Environmental and Plant Variables Influence <i>Dalbergia nigra</i> (Fabaceae) Phenology - Implications for Seed Production

Silva, Jailton de Jesus; Poelking, Everton Luís; Costa, Grênivel Mota da; Funch, Ligia Silveira; Duarte, Edson Ferreira

doi:10.1590/2179-8087-FLORAM-2022-0002

Jailton de Jesus Silva

Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Feira de Santana, BA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-0661

Everton Luís Poelking

Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4531-8341

Grênivel Mota da Costa

Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5080-8444

Ligia Silveira Funch

Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Feira de Santana, BA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7096-0187

Edson Ferreira Duarte

Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Departamento de Botânica (DBOT), Goiânia, GO, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6433-9423

CORRESPONDENCE TO Jailton De Jesus Silva Avenida Transnordestina, s/n - Novo Horizonte, CEP 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brasil. e-mail: jj.jailton@outlook.com

Associate editor:

Geângelo Calvi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8631-2325

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Jailton de Jesus Silva: Formal analysis (Supporting); Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Supporting); Software (Equal); Visualization (Equal); Writing - original draft (Equal); Writing - review & editing (Equal).

Everton Luís Poelking: Funding acquisition (Equal); Methodology (Supporting); Supervision (Supporting); Visualization (Supporting); Writing - original draft (Equal); Writing - review & editing (Supporting).

Grênivel Mota da Costa: Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Supervision (Supporting); Validation (Equal); Visualization (Supporting); Writing - original draft (Equal); Writing - review & editing (Equal).

Ligia Silveira Funch: Funding acquisition (Equal); Validation (Supporting); Visualization (Equal); Writing - original draft (Supporting); Writing - review & editing (Equal).

Edson Ferreira Duarte: Conceptualization (Equal); Formal analysis (Supporting); Funding acquisition (Equal); Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Project administration (Equal); Resources (Lead); Supervision (Lead); Visualization (Equal); Writing - original draft (Equal); Writing - review & editing (Equal).

Variables/Subpopulation		Cachoeira		Cruz das Almas		Dom Macedo		Muniz Ferreira
Period (12 months)		jul. 2014 - jun. 2015	jul. 2015 - jun. 2016	jul. 2014 - jun. 2015	jul. 2015 - jun. 2016	jul. 2014 - jun. 2015	jul. 2015 - jun. 2016	jul. 2014 - jun. 2015	jul. 2015 - jun. 2016
Environment	Altitude (m)	177.64±2.15		218.66±0.53		180.83±0.96		90.05±2.94
	Soil	Yellow Ultisol		Yelllou oxi/Red oxi.		Ultisol		Lithic Entisol
	Temp (˚C)	24.7±0.46	25.3±0.47	24.7±0.46	25.3±0.47	24.9±0.43	25.5±0.46	25. 4±0.43	25.9±0.45
	Rain. (mm.ano^-1)	1148.8±21.26	841.4±16.70	1258.2±21.47	859.1±15.33	1152.2±17.98	937.9±17.07	1229.3±20.10	1041.64±19.05
	Photop (hours)	12:06±0h 5m	12:06±0h 5m	12:06±0h 5m	12:06±0h 5m	12:06±0h 5m	12:06±0h 5m	12:06±0h 5m	12:06±0h 5m
	Vegetation	Anthropized		Anthropized		Forest/Anthropized		Forest/Anthropized
Plants	Numbers of individuals	34		54		30		17
	CrownD (m)	10.9±0.48		8.12±0.55		12.11±0.45		9.6±0.98
	PlantH(m)	13.58±0.49		11.15±0.48		16.46±0.73		13.05±0.93
	TrunkH (m)	1.48±0.25		2.32±0.36		3.05±0.52		3.51±0.46
	DBH (m)	0.37±0.02		0.34±0.03		0.45±0.03		0.35±0.04
	CrownS	Umbeliform/Irregular		Irregular		Umbeliform/Irregular		Umbeliform/Irregular
	TrunkS	Straight /Crooked		Straight /Crooked		Straight		Straight /Crooked

