Gorton, 198714
|
|
Blind and visually impaired |
Athletics |
Camcorders |
Selected center, of gravity,displacements, speeds, and joint angles |
100 m race,during real competition |
"The inclinationof the head varied a lot. The anterior position of the head may be related to blindness." |
Ridgway et al., 198819
|
|
Wheelchair |
Athletics |
Camcorders |
Cycle speed,cycle duration, cycle rate, cycle distance, and percentage of propulsion and recovery |
800 m race |
"In general, thehighest speeds, rates, and distances of the cycle occurred in the classes with the highest functional impairments." |
Hutzler et al.,199527
|
-
n = 11
-
11 men
-
Age: 30.3 ± 5.4 years
|
Wheelchair |
Basketball |
Electrically locked and controlled roller device |
Power and speed |
High-speed "Wingate" exercise test, lasting 30 s |
"The speed variables of the subjects included in this study had a significant relationship with the power variables." |
Wang et al.,199531
|
|
Wheelchair |
Athletics (Sprinters) |
3-D cinema-tography with mirror |
Speed,angulation, recovery |
Running: four selected speeds were investigated |
"As the speed increased, the actuation phase was executed more quickly, while the range of the pushing angle remained constant." |
Goosey et al., 1997 21
|
-
n = 23
-
13 men and 10 women
-
Age: 18-41 years
|
Wheelchair |
Athletics |
Camcorders |
Inclination angle, elbow angle and cycle dynamics, speed, and performance |
800 m race |
"Junior athletes adopted a more upright position and spent less time in contact with the rim (25%) than senior athletes. A moderate correlation was found between cycle distance and performance time (r = -0.68; p < 0.01). " |
van der Woude et al., 199828
|
-
n = 67
-
17 woman and 50 men
-
Age: 29.1 ± 7.0 years
|
Wheelchair |
Athletics |
Computer- -controlled ergometer |
Propulsion and power production |
30-second running test on a computer- -controlled wheelchair ergometer |
"The output powers were highly variable and seemed to be associated with the level of commitment." |
Okawa et al.,199935
|
-
n = 11
-
11 men
-
Age: 20-46 years
|
Wheelchairs (paraplegia) |
Marathon runners |
Video camera |
Push time, cycle time, total push time, and angular speed |
Propulsion in a wheelchair until exhaustion, in the laboratory (for 5 min) |
"Improvement in the total pulse angle must be achieved by extending the total pulse time and increasing the angular pulse speed." |
Chow et al., 200024
|
-
n = 17
-
17 men
-
Age: 19-48 years
|
Wheelchair |
Shot put |
Video camera |
Kinematic data (speed, release angle and height) |
Each player made six attempts to throw the weight, and the best was recorded |
"The measu-rements were smaller than in athletes without disabilities, so that all of them were significantly correlated with the functional classification and the measured distance (p < 0.05)." |
Nolan et al.,200616
|
|
Lower limb amputation (8 transfemoral and 9 transtibial) |
Athletics (long jump) |
Video camera (sagittal plane) |
Center of mass height, vertical speed |
Long jump at the 2004 Paralympic Games |
"Transfemoral amputees had a higher center of mass height than transtibial amputees. And speed related to jumping performance." |
Chen et al., 201030
|
-
n = 7
-
5 men and 2 women
-
Age: NR
|
Wheelchair |
Runners |
Video camera (2-D MaxTRAQ software was used using reflective markers) |
Velocity |
Running |
"Angular and linear speeds increased at the wrist joint, indicating that the higher linear speed was transferred from the arm to the forearm and then from the hand during the propulsion of the wheelchair." |
Fung et al., 201020
|
-
n = 14
-
8 men and 6 women
-
Age: NR
|
Wheelchair |
Fencing |
Camcorders |
Maximum lunge speed, lunge angle, and fast return speed |
Simulated test with fencing movements |
"Two classes of functional impairments were assessed. The biomecha-nical data were similar for both classes ". |
Sarro et al., 201023
|
-
n = 10
-
10 men
-
Age: 36.9 ± 5.7 years
|
Wheelchairs (spinal cord injury and quad amputation) |
Rugby |
Camcorders |
Total distance traveled during the game; distance traveled during each quarter; distance covered in four different speed ranges |
Rugby game |
"There is a strong correlation between the functional classification of wheelchair rugby players and the distances covered during a game, especially at high speeds." |
Gastaldi et al., 201232
|
-
n = 50
-
35 men and 15 women
-
Age: 36.9 ± 8.9 years
|
Paralympic athletes with different types of disabilities |
Cross-country skiing |
Video camera (high speed stereophoto- grammetric without marker) |
Kinematic biomechanical parameters and technical parameters |
1-kilometer sprint,Paralympic Winter Games (2010) |
"There was great variability in the sports gesture due to the residual functional capacities and sitting posture of each athlete. However, the polling cycles of disciplines classified into different classes have similar characteristics. " |
Panoutsako-poulos et al., 201315
|
-
n = 31
-
17 men and 14 women
-
Age: 24.8 ± 6.4 years
|
Blind and visually impaired |
Athletics |
Stationary digital video camera |
ADM, speed,jump, and distance |
Speed test |
"The distance and speed were shorter (p < 0.05) for the group with the greatest visual impairment." |
Cavedon et al., 201425
|
-
n = 43
-
43 men
-
Age: 33.8 ± 9.02 years
|
Wheelchair |
Tennis |
Video camera (2D motion analysis) |
Joint angles of the upper limbs and ball speed |
Serve analysis |
"Severity of impairment significantly (p < 0.05) affected post-impact ball velocity and shoulder angle at the instant of ball impact." |