Poultry Litter for the Production and Quality of Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell. Seedlings

ABSTRACT

The objective of this work was to determine the efficiency of poultry litter ratios added to the commercial substrate and to peat in the growth and quality of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings. The design was completely randomized, with 10 replications, in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with two substrates (peat and commercial substrate) and five poultry litter ratios, added (v:v) to both substrates (0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). The height, stem diameter, dry matter of shoot and roots, root specific surface area, Dickson quality index and NPK accumulated in dry matter of shoot and roots were evaluated. Poultry litter can be added up to a 35% ratio to the commercial substrate or to peat for the production of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings; proportions above this, for both substrates, compromise the production. The treatments with peat provided lower growth and quality of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings, compared to the commercial substrate.

Keywords:
native species; organic compound; peat; commercial substrate

1. INTRODUCTION

In Brazil, mainly in the southern region of the country, to the detriment of intensive poultry farming, a large contingent of organic waste from poultry litter is produced ( USDA, 2016 ). These residues, when properly managed, can serve as fertilizer, making it possible to partially replace the substrates used in the production of seedlings ( Brugnara, 2014 ). Thus, scientific studies aimed at the proper use of such waste should be encouraged, in order to generate destination alternatives for this organic waste.

Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell. (earpod tree) is a pioneer native tree species belonging to the Leguminosae family, occurring in the caatinga, cerrado and pampa biomes ( Grings & Brack, 2011 ). This species is recommended for the reforestation of degraded areas, permanent preservation and mixed plantations, mainly due to its rapid initial growth ( Araujo & Paiva, 2011 ), and its high capacity to overcome competition and to exploit soil by its root system ( Marcuzzo et al., 2015 ).

The rapid initial growth of seedlings, when implanted on the field, also depends on the quality during the production stage ( Abreu et al., 2015 ). Substrate is a factor that influences the quality of seedlings, since their physical and chemical characteristics depend on the types of materials used in its composition ( Gasparin et al., 2014 ). The availability of nutrients in the substrate is also a factor to be considered: if there is a deficiency, they should be made available to seedlings ( Uliana et al., 2014 ). Organic waste is an alternative in terms of substrate components for the production of forest seedlings; however, it is necessary to chemically characterize the residues for nutritional purposes, in order to guarantee the survival and growth of seedlings ( Santos et al., 2014 ).

The use of organic waste derived from animal activity as a component for the formulation of substrates has become an alternative for environmental preservation, since when inappropriately destined, they can cause impacts to the environment ( Santos et al., 2010 ). Poultry litter is an abundant organic waste because of the expansion of confined poultry production, which represents the optimal source of nutrients for plants, mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and provides good physical properties for the substrate as well ( Luz et al., 2009 ). Trazzi et al. (2013) , while working with organic substrates, observed that the addition of 35% of poultry litter to the substrate presented a higher nutrient content in Tectona grandis seedlings. In a work using poultry litter mixed in the substrate, Torres et al. (2011) obtained a decreasing regression in the development of physic nut seedlings, with an increase in the development of the seedlings using 10% of poultry litter and a decrease as the proportion of the organic fertilizer increased. The use of 20% poultry litter favored the development and quality of Eucalyptus dunni Maiden seedlings. However, an increase in the ratios had a detrimental effect on germination and seedling survival ( Menegatti et al., 2017 ). Thus, it is possible that poultry litter, or the addition of ratios of this residue in the formulation of substrates, allows a proper growth and nutrition of earpod tree seedlings.

Thus, this work aimed at determining the efficiency of poultry litter ratios added to commercial substrates and peat in promoting the growth and quality of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted for 120 days with Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings in a greenhouse (28 °C, 60% humidity and photo period of 12 h) belonging to the Instituto Federal Farroupilha de Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Daily irrigations were performed based on the weighing of the experimental units, maintaining the humidity of the substrates at 80% of the field capacity.

The experimental design was completely randomized, with 10 replications, in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with two substrates (commercial substrate and peat) and five poultry litter ratios (0 (zero), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Ratios were based on volume (v:v) of poultry litter over commercial substrate and peat. The used commercial substrate (CS) was from the Maxfertil^® brand, composed of pinus bark, ashes, vermiculite and sawdust, and the poultry litter (PL) was obtained from a broiler chicken production aviary, collected after eight production lots.

