Tieland et al.1818. Tieland M, Verdijk LB, de Groot LC, Van Loon LJ. Handgrip strength does not represent an appropriate measure to evaluate changes in muscle strength during an exercise intervention program in frail older people. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015;25(1):27-36. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0123 https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0123...
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4 |
Pre-frail and frail individuals, ≥65 years old. |
CG: 57 |
IG: Resistance exercises for upper and lower limbs. Performed twice a week under personal supervision for 24 weeks. The workload began at 50% of 1-MR and increased to 75% of 1-MR. |
Increased handgrip strength in both groups. Increased strength in leg extension and adduction and physical performance when compared with IG with CG. |
IG: 51 |
Szturm et al.1919. Szturm T, Betker AL, Moussavi Z, Desai A, Goodman V. Effects of an interactive computer game exercise regimen on balance impairment in frail community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2011;91(10):1449-62. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20090205 https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090205...
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7 |
65 to 85 years, MMSE>24 points, ability to understand the study and independent walking, with or without an auxiliary device. |
CG:13 |
Participants received 16 sessions, twice a week, lasting 45 minutes. CG: Strengthening exercises, balance, gait re-education and walking without supervision. IG: Dynamic balance exercises along with computer game. |
Improvements in overall balance, balance in tasks performed on spongy surface and balance in DLA were higher for IG compared with CG. |
IG: 14 |
Cadore et al.2020. Cadore EL, Casas-Herrero A, Zambom-Ferraresi F, Idoate F, Millor N, Gomez M, et al. Multicomponent exercises including muscle power training enhance muscle mass, power output, and functional outcomes in institutionalized frail nonagenarians. Age (Dordr). 2014;36(2):773-85. doi: 10.1007/s11357-013-9586-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-013-9586-...
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6 |
≥85 years and frail. |
CG: 13 |
CG: Passive and active movements in different joints for 30 minutes, four days a week. IG: Multi-component exercises for 12 weeks, twice a week. The program included resistance training of upper and lower limbs with progressive increase of loads (40-60% of 1MR) combined with exercises for balance and gait with functional progression. |
Improvement in functional capacity, physical performance, isometric hip flexion and knee extension strength, maximal strength, cross-sectional area of the thigh, and reduction in the incidence of falls in IG. |
IG: 11 |
Zech et al.2121. Zech A, Drey M, Freiberger E, Hentschke C, Bauer JM, Sieber CC, et al. Residual effects of muscle strength and muscle power training and detraining on physical function in community-dwelling prefrail older adults: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2012;12:68. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-12-68 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-12-68...
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6 |
65-94 years old and who agreed to participate in the study. |
CG: 22 |
Before the intervention period, all participants took vitamin D3 for eight weeks. |
Both interventions improved physical function. |
GS: 20 |
Both training groups completed a program of warm-up, balance, and muscle strength exercises twice a week for 12 weeks with increasing intensity. GPower: moved as quickly as possible during the concentric phase of each repetition and slowly during the eccentric phase. GStrength: performed concentric and eccentric contractions with a medium speed. |
GP: 18 |
Pollock et al.2222. Pollock RD, Martin FC, Newham DJ. Whole-body vibration in addition to strength and balance exercise for falls-related functional mobility of frail older adults: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2012;26(10):915-23. doi: 10.1177/0269215511435688 https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215511435688...
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5 |
older adults of both sexes, referred for risk assessment of falls. |
CG+IG=56 |
both received supervised training three times a week, combining strength, balance and functional mobility for eight weeks. IG: performed whole-body vibration therapy session at the end of the exercise period. |
Improvement in functional capacity, balance, self-report of fear of falling and quality of life in both groups. Increase in the length of the IG step in relation to the CG. |
Zhang et al.2323. Zhang L, Weng C, Liu M, Wang Q, Liu L, He Y. Effect of whole-body vibration exercise on mobility, balance ability and general health status in frail elderly patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2014;28(1):59-68. doi: 10.1177/0269215513492162 https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215513492162...
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6 |
≥75 years and frail, without severe cognitive impairment and without a disease likely to be associated with a life expectancy of less than 12 months. |
CG: 18 |
Duration of eight weeks. CG: included usual care, physical therapy (using manual appliances and techniques), and exercise routine. IG: Whole-body vibration exercise three to five times a week. |
Both groups showed improvements in mobility, knee extension strength, balance, balance in DLA, and general health status. |
IG: 19 |
But significant differences were found in some assessments, indicating that improvements in IG were more pronounced. |
Daniel2424. Daniel K. Wii-hab for pre-frail older adults. Rehabil Nurs. 2012;37(4):195-201. doi: 10.1002/rnj.25 https://doi.org/10.1002/rnj.25...
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4 |
≥65 years, pre-frail. |
CG: 5 |
CG: instructed to continue any physical activity conducted before the study period. GExercise: aerobic exercises in the sitting position. Gwii: group exercises using a Nintendo Wii, using basic games, such as bowling, tennis and boxing. Participants also wore a weighted vest with 2% of their body weight added to the weighted vest every two weeks. |
Improvements in functional physical states in both groups that underwent intervention when compared with CG. |
GE: 7 |
GWii: 7 |
The two types of interventions were performed in groups for 45 minutes, three times a week for 15 weeks. |
Giné-Garriga; Guerra; Unnithan2525. Gine-Garriga M, Guerra M, Unnithan VB. The effect of functional circuit training on self-reported fear of falling and health status in a group of physically frail older individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2013;2(3):329-36. doi: 10.1007/s40520-013-0048-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-013-0048-...
