Chloroquine |
Adult patients who were hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection |
Parallel, double-masked, randomized, phase IIb clinical trial |
Patients were allocated to receive high-dosage (ie, 600 mg twice daily for 10 days) or low-dosage (ie, 450 mg twice daily on day 1 and once daily for 4 days) |
The preliminary outcomes suggest that the higher chloroquine dosage should not be recommended for critically ill patients with COVID-19 because of its potential safety hazards |
Borba et al., 2020Borba MGS, Val FFA, Sampaio VS, Alexandre MAA, Melo GC, Brito M, Mourão MPG, Brito-Sousa JD, Baía-da-Silva D, Guerra MVF et al. (2020) Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. JAMA Netw Open 3:e208857.
|
Hydroxychloroquine |
Adults who had household or occupational exposure to someone with confirmed Covid-19 |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial |
Within 4 days after exposure, participants receive either placebo or hydroxychloroquine (800 mg once, followed by 600 mg in 6 to 8 hours, then 600 mg daily for 4 additional days) |
Hydroxychloroquine did not prevent illness compatible with Covid-19 or confirmed infection when used as postexposure prophylaxis within 4 days after exposure |
Boulware et al., 2020Boulware DR, Pullen MF, Bangdiwala AS, Pastick KA, Lofgren SM, Okafor EC, Skipper CP, Nascene AA, Nicol MR, Abassi M et al. (2020) A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for Covid-19. N Engl J Med 383:517-525.
|
Hydroxychloroquine |
Symptomatic, nonhospitalized adults with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 or probable COVID-19 and high-risk exposure within 4 days of symptom onset. |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial |
Oral hydroxychloroquine (800 mg once, followed by 600 mg in 6 to 8 hours, then 600 mg daily for 4 more days) or masked placebo. |
Hydroxychloroquine did not substantially reduce symptom severity in outpatients with early, mild COVID-19. |
Skipper et al., 2020 |
Remdesivir |
Adults admitted to hospital with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an interval from symptom onset to the enrolment of 12 days or less, and radiologically confirmed pneumonia. |
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial |
Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to intravenous remdesivir (200 mg on day 1 followed by 100 mg on days 2-10 in single daily infusions) or the same volume of placebo infusions for 10 days. Patients were permitted concomitant use of lopinavir-ritonavir, interferons, and corticosteroids. |
Remdesivir was not associated with statistically significant clinical benefits |
Wang et al., 2020Wang C, Liu Z, Chen Z, Huang X, Xu M, He T and Zhang Z (2020) The establishment of reference sequence for SARS-CoV-2 and variation analysis. J Med Virol 92:667-674.
|
Remdesivir |
Adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection |
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial |
Patients were randomly assigned to receive either remdesivir (200 mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 100 mg daily for up to 9 additional days) or placebo for up to 10 days. |
Remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection |
Beigel et al., 2020 |
Lopinavir and Ritonavir |
Hospitalized adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection |
Randomized, controlled, open-label trial |
Patients receive either lopinavir-ritonavir (400 mg and 100 mg, respectively) twice a day for 14 days, in addition to standard care, or standard care alone |
In hospitalized adult patients with severe Covid-19, no benefit was observed with lopinavir-ritonavir treatment beyond standard care |
Cao B et al., 2020Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, Ruan L, Song B, Cai Y, Wei M et al. (2020) A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 382:1787-1799.
|
Dexamethasone |
Hospitalized adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection |
Randomized, controlled, open-label trial |
Patients receive oral or intravenous dexamethasone (at a dose of 6 mg once daily) for up to 10 days or to receive usual care alone |
In patients hospitalized with Covid-19, the use of dexamethasone resulted in lower 28-day mortality among those who were receiving either invasive mechanical ventilation or oxygen alone |
RECOVERY Collaborative Group, 2020RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2021) Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 - Preliminary report. N Engl J Med 384:693-704.
|
Ivermectin |
Patients with non-severe COVID-19 and no risk factors for severe disease |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial |
Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive ivermectin, 400 mcg/kg, single dose (n = 12) or placebo (n = 12). |
Among patients receiving a single 400 mcg/kg dose of ivermectin within 72 h of fever or cough onset there was no difference in the proportion of PCR positives. |
Chaccour et al., 2021Chaccour C, Casellas A, Matteo AB-D, Pineda I, Fernandez-Montero A, Ruiz-Castillo P, Richardson M-A, Rodríguez-Mateos M, Jordán-Iborra C, Brew J et al. (2021) The effect of early treatment with ivermectin on viral load, symptoms and humoral response in patients with non-severe COVID-19: A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine 32:100720.
|
Nitazoxanide |
Adult patients presenting up to 3 days after onset of Covid-19 symptoms |
Multicenter, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial |
Patients were randomised 1:1 to receive either nitazoxanide (500 mg) or placebo, TID, for 5 days. |
Symptom resolution did not differ between nitazoxanide and placebo groups after 5 days of therapy. |
Rocco et al., 2020Rocco PRM, Silva PL, Cruz FF, Melo-Junior MAC, Tierno PFGMM, Moura MA, De Oliveira LFG, Lima CC, Dos Santos EA, Junior WF et al. (2021) Early use of nitazoxanide in mild Covid-19 disease: Randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Respir J 14:2003725.
|