After mixing the ratios of the poultry litter to the substrates (commercial and peat), samples were taken to perform the chemical characterization. The total N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents were extracted by digestion with sulfuric acid, and they were quantified by distillation and titration (N), spectrophotometry (P), flame photometry (K) and atomic absorption spectrometry (Ca and Mg) ( Silva, 2009 ). Cu and Zn contents in the substrates were extracted by wet digestion with HNO₃ + HClO₄ (3:1) and by determination in an atomic absorption spectrometry ( Miyazawa et al., 2009 ). The determination of the organic carbon (OC) was based on the methodology described by Yeomans & Bremner (1988) and the pH was determined according to the methodology by Silva (2009) .

Sowing was carried out in May 2014, with three seeds per experimental unit and later thinning when seedlings presented a pair of definitive leaves. The experimental units were composed of polyethylene plastic bags, filled with 600 cm³ of substrate, containing one plant and one bag per replication. To overcome tegumentary dormancy, seeds were submitted to mechanical scarification, by breaking the tegument with pruning shears.

One-hundred and twenty days from sowing, the height of the shoot (S) was measured with a graduated ruler, from the plant stem to the caulinar apex; the stem diameter (SD) was measured with a digital caliper, with an accuracy of 0.01 mm and the dry matter of the shoot (SDM) and root section (RDM), after drying in an oven at 60 ± 1 °C, until constant weight. The dry matter was ground and, after that, the N, P and K contents were determined using the methodologies mentioned in the characterization of the substrates. Based on the dry matter (g plant^–1 ), the N, P and K (mg kg^–1) contents of shoot and roots of the seedlings were calculated on the accumulated amount of nutrients, expressed as mg plant^–1 .

The specific surface area (SSA) of the roots was estimated according to the methodology of Tennant (1975) and the quality of the seedlings was estimated by the Dickinson quality index, according to the equation $DQI=TDM\left(g\right)/\left[S\left(cm\right)/SD\left(mm\right)\right]+\left[SDM\left(g\right)/RDM\left(g\right)\right]$ ( Dickson et al., 1960 ).

The results were submitted to analysis of variance and when they showed a significant interaction, the effects of the qualitative factor (substrate) within each level of the quantitative factor (poultry litter ratio) were analyzed. The means of the qualitative factor were compared by F test, whereas those of the quantitative factor were compared by regression analysis. When there was no significant interaction, the simple effects of each variation factor were analyzed, the qualitative one by F test, and the quantitative one by regression analysis. For the statistical analysis, the SISVAR ( Ferreira, 2011 ) program was used, based on significance levels above 95% (p ≤ 0.05). As for the variables that presented quadratic equations, the point of maximum or minimum response to the application of poultry litter ratios added to the peat and to the commercial substrate was calculated.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results showed a significant interaction between the variation factors, substrates (commercial and peat) and poultry litter ratios for the morphological and quality parameters of the seedlings ( Figure 1 ). The regression equations, adjusted with the poultry litter ratios added to the commercial substrate and the peat, were quadratic in all evaluated parameters, indicating the existence of an adequate ratio of poultry litter that enhances the growth and quality of seedlings. However, in the 100% ration of poultry litter, plant development did not occur, resulting in their death.

Figure 1
Regression equations for the height of seedlings (A), stem diameter – SD (B), shoot dry matter – SDM (C), root dry matter – RDM (D), specific surface area – SSA (E), Dickson quality index – DQI (F) of Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell. seedlings according to the poultry litter ratio added to peat and to the commercial substrate (CS). LSD: Least significant difference between poultry litter ratio added to peat and to the commercial substrate.

The addition of 35% and 30% of poultry litter to the commercial substrate and 28% and 32% to peat provided higher height and diameter of the seedlings, respectively ( Figure 1 1B). In a study with tamarind seedlings (Tamarindus indica L.), Pereira et al. (2010) also found a higher growth in the height and stem diameter of seedlings with 37% and 46% of poultry litter added to the commercial substrate. The authors justified the higher growth of the seedlings with the better physical and biological conditions provided by the addition of the poultry litter to the commercial substrate.

The highest shoot dry matter production was observed at the ratios of 37% of poultry litter added to the commercial substrate, and 43% of poultry litter mixed with peat ( Figure 1 C). Trazzi et al. (2013) found the highest average of shoot dry matter in teak seedlings (Tectona grandis Linn), in the treatment consisting of 25% of commercial substrate, 40% of subsoil soil and 35% of poultry litter. The authors report that the dry matter increase with the addition of poultry litter may be related to the greater availability of nutrients and the adequate retention of water and aeration that the poultry litter provides when mixed with the commercial substrate.