Frequency of individuals
Statistical parameters	Cachoeira		Cruz das Almas		Dom Macedo Costa		Muniz Ferreira
Statistical parameters	Flower buds
	July of 2014 - June of 2015	July of 2015 - June of 2016	July of 2014 - June of 2015	July of 2015 - June of 2016	July of 2014 - June of 2015	July of 2015 - June of 2016	July of 2014 - June of 2015	July of 2015 - June of 2016
Mean angle	122.07°	139.63°	118.94°	119.59°	127.11°	162.27°	90.00°	122.05°
Mean date	November	November	October	October	November	December	October	November
Mean length of vector (r)	0.95	0.87	0.90	0.90	0.98	0.92	0.91	0.91
Rayleigh Test (z)	0.97	0.90	0.89	0.91	0.97	0.93	0.93	0.94
Rayleigh Test (p)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
W (p)	9.45 (0.003)		0.0086 (0.926)		60.62 (<0.001)		23.729 (<0.001)
Flowers
Mean angle	122.81°	139.63°	120.97°	122.57°	131.17°	163.35°	90.52°	122.24°
Mean date	November	November	November	November	November	December	October	November
Mean length of vector (r)	0.96	0.87	0.89	0.88	0.97	0.96	0.91	0.90
Rayleigh Test (z)	0.97	0.88	0.90	0.89	0.98	0.95	0.92	0.93
Rayleigh Test (p)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
W (p)	7.70 (0.0072)		0.0863 (0.769)		87.269 (<0.001)		18.409 (<0.001)
Immature fruits
Mean angle	296.86°	296.04°	280.29°	257.57°	278.55°	279.97°	345.80°	245.60°
Mean date	April	April	April	March	April	April	June	March
Mean length of vector (r)	0.19	0.23	0.22	0.15	0.29	0.39	0.18	0.28
Rayleigh Test (z)	0.19	0.23	0.21	0.16	0.30	0.40	0.22	0.34
Rayleigh Test (p)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.005	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
W (p)	0.0089 (0.924)		3.8724 (0.0497)		1.8267 (0.1902)		149.06 (<0.001)
Mature fruits
Mean angle	60.07°	358.28°	61.41°	110.82°	31.12°	64.17°	50.77°	13.25°
Mean date	September	September	August	October	August	September	August	July
Mean length of vector (r)	0.67	0.61	0.76	0.11	0.64	0.60	0.62	0.72
Rayleigh Test (z)	0.68	0.62	0.79	0.16	0.67	0.66	0.66	0.76
Rayleigh Test (p)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.1171	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
W (p)	0.0603 (0.806)		29.462 (<0.001)		35.134 (<0.001)		50.201 (<0.001)
Fruit dispersal
Mean angle	94.23°	86.53°	54.97°	154.96°	62.25°	88.93°	76.76°	42.09°
Mean date	October	September	August	December	September	September	September	August
Mean length of vector (r)	0.78	0.67	0.89	0.24	0.83	0.71	0.72	0.68
Rayleigh Test (z)	0.78	0.68	0.89	0.24	0.84	0.74	0.76	0.74
Rayleigh Test (p)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
W (p)	1.796 (0.1814)		91.709 (<0.001)		26.179 (<0.001)		33.323 (<0.001)

		Mardia-Watson-Wheeler (W)
		Flower buds		Flowers		Immature fruits		Mature fruits		Fruit dispersal
Subpopulations		W	p	W	p	W	p	W	p	W	p
Dom Macedo Costa x Muniz Ferreira	July of 2014 - June of 2015	0.49	0.4878	5.45	0.0235	11.42	< 0.001	164.85	< 0.001	9.83	< 0.001
	July of 2015 - June of 2016	115.94	< 0.001	133.04	< 0.001	31.75	< 0.001	76.39	< 0.001	48.38	< 0.001
Dom Macedo Costa x Cruz das Almas	July of 2014 - June of 2015	39.17	< 0.001	49.16	< 0.001	0.62	0.4329	145.19	< 0.001	2.69	0.1027
	July of 2015 - June of 2016	87.23	< 0.001	88.18	< 0.001	5.25	0.0223	0.21	0.6459	39.81	< 0.001
Dom Macedo Costa x Cachoeira	July of 2014 - June of 2015	125.72	< 0.001	157.08	< 0.001	0.52	0.4707	149.06	< 0.001	46.30	< 0.001
	July of 2015 - June of 2016	20.00	< 0.001	26.96	< 0.001	4.60	0.0322	12.41	< 0.001	0.15	0.7000
Muniz Ferreira x Cruz das Almas	July of 2014 - June of 2015	9.99	0.003	15.25	< 0.001	34.54	< 0.001	173.80	< 0.001	19.09	< 0.001
	July of 2015 - June of 2016	0.25	0.6169	0.00	0.9522	1.43	0.2321	67.47	< 0.001	105.61	< 0.001
Muniz Ferreira x Cachoeira	July of 2014 - June of 2015	26.41	< 0.001	37.87	< 0.001	71.63	< 0.001	133.56	< 0.001	13.44	< 0.001
	July of 2015 - June of 2016	11.24	< 0.001	9.01	0.0034	41.51	< 0.001	49.68	< 0.001	39.61	< 0.001
Cruz das Almas x Cachoeira	July of 2014 - June of 2015	68.02	< 0.001	79.04	< 0.001	0.56	0.4529	154.63	< 0.001	66.74	< 0.001
	July of 2015 - June of 2016	11.01	< 0.001	5.90	0.0178	13.26	< 0.001	13.77	< 0.001	41.30	< 0.001

[1] CORRESPONDENCE TO Jailton De Jesus Silva Avenida Transnordestina, s/n - Novo Horizonte, CEP 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brasil. e-mail: jj.jailton@outlook.com

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Environmental and Plant Variables Influence Dalbergia nigra (Fabaceae) Phenology - Implications for Seed Production

Abstract