Michielsen et al., 20111010. Michielsen ME, Selles RW, van der Geest JN, Eckhardt M, Yavuzer G, Stam HJ, et al. Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients: a phase II randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(3):223-33.doi: 10.1177/1545968310385127 https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968310385127...
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40 patients Chronic phase |
fMRI |
1 hour per day, 1x week in the Rehabilitation Center and 5x week at home, during 6 weeks |
There was statistically significant improvements in motor function in the EG. In both groups there was cortical reorganization, but there was no statistically significant correlation with the therapy. There were no significant results after follow-up (6 months). |
EG=20 |
FMS |
EG = MT |
CG=20 |
|
CG = bilateral movements without a mirror |
Lee; Cho; Song, 20121515. Lee MM, Cho HY, Song CH. The mirror therapy program enhances upper-limb motor recovery and motor function in acute stroke patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;91(8):689-700. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31824fa86d https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e31824f...
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26 patients Acute phase |
FMS |
25 min per session, 2x day, 5x week, for 4 weeks |
There was statistically significant improvement in the EG regarding motor function. There was no statistically significant difference in coordination according to the FSM. |
EG = 13 |
BMRS |
EG = conventional rehabilitation + MT |
CG = 13 |
MFT |
CG = conventional rehabilitation |
Thieme etal., 20121616. Thieme H, Bayn M, Wurg M, Zange C, Pohl M, Behrens J. Mirror therapy for patients with severe arm paresis after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2013;27(4):314-24. doi: 10.1177/0269215512455651 https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215512455651...
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60 patients Acute phase |
FMS |
30 min per session, 20 sessions, during 5 weeks |
There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding motor function. There was statistically significant increase of the degree of spasticity in the finger flexors comparing the IG with the GG. There was statistically significant improvement comparing the IG with the CG in what concerns visuospatial neglect. |
IG = 18 |
ARAT |
IG = first week with isolated movements up to 4X50 for each direction. 2nd and 3rd week with functional tasks added |
GG = 21 |
BI |
GG = 2 to 6 patients in a group using the same protocol |
CG = 21 |
SIS |
CG = same protocol, but without a mirror |
|
SCT |
|
Invernizzi et al., 20131717. Invernizzi M, Negrini S, Carda S, Lanzotti L, Cisari C, Baricich A. The value of adding mirror therapy for upper limb motor recovery of subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2013;49(3):311-7.
|
26 patients Acute phase EG = 13 |
ARAT |
1h per session, 5x week, for 4 weeks |
There was statistically significant improvement in both groups regarding motor function and functional independence, greater significance having been found in the EG. |
GC = 13 |
FIM |
EG = conventional rehabilitation + 30 min of MT in the first 2 weeks and 1h in the last 2 weeks |
|
IM |
CG = conventional rehabilitation + FES + therapy with a covered mirror |
Wu et al., 20131818. Wu CY, Huang PC, Chen YT, Lin KC, Yang HW. Effects of mirror therapy on motor and sensory recovery in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(6):1023-30. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.02.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.02.0...
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33 patients Chronic phase |
FMS |
1,5h per day, 5x week, for 4 weeks |
There was statistically significant improvement in the motor (distal and total), kinematic and thermal sensory function, there being no significance in the tactile scores. There were no significant results after follow-up (6 months). |
EG = 16 |
RNSA |
EG = MT |
CG = 17 |
ABILHAND-q |
CG = bilateral movements without a mirror |
|
MAL |
|
|
KA |
|
Kim; Lee; Song, 20141919. Kim H, Lee G, Song C. Effect of functional electrical stimulation with mirror therapy on upper extremity motor function in poststroke patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(4):655-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.06.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebro...
|
27 patients Acute phase |
FMS |
30 min per session, 5x week, for 4 weeks |
There was statistically significant improvement in the motor function (FSM) for both groups, in hand motor function (BMRS) for both groups with the highest result belonging to the EG and in the motor function of shoulder and hands (MFT) for both groups with greater significance of the hand motor function in the EG. There was satistically significant improvement of manual dexterity (BBT) in both groups. |
EG = 14 |
BMRS |
EG = MT + FES + conventional rehabilitation |
CG = 13 |
MFT |
CG = therapy with non-reflective side of the mirror + FES + conventional rehabilitation |
|
BBT |
|
Lin et al., 20142020. Lin KC, Chen YT, Huang PC, Wu CY, Huang WL, Yang HW, et al. Effect of mirror therapy combined with somatosensory stimulation on motor recovery and daily function in stroke patients: a pilot study. J Formos Med Assoc. 2014;113(7):422-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.08.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2012.08.0...
