PLUMBAGINALES: A PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH

Paiva, Selma Ribeiro de; Marques, Shirley da Silva; Figueiredo, Maria Raquel; Kaplan, Maria Auxiliadora Coelho

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Artigo Original • Floresta Ambient. 10 (1) • Jan-Mar 2003 •

PLUMBAGINALES: A PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Plumbaginales belongs to the superorder Malviflorae and comprises two families, Plumbaginaceae and Limoniaceae. Its representatives are chemically characterized by the presence of naphthoquinones, flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids, many of them being the responsible for biodynamic activities. The extracts of some species of Plumbaginales and also some isolated compounds revealed to be of great importance in the search of new drugs, since they have been described in literature for the treatment of many diseases such as: leishmaniasis, Chagas' disease, malaria, cancer and others. Plants represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds and should be investigated, as a promise in the development of effective, ready available and lesscostly drugs

Key words:
Malviflorae; Plumbaginales; biological activities

Plant	Plant Organ/ Extract/ Compound	Type of tumors	Results	Reference
Plumbago rosea (syn. P. indica)	Roots ethanolic extract	S-180 solid tumor and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma	The extract have only a weak tumor effect, it may be a good candidate for use with radiation to enhance the tumor killing effect	(Devi et al., 1994DEVI, P. U.; SOLOMON, F. E.; SHARADA, A. C. In vivo tumor inhibitory and radiosensitizing effects of an Indian medicinal plant, Plumbago rosea on experimental mouse tumors. Indian Journal of Expermintal Biology, V.32, p.523-528, 1994.)
Limonium axillare	Geraniin		The tannin showed a slightly higher activity than the extract	(Ahmed et al., 1999AHMED, K. M., KANDIL, F. E.; MABRY, T. J. An anticancer tannin and other phenolics from Limonium axillare (Fam. Plumbaginaceae). Asian Journal of Chemistry., V. 11, n.1, p. 261-263, 1999.)
Limonium axillare	Leaves alcoholic extract	Ehrlich as cites carcinoma	Active with ED₅₀=19.5±1.50 (in vitro) In vivo, the mean survival time of the treated mice was 23 days while that of control was 10 days only	(Kandil et al., 2000KANDIL, F. E.; AHMED, K.M.; HUSSIENY, H. A.; SOLIMAN, A. M. A new flavonoid from Limonium axillare. Archiv der Pharmazie: Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, V.333, p.275-277, 2000.)
Limonium axillare	Myricetin-3-Ο-β- D-sorboside	Ehrlich as cites carcinoma	Active with ED₅₀=17.8±1.20 (in vitro) In vivo, the mean survival time of the treated mice was 24 days while that of control was 10 days	(Kandil et al., 2000KANDIL, F. E.; AHMED, K.M.; HUSSIENY, H. A.; SOLIMAN, A. M. A new flavonoid from Limonium axillare. Archiv der Pharmazie: Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, V.333, p.275-277, 2000.)
Plumb a go sp.	Plumbagin	Dalton's as citic lymphoma	After 14 days, plumbagin-treated groups were able to reverse the changes in hematological parameters and proteins, consequent to tumor inoculation	(Kavimani et a., 1996KAVIMANI, S.; ILANGO, R.; MADHESWARAN, M.; JAYAKAR, B.; GUPTA, M.; MAJUMDAR, U. K. Antitumor activity of plumbagin against Dalton's ascitic lymphoma. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, V.58, n.5, p.194-196, 1996.)

Carriers	Results	Reference
Nios ornes	Not to active	(Kiniet al., 1997KINI, D. P.; PANDEY, S.; SHENOY, B. D.; SINGH, U. V. UDUPA, N.; UMADEVI, P.; KAMATH, R.; RAMANARAYAN, K. Antitumor and antifertility activities of plumbagin controlled release formulations. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, V. 35, n.4, p. 374-379, 1997.)
Albumin micro spheres	Promising results. Plumbagin given at a dose of 5mg/kg, the albumin microsphere showed an antitumor and antifertility activity	(Kiniet al., 1997KINI, D. P.; PANDEY, S.; SHENOY, B. D.; SINGH, U. V. UDUPA, N.; UMADEVI, P.; KAMATH, R.; RAMANARAYAN, K. Antitumor and antifertility activities of plumbagin controlled release formulations. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, V. 35, n.4, p. 374-379, 1997.)
Poly (D, L-lactide)- coglycolide microspheres	The micro spheres had a higher activity than the plain drug in sarcoma 180 tumor	(Singh et al., 1996SINGH, U. V.; BISHT, K. S.; RAO, S.; DEVI, P. U.; UDUPA, N. Plumbagin-loaded PLGA microspheres with reduced toxicity and enhanced antitumor efficacy in mice. Pharmaceutical Sciences, V. 2, n. 9, p.407-409, 1996.)
Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) biodegradable injectable inplant	The toxicity was reduced, suggesting that the gel inplant could be an effective ding delivery system for reducing toxicity and enhancing the therapeuticaly efficacy as antitumoral of plumbagin	(Singh et al., 1997SINGH, U. V.; BISHT, K. S.; RAO, S.; DEVI, P. U.; UDUPA, N. Reduced toxicity and enhanced antitumor efficacy of plumbagin using poly (lacticco-glycolic) biodegradable injectable implant. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, V. 29, n. 3, p. 168-172, 1997.)
Beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex	Reduced the toxicity and enhanced the antitumor efficacy against Erhlich ascites carcinoma	(Singh & Udupa, 1997SINGH, U. V.; UDUPA, N. Reduced toxicity and enhanced antitumor efficacy of beta-cyclodextrin plumbagin inclusion complex in mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, V.41, n.2, p.171-175, 1997.)