Torres et al. (2011) verified that as poultry litter concentrations increased, there was a smaller biomass increment of physic nut seedlings (Jatropha curcas L.) due to the drainage that affected the aeration of the root system, similarly to what was found by Silva et al. (2012) in coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica L.) with less expressive results in most evaluated growth parameters with the proportion of 60% of poultry litter in the commercial substrate.

Root dry matter production was higher with the 38% poultry litter ratio added to the commercial substrate, and 31% of poultry litter in the peat ( Figure 1 D). This result corroborates those of Costa et al. (2008) who, working with organic and mineral fertilization, observed that poultry litter provided higher dry biomass production by the roots of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus ) seedlings because, according to Torres et al. (2011) , poultry litter, when used in adequate quantities, can be a source of nutrients.

The specific surface area of the roots of earpod tree seedlings was higher with the poultry litter mix at a ratio of 33% and 41% in the commercial substrate and in the peat, respectively ( Figure 1 E). Macedo et al. (2011) mention the higher availability of nutrients as a factor that is responsible for the higher root growth of white ipê (Tabebuia roseoalba) on substrates with soil or sand mixed with semi-decomposed poultry litter. Thus, the increase of the root specific surface area, added to the increase in the root dry matter with the addition of organic compound, in this case poultry litter at the proper ratio, allows greater root expansion, with the production of fine roots, providing greater absorption of water and nutrients ( Kiehl, 2008 ).

The quality of the seedlings evaluated by the seedling quality index (DQI) was higher with the use of 26% and 38% of poultry litter in the commercial substrate and in peat, respectively ( Figure 1 F). The DQI is a good indicator of seedling quality, since in its calculation the robustness and the balance of biomass distribution between shoot and root are considered, and the higher the DQI value, the better the seedling quality standard ( Vidal et al., 2006 ).

The reduction of growth and quality of the seedlings with the addition of poultry litter to the commercial substrate and to peat, above the values of maximum technical efficiency (average proportion of 35%), and the non-survival of seedlings with the use of 100% poultry litter, can be related to oxygen consumption by the microorganisms in the process of decomposition of the unstable organic material found in the poultry litter, affecting the germination of seeds and the growth of seedlings ( Torres et al., 2011 ).

Salinity due to an excess of salts in the poultry litter is another factor that may have affected the germination and growth of seedlings, as justified by Brugnara et al. (2014) in passion fruit seedlings (Passiflora edulis) with the addition of 24% of poultry litter to the commercial substrate. The high concentration of leaves causes osmotic effect and nutritional imbalance due to the high ionic concentration ( Schossler et al., 2012 ), which may be the factor that influenced the growth reduction of seedlings above the average ratio of 35% of poultry litter added to the commercial substrate and to peat, even with the proportional increase of the amount of macronutrients with the use of poultry litter ( Table 1 ).

Table 1
Chemical characterization of commercial substrate and peat after the addition of poultry litter ratios for the production of Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell seedlings.

Poultry litter (%)	pHwater (1:1)	Ca	Mg	N	P	K		Cu	Zn	CO
		----------------- g kg–1 -------------------					----- mg kg–1-----			dag kg–1
	--------------------------------- Commercial substrate ---------------------------------
0	6.1	2.6	0.8	5.6	1.7	6.31		17.7	46.3	25.4
25	6.9	2.2	1.1	12.8	6.0	15.9		44.0	219.2	28.4
50	7.3	2.1	1.4	16.5	7.5	23.3		79.6	328.0	26.3
75	7.5	2.4	1.5	22.8	9.6	29.9		105.6	491.0	25.4
100	7.8	3.0	1.2	26.9	14.5	34.6		119.7	579.4	27.8
	--------------------------------------- Peat -----------------------------------------------
0	5.6	9.2	2.9	13.9	0.6	1.4		5.2	15.7	34.2
25	6.6	5.2	1.5	18.7	5.5	18.8		41.4	187.7	30.6
50	7.1	3.7	1.6	20.4	7.8	18.7		63.9	278.7	28.0
75	7.4	3.0	1.5	23.4	11.6	29.5		103.3	474.2	27.6
100	7.8	3.0	1.2	26.9	14.5	34.6		119.7	579.4	27.8

The amounts of N, P and K accumulated in the shoot and roots of earpod tree seedlings showed a significant interaction between the variation factors, substrates (commercial and peat) and poultry litter ratios, with the adjustment of quadratic regression equations ( Figure 2 ). It is worth mentioning that the poultry litter ratios that conditioned the highest accumulated amounts of nutrients in the shoot and root dry matter were similar to the ratios that contributed to the maximum growth and quality of earpod tree seedlings.

