| Bennell et al. (2005) |
Diagnosis: ACR Inclusion: XR grades I and II Age: > 65 years (n = 46♂/94♀) Groups: IG = Kinesiotherapy and Kinesio taping (n = 23♂/50♀) CG = Placebo (n= 23♂/44♀) |
-Pain -Physical function -Quality of life -Balance -Quadriceps muscle strength |
Randomized controlled clinical trial Evaluations: pre- and post-intervention and at 12-week follow-up. |
IG = Exercises of quadriceps strengthening, balance, thoracic spine mobilization and kinesio taping CG = Non-therapeutic US and Light (placebo) -1x/week -4 weeks -After every 2 weeks for 8 weeks -Groups of 5 people |
-VAS -Likert Scale -WOMAC -SF-36 -AQoL -Step test -Kin-Com Dynamometer |
-Reduction in pain in both group. -Improvement in self-reported physical function, pain, quality of life, balance and muscle strength in both groups -Quality of life was significantly better in IG |
| Nigg et al. (2006) |
Diagnosis: ACR Inclusion: XR grades II-IV Age: > 50 years (n = 56♂/67♀) Groups: IG = Use of therapeutic footwear (n = 26♂/31♀) CG = Control (n = 30♂/36♀) |
-Pain -Stiffness -Physical function -Range of motion -Muscle strength -Balance |
Randomized controlled clinical trial Evaluations: pre-intervention and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks of intervention |
IG = Use of New Balance 756WB model trainers CG = Walking shoe -12 weeks |
-WOMAC -VAS -Biodex system -Static and dynamic balance |
-Pain decreased in both groups after 12 weeks of study -Increase in eversion peak torque in both groups -Significant improvement in balance in IG after 12 weeks |
| Hinman et al. (2007) |
Diagnosis: ACR Inclusion: XR (osteophytes and reduced intra-articular space) and pain Age: > 50 years Groups: IG = Hydrotherapy (n = 9♂/24♀) CG = Control (n = 11♂/24♀) |
-Pain -Physical function -Level of physical activity -Quality of life -Muscle strength |
Randomized controlled clinical trial Evaluations: pre- and post-intervention and at 6-week follow-up |
IG = Strengthening and balance exercises in heated pool (34 °C) -2x/week (45 to 60 min) -6 weeks CG = No intervention during the study period, but after the end of that period aquatic therapy was offered |
-VAS -Likert scale -WOMAC -Timed “Up & Go” test -Walk test -Step test |
-Significant improvement in pain, physical function, muscle strength and quality of life -No differences in step test or timed “Up & Go” test between groups pre- or post- intervention |
| Lund et al. (2008) |
Diagnosis: ACR Inclusion: Primary OA Age: 40-89 years Groups: IG1 = Hydrotherapy (n = 27♀) IG2 = Land-based (n = 25♀) CG = Control (n = 27♀) |
-Pain -Physical function -Balance -Muscle strength |
Randomized controlled clinical trial Evaluations: pre- and post-intervention and at 3-month follow-up |
IG1 = Warm-up, strengthening, endurance, balance and stretching exercises with a water temperature of 33.5 °C. IG2 = Warm-up, strengthening, endurance, balance and stretching exercises on land. -2x/week -8 weeks -Group attendance CG = No intervention |
-VAS -KOOS -Balance Master Pro™ -Biodex system |
-No difference in pain or KOOS between the 3 groups after 8 weeks -IG2 had improvement in pain compared with CG at 3-month follow-up -Improved muscle strength in IG2 compared to CG -No difference was found in balance |
| Tok et al. (2011) |
Diagnosis: XR Inclusion: Grade II or III Age: 42–80 years (n = 10♂/30♀) Groups: IG1 = Electrotherapy (n = 4♂/16♀) IG2 = Electrotherapy and isometric exercises (n = 6♂/14♀) |
-Pain and physical function -Quality of Life -Muscle strength -Balance (static and dynamic) |
Randomized controlled clinical trial Pre-and post-intervention evaluation |
-IG1 = Combination therapy: infrared, interferential current, ultrasound and continuous passive motion (CPM) -IG2 = Combination therapy: infrared, interferential current, ultrasound, biphasic current and isometric exercises -3x/week -5 weeks |
-WOMAC -SF36 -Cybex 6000 -KAT 2000 |
-Muscle strength and balance improved significantly in IG1 -Pain and stiffness improved significantly in both groups -Static and dynamic balance improved in both groups |
| Hale et al. (2012) |
Diagnosis: WOMAC Inclusion: OA with pain Age: 45–70 years (n = 10♂/29♀) Groups: IG = Hydrotherapy (n = 6♂/17♀) CG = Control (n = 4♂/12♀) |
-Risk of falls -Balance -Self-reported physical function and pain -Balance and fear of falling |
Randomized controlled clinical trial Pre-and post-intervention evaluation |
IG1 = Warm-up and balance CG = Educational meetings on OA. -2x/week -12 weeks |
-Physiological profile assessment -Step Test and Timed “Up & Go” -WOMAC |
-Improved balance in both groups -Improvement in reaction time and contrast sensitivity -Lower risk of falls |
| Hsieh et al. (2012) |
Diagnosis: ACR Inclusion: Patients waiting for surgery Age: 40–90 years (n = 10♂/62♀) Groups: IG = electrotherapy (n = 3♂/34♀) CG = control (n = 7♂/28♀) |
-Pain -Stiffness -Balance -Muscle strength -Fitness -Balance |
Randomized controlled clinical trial Evaluations: pre-intervention, after 1 and 2 weeks of intervention and 1- and 2- week follow- up |
IG = 890-nm radiation in affected knee CG =Placebo -3x/week -2 weeks |
-WOMAC -Stair-climbing test, speed walking test, chair-rising test -Biodex system |
-No differences in WOMAC score between groups -No difference in functional capacity or postural stability between groups |