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16 patients Chronic phase |
MAS |
1,5h per day, 5x week, for 4 weeks |
There was improvement in the spasticity of the distal region (MAS) and in manual dexterity (BBT) in the EG. There was statistically significant improvement in motor function (ARAT) in the total score for both groups and improvement in the sub-tests in the CG. There was statistically significant improvement of functional independence (FIM) in what concerns transfer and no significant improvement in the motor sub-scale in the EG. |
CG=8 |
BBT |
EG = Electro-MeshGlove (somatosensorial electrical stimulation) + MT + conventional rehabilitation |
EG=8 |
ARAT |
CG = MT + conventional rehabilitation |
|
FIM |
|
Medeiros et al., 20142121. Medeiros CSP, Fernandes SGG, Lopes JM, Cacho EWA, Cacho RO. Effects of mirror therapy through functional activities and motor standards in motor function of the upper limb after stroke. Fisioter Pesqui. 2014;21(3):264-70. doi: 10.590/1809-2950/87821032014 https://doi.org/10.590/1809-2950/8782103...
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6 patients Chronic phase |
FMS |
50 min per session, the 10 initial minutes being of IM and stretching + 30 min of MT with 1-2 minutes of rest between activities, 3x week, 15 sessions, during 5 weeks |
There was statistically significant improvement in functional independence (FIM) in the cognitive domain and in total in both groups. |
IMG = 3 |
MAS |
IMG: MT with isolated movements |
FTG = 3 |
FIM |
FTG MT with functional tasks |
Paik et al., 20142222. Paik YR, Kim SK, Lee JS, Jeon BJ. Simple and task-oriented mirror therapy for upper extremity function in stroke patients: a pilot study. Hong Kong J Occup Ther. 2014;24(1):6-12. doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hkjot.2014.01.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hkjot.2014.01....
|
4 patients Chronic phase |
FMS |
30 min per session, 15 sessions, during 15 days |
There was improvement of functional manual tasks with respect to the increasing of the speed of execution of finger and wrist movements in both groups (CTT). There was improvement of the motor function (FSM) in both groups. |
IMG = 2 |
BBT |
IMG: MT with isolated movements (10 repetitions for each movement) |
FTG = 2 |
BMRS |
FTG: MT with functional tasks |
|
MFT |
|
|
CCT |
|
|
CTT |
|
Samuelkamaleshkumar et al., 20142323. Samuelkamaleshkumar S, Reethajanetsureka S, Pauljebaraj P, Benshamir B, Padankatti SM, David JA. Mirror therapy enhances motor performance in the paretic upper limb after stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(11):2000-5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.06.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.06.0...
|
20 patients Chronic phase |
FMS |
1h per day divided into 2X30min being the first 15 min of isolated bilateral movements and the last 15 min of functional tasks, 5x week for 3 weeks |
There was statistically significant improvement of manual dexterity (BBT) in the EG. As for the motor function (FSM) and hand and arm motor recovery scores (BMRS) there was statistically significant improvement in both groups with the highest result in the EG. No significant difference was found for spasticity (MAS) between the groups. |
EG=10 |
BMRS |
EG = conventional rehabilitation + MT |
CG=10 |
BBT |
CG = conventional rehabilitation |
|
MAS |
|
Arya et al., 20152424. Arya KN, Pandian S, Kumar D, Puri V. Task-based mirror therapy augmenting motor recovery in poststroke hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24(8):1738-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.03.026 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebro...
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33 patients Acute phase |
BMRS |
90 min per session, 5x week, 40 sessions, during 8 weeks |
There was statistically significant improvement in the motor function of the wrist, hand and arm in the EG, but this improvement was not seen in the shoulder. As for motor recovery, statistically significant improvement was observed in the EG. |
EG=17 |
FMS |
EG = Occupational Therapy + MT |
CG=16 |
|
CG = Occupational Therapy |
Cho; Cha, 20152525. Cho HS, Cha HG. Effect of mirror therapy with tDCS on functional recovery of the upper extremity of stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(4):1045-47. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.1045 https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.1045...
|
27 patients Acute phase |
BBT |
20 min per session, 3x week for 6 weeks |
There was statistically significant improvement in grip strength (HD) and in the performance of functional manual tasks (JTT) in both groups. As for motor function and manual dexterity (BBT), there was statistically significant improvement only in the EG. There were more significant increases of BBT and HD in the EG. |
EG=14 |
HD |
EG = MT |
CG=13 |
JTT |
CG = therapy with the non-reflective side of a mirror |
|
FMS |
|
|
tDCS |
|
Park et al., 20152626. Park Y, Chang M, Kim KM, An DH. The effects of mirror therapy with tasks on upper extremity function and self-care in stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(5):1499-501. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.1499 https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.1499...
|
30 patients Chronic phase |
FIM |
5x week for 6 weeks |
There was statistically significant improvement in the scales in both groups, with greater significance in the EG in the self-care domain of the FIM and MFT. |
EG=15 |
MFT |
EG = MT |
CG=15 |
|
CG = therapy with the non-reflective side of a mirror |