Figure 2
Regression equation for the quantity of accumulated N (Nac_S) (A), accumulated P (Pac_S) (C) and accumulated K (Kac_S) (E) in the shoot dry matter and for the quantity of accumulated N (Nac_R) (B), accumulated P (Pac_R) (D) and accumulated K (Kac_R) (F) in the root dry matter of earpod tree seedlings according to the poultry litter ratios added to peat and to the commercial substrate (CS). LSD: Least significant difference between poultry litter ratio added to peat and to the commercial substrate.

The maximum accumulation of N, P and K was between 33% and 41% of poultry litter added to the commercial substrate and to peat ( Figure 2 ). The increase in the amount of accumulated nutrients up to these poultry litter ratios may be related to the increase in the availability of N, P and K in the substrate ( Table 1 ).

The availability of nutrients to plants is directly related to the absorbed amount, since according to Lavres et al. (2005) , when determining the levels of macronutrients in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) cultivated in nutrient solutions and with nutritional restrictions, the highest nutrient intake in cultivated plants occurred in more nutritious media. However Severino et al. (2008) , when evaluating the growth and macronutrient content of castor bean plants on five organic substrates, did not reach significance among the average values of nutrients in plants with the amount contained in the substrates. The authors concluded that some substrates with high nutrient contents may not provide adequate growth conditions for certain plant species, thus impairing nutrient accumulation, which may have occurred at doses above the maximum technical efficiency in this study.

The study of the correlation between the variables analyzed in this study and the nutrient amounts found in the different ratios of poultry litter added to the commercial substrate and to peat indicated significant but negative coefficients in most correlations ( Table 2 ). In the case of the N, P and K quantities found in the poultry litter, the negative values of correlation coefficient should be analyzed with caveats, since the increase in the quantity of these nutrients with the use of poultry litter should not provide an unfavorable environment to the growth of plants.

Table 2
Correlation coefficient between the analyzed variables with the nutrient amounts found in the different ratios of poultry litter added to commercial substrate and peat.

Analyzed variables(1)	Ca	Mg	N	P	K	Cu	Zn
	--------------------------------- Commercial substrate -----------------------------
SD	-0.83 *	-0.15	-0.72*	-0.74*	-0.66*	-0.67*	-0.71*
Height	-0.82*	-0.01	-0.60*	-0.62*	-0.52*	-0.52*	-0.58*
SDM	-0.73*	0.04	-0.44*	-0.43*	-0.37*	-0.38*	-0.43*
RDM	-0.60*	-0.04	-0.42*	-0.40*	-0.37*	-0.38*	-0.42*
SSA	-0.82*	-0.08	-0.64*	-0.67**	-0.59*	-0.60*	-0.63*
DQI	-0.67*	-0.14	-0.54*	-0.51*	-0.49*	-0.52*	-0.54*
Nac_PA	-0.72*	0.02	-0.48*	-0.48*	-0.41*	-0.41*	-0.47*
Nac_R	-0.57*	-0.04	-0.42*	-0.41*	-0.37*	-0.38*	-0.42*
Pac_PA	-0.72*	0.07	-0.40*	-0.39*	-0.33*	-0.34*	-0.4*
Pac_R	-0.61*	-0.01	-0.39*	-0.38*	-0.34*	-0.36*	-0.39*
Kac_PA	-0.74*	0.05	-0.45*	-0.45*	-0.38*	-0.39*	-0.44*
Kac_R	-0.58*	-0.04	-0.41*	-0.40*	-0.36*	-0.37*	-0.41*
	---------------------------------------- Peat ---------------------------------------
SD	0.35*	0.35*	-0.66*	-0.64*	-0.56*	-0.63*	-0.66*
Height	0.44*	0.41*	-0.74*	-0.72*	-0.62*	-0.70*	-0.73*
SDM	0.16	0.03	-0.43*	-0.43*	-0.31*	-0.45*	-0.47*
RDM	0.12	-0.01	-0.39*	-0.40*	-0.28	-0.42*	-0.43*
SSA	0.09	0.13	-0.46*	-0.44*	-0.39*	-0.43*	-0.47*
DQI	0.12	0.01	-0.4*	-0.41*	-0.29	-0.43*	-0.45*
Nac_PA	0.22	0.05	-0.43*	-0.44*	-0.30	-0.45*	-0.46*
Nac_R	0.23	0.08	-0.41*	-0.42*	-0.29	-0.44*	-0.44*
Pac_PA	0.07	-0.03	-0.36*	-0.36*	-0.23	-0.37*	-0.39*
Pac_R	0.05	-0.09	-0.30	-0.31*	-0.19	-0.34*	-0.35*
Kac_PA	0.16	0.01	-0.40*	-0.41*	-0.27	-0.42*	-0.43*
Kac_R	0.09	-0.03	-0.30	-0.30	-0.17	-0.31*	-0.32*