Insect	Activity	Reference
Helicoverpa armígera (Lepidoptera - Nortuidae)	Insect growth regulator Affect the number of the major protein bands in the protein profiles of the cuticle of treated larvae. Affect also the neurosecretory cells.	(Krishnayya & Rao, 1995KRISHNAYYA, P. V.; RAO, P. J. Effect of plumbagin on chitin, cuticular proteins, medium neurosecretory cells and corpora allata of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner larvae. Proceedings of the Indian Scientific Academy. Part B. Biological Sciences, V. 61, n. 2, p. 127-135, 1995.)
Dysdercus koenigii (Heteroptera - Pyrrho coridae)	Toxic to the fifth ins tar nymphs Reduce the growth rate and increase the time taken for molting Reduce the ability of mating in males and affect the fecundity of females in freshlymoulted adults.	(Satyanarayana et al., 1999SATYANARAYANA, R.; GUJAR, G. T. Bioactivity of naturally occurring plumbaginoids against Dysdercus koenigii Fabricius. Shashpa, V. 6, n. 1, p. 29-35, 1999.)
Dysdercus koenigii (Heteroptera - Pyrrho coridae)	Growth regulator	(Banerjee et al., 2001BANERJEE, S.; MAGDUM, S.; KALENA, G. P.; BANERJI, A. Insect growth regulatory activity of naturally occurring quinones and their derivatives in Dysdercus koenigii Fabr. (Hern, Pyrrhocoridae). Applied Entomology, V. 125, n. 1-2, p. 25-30, 2001.)
Arachnis aulaea (Lepidoptera - Arctiinae)	Responsible for the selectivity feeding behaviour	(Villavicencio & Perez- Escandon, 1994VILLAVICENCIO, M. A.; PEREZ-ESCANDON, B. E. Plumbagin concentration in Plumbago pulchella Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae) and its effect on food selection in larvae of Arachnis aulaea (Geyer) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana, V.90, p.17-24, 1994.)
Culex fatigans (Diptera - Culicidae)	Larvicidal activity	(Ghosh et al., 1994GHOSH, D.; SOM, K.; DINDA, B.; CHEL, G. Potentiality of plumbagin to Culex fatigans. A growth inhibitor. Journal of Advanced Zoology, V. 15, n.2, p.112-115, 1994.)
Culex quinquefasciatus (Díptera - Culicidae)	Larvicidal activity	(Chockaligan et al., 1990CHOCKALIGAN, S.; THENMOZHI, S.; SUNDARI, M. S. N. Larvicidal activity of different products against mosquito larvae. Environmental Biology, V.11, n.2, p.101-104, 1990.)
Dactylotum coralllinum (Orthoptera - Acrididae)	Insect feeding deterrent	(Villavicencio & Perez- Escandon, 1992VILLAVICENCIO, M. A.; PEREZ-ESCANDON, B. E. Plumbagin activity (from Plumbago pulchella Boiss. Plumbaginaceae) as a feeding deterrent for three species of Orthoptera. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, V.86, p.191-198, 1992.)
Phoetaliotes nebrascencis (Orthoptera - Acrididae)	Insect feeding deterrent	(Villavicencio & Perez- Escandon, 1992VILLAVICENCIO, M. A.; PEREZ-ESCANDON, B. E. Plumbagin activity (from Plumbago pulchella Boiss. Plumbaginaceae) as a feeding deterrent for three species of Orthoptera. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, V.86, p.191-198, 1992.)
Sphenarium purpurascens (Orthoptera - Acrididae)	Insect feeding deterrent	(Villavicencio & Perez- Escandon, 1992VILLAVICENCIO, M. A.; PEREZ-ESCANDON, B. E. Plumbagin activity (from Plumbago pulchella Boiss. Plumbaginaceae) as a feeding deterrent for three species of Orthoptera. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, V.86, p.191-198, 1992.)
Musca domestica (Diptera - Muscidae)	Affect the insect growth and the metamorphosis	(Rao et al., 1996RAO, J. V.; SREENIVASAN, C.; MAKKAPATI, A. K. Plumbagin effect on growth and metamorphosis of housefly Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). International Pest Control, V.38, n.1, p.24-25, 1996.)

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