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6 |
80 to 90 years and frail. |
CG: 19 |
CG: Instructed to continue their daily activities and received their primary care. IG: training in functional circuits aiming at functional balance and inferior strength. Participants went to the training center twice a week for 12 weeks. |
Improvement in the fear of falling and self-reported quality of life in IG compared with CG. |
IG: 22 |
Jorgensen et al.2626. Jorgensen MG, Laessoe U, Hendriksen C, Nielsen OB, Aagaard P. Efficacy of Nintendo Wii training on mechanical leg muscle function and postural balance in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(7):845-52. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gls222 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls222...
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7 |
>65 years, self-reported poor to medium balance and ability to understand verbal instructions. |
CG: 30 |
CG: instructed to wear the EVA insoles in their shoes every day throughout the study period. IG: Wii training conducted twice a week for ten weeks, with sessions lasting approximately 35 minutes aiming at balance and muscular conditioning. |
Improvements in maximal isometric leg muscle strength, force-generating capacity, and functional performance in IG. |
IG: 27 |
Cesari et al.2727. Cesari M, Vellas B, Hsu FC, Newman AB, Doss H, King AC, et al. A physical activity intervention to treat the frailty syndrome in older persons: results from the LIFE-P study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(2):216-22. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu099 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu099...
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5 |
70-89 years, have a sedentary lifestyle and a higher risk of functional impairment. |
CG: 211 |
CG: were invited to meet once a week in small groups for the first 26 weeks of the study and, thereafter, on a monthly basis. Health education was discussed and soft stretches of upper extremities were performed. IG: aerobic, strength, flexibility and balance training exercises. The intervention was organized in three following phases: weeks 1-8: three exercise sessions (40-60 minutes) per week conducted under supervision. Weeks 9-24: two supervised sessions per week and resistance, flexibility and strength exercises at home (at least three times a week). Week 25 until the end of the study: home intervention with the option of going once or twice for supervision and monthly telephone contact. For resistance, the intensity of 70% of the effort was used and, for strengthening, an intensity of 15-16 on the Borg scale. |
Reductions in the number of frailty criteria associated with the intervention against CG were observed for younger and black people with frailty and multimorbidity. The sedentary behavior was the only frailty criterion that showed significant difference between the groups randomized throughout the intervention. |
IG: 213 |
Langlois et al.2828. Langlois F, Vu TT, Chasse K, Dupuis G, Kergoat MJ, Bherer L. Benefits of physical exercise training on cognition and quality of life in frail older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2013;68(3):400-4. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbs069 https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs069...
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4 |
61-89 years, able to perform a low-risk physical exercise program. |
CG: 36 |
CG: instructed to maintain their current level of activity throughout the study period. IG: One hour-long exercise training with stretching, balance, aerobic and strength for 12 weeks, three times a week. The training was performed in subgroups of three to five participants. The intensity was moderate to strong. |
Improvement in functional capacity and physical resistance, cognitive processing speed, working memory, executive functions, quality of life of the IG compared with the CG. Benefits were equivalent in fragile and non-fragile participants. |
IG: 36 |
Ng et al.2929. Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MS, Feng L, Niti M, Tan BY, et al. Nutritional, physical, cognitive, and combination interventions and frailty reversal among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 2015;128(11):1225-36. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06...
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8 |
≥65 years, pre-frail or frail, able to wander without personal assistance and living at home. |
GN: 44 |
GPhysical: Exercise was moderate, gradually increasing intensity, lasting 90 minutes, twice a week for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of exercise at home. The exercise program was designed to improve strength and balance from 8 to 15 maximal repetitions (MR), or 60% to 80% of 10 MR, starting with <50% of 1 MR involving 8-10 major muscle groups. GNutrition: A commercial formula, iron and vitamin B6 folate supplement of vitamin B12 and calcium supplement, and vitamin D were provided, taken daily for 24 weeks. GCOgnition: In the first 12 weeks, participants attended weekly two-hour sessions of cognitive training designed to stimulate short-term memory, increase attention, information-processing skills, reasoning and problem-solving skills. For the subsequent 12 weeks, participants assessed the cognitive skills learned in the first 12 weeks. GCOMbined: submitted to all three interventions. CG: they had access to a standard treatment of health services and care of older adults that were normally available to older people. They received an equal volume of artificially sweetened, vanilla flavored liquid that was identical in appearance to the active nutritional supplements. |
Reduction in the frailty of 15% of the participants in the CG and from 35.6% to 47.8% in the groups submitted to the intervention. The nutritional and cognition interventions reduced the frailty by three times, and the physical intervention, by four times, compared with the CG. Gain in knee strength was observed for cognition, physical and combined groups, and gains in gait speed were observed for the physical intervention group. |
GCO: 46 |
GPI: 48 |
GCOM: 47 |
CG: 47 |