• ⁽¹⁾SD: stem diameter; SDM: shoot dry matter; RDM: root dry matter; SSA: specific surface area; DQI: Dickson quality index; Nac_PA: N accumulated in the shoot; Nac_R: N accumulated in the root; Pac_PA: P accumulated in the shoot; Pac_R: P accumulated in the root; Kac_PA: K accumulated in the shoot; Kac_R: K accumulated in the root;
• ^*
  Significant values at 5% probability of error.

N is a macronutrient required in high amounts by plants, since it participates in metabolic processes as a constituent of proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophylls, coenzymes, phytohormones and secondary metabolites, directly influencing the growth and development of plants ( Marschner, 2011 ). K is one of the most abundant cations in plants, and is responsible for the performance of important physiological functions such as photosynthesis, osmoregulation, enzymatic activities, protein synthesis and maintenance of plasma membrane potential ( Hafsi et al., 2014 ). P is one of the main structural elements of plants, since they make up macromolecules components of nucleic acids which, like DNA, carry genetic codes, besides being the main energetic currency of the cell, the ATP ( Marschner, 2011 ; Taiz et al., 2017 ).

Despite the similar poultry litter ratio that conditioned the maximum growth, quality and quantity of nutrients accumulated in the seedlings, the use of peat presented a lower growth potential compared to the commercial substrate, because the highest values in all evaluated parameters, both without the addition of poultry litter and at the dose of maximum technical efficiency, were higher with the commercial substrate ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ). In addition, the increases in height and dry matter of shoot and roots were smaller with the poultry litter ratios added to peat.

The higher amounts of N, P and K accumulated in earpod tree seedlings with the use of the commercial substrate, in comparison to peat, are not solely related to the amounts of nutrients found in the substrates, because at the ratios of maximum technical efficiency, the amounts of nutrients were similar ( Table 1 ). The higher pH of the commercial substrate (6.1), which is in the range of 6.0 to 7.0 and considered ideal for substrates ( Kämpf, 2000 ), in relation to the pH of peat (5.6), may be another factor that conditioned the greater growth of seedlings. However, with the addition of poultry litter to the commercial substrate and to peat, nutrients were added and the pH value increased, indicating that the difference in growth parameters between the two substrates is not solely associated with acidity and nutrient availability. In this sense, Lima et al. (2006) emphasize the high amount of nutrients in the poultry litter; however, they emphasize the importance of incorporating it to material with good physical characteristics, to promote a chemically and physically suitable substrate, thus promoting greater growth and nutritional contribution to plants.

On average, values of 33% of poultry litter addition to the commercial substrate and of 35% to peat were the ratios that conditioned better responses in seedlings production. In relation to the accumulated amount of N, P and K in the dry matter of shoot and roots, the average of the adequate poultry litter ratio was equal for both substrates, with a value of 37%. These values indicate that the growth, quality and quantity of nutrients accumulated in the earpod tree seedlings were potentiated with a similar ratio of poultry litter, where the average value of 35% of poultry litter could be used both for the commercial substrate and for peat.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Poultry litter can be used in the composition of substrates for the production of earpod tree seedlings at the ratio of 35% in a mixture with commercial substrate or peat. Ratios above this, for both substrates, compromise the development and survival of the seedlings.

Peat provides lower growth and quality of earpod tree seedlings compared to the commercial substrate, when used alone or mixed with poultry litter.

• FINANCIAL SUPPORT The authors thank the Brazilian agency CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) for scholarship support and UFSM (Federal University of Santa Maria) for provide the physical space to conduct the experiments.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Apr 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  28 Jan 2017
• Accepted
  16 Nov 2017