	Agroforestry systems - 1: Ingá (Inga laurina); Embira de sapo (Lochocarpus huilleminianus (Tull.) Malme); Abiu (Pouteria macrophylla Radkl.); Jaca (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.); Carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.); Goiaba (Psidium guajava); Graviola (Annona muricata); Guapuruvu (Schizolobium parahyba (vell) Blake); Araribá (Centrolobium tomentosum Guill. Ex Benth.); Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.); Copaíba (Copaíba langsdorffii Desf); Terminalia sp.; Jussara (Euterpe edulis Mart.)
AFS-2	Agroforestry systems - 2: Ingá (Inga edulis e Inga laurina); Urucum (Bixa orellana L.); Embira de sapo (Lonchocarpus guilleminianus (Tull). Malme); Pau viola (Cytharexyllum myrianthum Cham); Abiu (Pouteria macrophylla Radkl.); Limão (Citrus sp.); Jaca (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.); Carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.); Goiaba (Psidium guajava); Graviola (Annona muricata); Cedro (Cedrela odorata); Canela (Nectandra lanceolata Ness et Mart. ex Nees); Jequitibá (Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze); Bicuiba (Virola bicuhyba (Schott) Warb.); Clidemia urceolata; Embira de sapo (Lochocarpus huilleminianus (Tull.) Malme); Miconia calvescens; Piptadenia paniculata; Schinus terebinthifolius; Paineira (Ceiba speciosa); Jussara (Euterpe edulis Mart.)
TA	Traditional agriculture: area used the traditional management systems of intercropping, crop rotation, and fallow for crop (maize, bean, yam, and banana) production. No fertilization or burning.
SF	Secondary forest: Pau óleo (Alchornea triplinervia Mull. Arg.); urtiga (Boehmeria caudata Sw); embaúba (Cecropia pachystachya Trécul.); camboatá (Cupania oblongifolia Mart.); maria mole (Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz); pau de arco (Guarea macrophylla Vahl.); ingá (Inga laurinam); embira de porco (Lonchocarpus guilleminianus (Tul.) Malme); miconia (Miconia calvescens DC.); canela (Nectandra lanceolata Nees and Mart. ex Nees); pariporaba (Piper arboreum Aubl.); angico (Piptadenia paniculata Benth); Psychotria sp; acácia (Senna multijuga (Rich.); joá (Solanum pseudoquina A.S.T.-Hil.); amendoeira da praia (Terminalia sp.); catinguá (Trichilia hirta L.); Vochysia sp.

Areas	pH		Al³⁺		H + Al		Ca²⁺
			cmol_c dm^-3				Ca²⁺
	Dry	Rainy	Dry	Rainy	Dry	Rainy	Dry	Rainy
SF	4.31c	4.33b	1.39a	1.38a	1.89a	2.51a*	1.19ª	1.15a
AFS-1	4.55b	4.77ab	1.07ab	0.81ab	1.93a	2.38ab*	1.42ª	1.38a
AFS-2	5.11a	5.01a	0.60b	0.68b	1.82a	2.35ab*	1.46ª	1.46a
TA	4.79b	4.70ab	0.59b	1.09ab	1.51a	2.09b*	1.49ª	1.36 a
Areas	Mg ²⁺		K ⁺		P		TOC
	cmol _c dm ^-3				mg dm ^-3		g kg ^-1
	Dry	Rainy	Dry	Rainy	Dry	Rainy	Dry	Rainy
SF	0.58a	0.58a	0.019a	0.019a	18.22a	21.00a	15.28ab*	10.65a
AFS-1	0.43a	0.53a	0.018a	0.022a	3.50b	3.22b	18.49a*	9.18a
AFS-2	0.62a	0.58a	0.018a	0.017a	2.89b	2.53b	11.15b	8.67a
TA	0.47a	0.48a	0.020a	0.021a	3.47b	3.41b	17.35a*	4.83b

Areas	Acid phosphatase		β-glucosidase
	μmol g^-1 soil h^-1 p-nitrofenol
	Dry	Rainy	Dry	Rainy
SF	7.96 a*	5.95 a	10.97 a*	6.97 a
AFS-1	6.25 b*	4.73 ab	6.88 b*	5.44 a
AFS-2	5.73 b*	4.66 ab	7.63 b*	6.07 a
TA	6.04 b*	4.40 b	10.74 a*	6.34 a
Areas	Protease		FDA
	μg tyrosine g ^-1 soil h ^-1		µg fluorescein g ^-1 soil h ^-1
	Dry	Rainy	Dry	Rainy
SF	482.79 a	758.72 a*	144.83 a	146.45 a
AFS-1	402.39 a	682.58 a*	134.76 a	138.78 a
AFS-2	519.62 a	779.82 a*	112.31 b	123.74 b*
TA	516.24 a	725.91 a	143.81 a	136.16 ab

Areas	T-GRSP		EE-GRSP
	mg g^-1solo
	Dry	Rainy	Dry	Rainy
SF	7.35 a	18.54 a*	0.88 ab	1.67 a*
AFS-1	6.87 a	11.67 ab*	1.15 a	2.58 a*
AFS-2	6.15 a	19.01 a*	0.56 b	0.78 a
TA	4.80 b	9.50 b*	1.32 a	2.18 a*

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[1] CORRESPONDENCE TO Marcos Gervasio Pereira Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, km 7, CEP 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil e-mail: mgervasiopereira01@gmail.com