Africa |
Algeria |
20 |
– |
100.0 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Pagnier et al., 1984Pagnier J, Mears JG, Dunda-Belkhodja O, Schaefer-Rego KE, Beldjord C, Nagel RL and Labie D (1984) Evidence for the multicentric origin of the sickle cell hemoglobin gene in Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:1771-1773.
|
|
Angola |
44 |
95.5 |
4.5 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Lavinha et al., 1992Lavinha J, Gonçalves J, Faustino P, Romão L, Osório-Almeida L, Peres MJ, Picanço I, Martins MC, Ducrocq R, Labie D, et al. (1992) Importation route of the sickle cell trait into Portugal: Contribution of molecular epidemiology. Hum Biol 64:891-901.
|
|
Cameroon |
1082 |
0.5 |
73.8 |
0.2 |
19.1 |
0.3 |
6.1 |
Bitoungui et al., 2015Bitoungui VJN, Pule GD, Hanchard N, Ngogang J andWonkam A (2015) Beta-globin gene haplotypes among Cameroonians and review of the global distribution: Is there a case for a single sickle mutation origin in Africa? OMICS 19:171-179.
|
|
Congo |
232 |
90.9 |
9.1 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Mouélé et al., 1999Mouélé R, Pambou O, Feingold J and Galactéros F (1999) α-thalassemia in Bantu population from Congo-Brazzaville: Its interaction with sickle cell anemia. Hum Hered 50:118-125.
|
|
Egypt |
28 |
– |
100.0 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
El-Hazmi et al., 1999El-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS, Bashir N, Beshlawi A, Hussain IR, Temtamy S and Qubaili F (1999) Haplotypes of the ß-globin gene as prognostic factors in sickle-cell disease. East Mediterr Health J 5:1154-1158.
|
|
Guinea |
40 |
22.5 |
– |
– |
77.5 |
– |
– |
Sow et al., 1995Sow A, Peterson E, Josifovska O, Fabry ME, Krishnamoorthy R and Nagel RL (1995) Linkage disequilibrium of the Senegal haplotype with the βS gene in the Republic of Guinea. Am J Hematol 50:301-303.
|
|
Kenya |
111 |
98.2 |
1.8 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Ojwang et al., 1987Ojwang PJ, Ogada T, Beris P, Hattori Y, Lanclos KD, Kutlar A, Kutlar F and Huisman TH (1987) Haplotypes and a globin gene analyses in sickle cell anaemia patients from Kenya. Br J Haematol 65:211-215.
|
|
Madagascar |
35 |
91.4 |
– |
2.9 |
– |
– |
5.7 |
Hewitt et al., 1996Hewitt R, Krause A, Goldman A, Campbell G and Jenkins T (1996) Beta-globin haplotype analysis suggests that a major source of Malagasy ancestry is derived from Bantu-speaking Negroids. Am J Hum Genet 58:1303.
|
|
Mauritania |
90 |
4.4 |
8.9 |
77.8 |
– |
5.6 |
3.3 |
Veten et al., 2012Veten FM, Abdelhamid IO, Meiloud GM, Ghaber SM, Salem ML, Abbes S and Houmeida AO (2012) Hb S [β6 (A3) Glu/Val, GAG > GTG] and β-globin gene cluster haplotype distribution in Mauritania. Hemoglobin 36:311-315.
|
|
Nigeria |
669 |
0.9 |
93.3 |
– |
3.4 |
– |
2.4 |
Adekile et al., 1992Adekile AD, Kitundu MN, Gu LH, Lanclos KD, Adeodu OO and Huisman TH (1992) Haplotypes in SS patients from Nigeria; characterization of one atypical beta S haplotype no. 19 (Benin) associated with elevated HB F and high G gamma levels. Ann Hematol 65:41-45.
|
|
Senegal |
90 |
– |
– |
100.0 |
– |
– |
– |
Currat et al., 2002Currat M, Trabuchet G, Rees D, Perrin P, Harding RM, Clegg JB, Langaney A and Excoffier L (2002) Molecular analysis of the β-globin gene cluster in the Niokholo Mandenka population reveals a recent origin of the β-S Senegal mutation. Am J Hum Genet 70:207-223.
|
|
Sudan |
143 |
2.8 |
29.4 |
18.2 |
35.0 |
– |
14.7 |
Elderdery et al., 2012Elderdery AY, Mills J, Mohamed BA, Cooper AJ, Mohammed AO, Eltieb N and Old J (2012) Molecular analysis of the β-globin gene cluster haplotypes in a Sudanese population with sickle cell anemia. Int J Lab Hematol 34:262-266.
|
|
Tanzania |
41 |
100.0 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Oner et al., 1992Oner C, Dimovski AJ, Olivieri NF, Schiliro G, Codrington JF, Fattoum S, Adekile AD, Oner R, Yüregir GT, Altay C, et al. (1992) Beta S haplotypes in various world populations. Hum Genet 89:99-104.
|
|
Tunisia |
332 |
2.7 |
60.5 |
– |
– |
– |
36.7 |
Moumni et al., 2011Moumni I, Ikbel BMM, Leila C, Fethi M, Amine Z, Mohamed B and Salem A (2011) Restriction mapping of βS locus among Tunisian sickle cell patients. Am J Hum Biol 23:815-819.
|
|
Uganda |
208 |
99.5 |
– |
0.5 |
– |
– |
– |
Mpalampa et al., 2012Mpalampa L, Ndugwa CM, Ddungu H and Idro R (2012) Foetal haemoglobin and disease severity in sickle cell anaemia patients in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Hematol 12:e11.
|
America |
Brazil |
1176 |
65.0 |
31.5 |
3.0 |
0.5 |
– |
– |
|
|
Canada |
61 |
11.5 |
49.2 |
13.1 |
13.1 |
– |
13.1 |
Oner et al., 1992Oner C, Dimovski AJ, Olivieri NF, Schiliro G, Codrington JF, Fattoum S, Adekile AD, Oner R, Yüregir GT, Altay C, et al. (1992) Beta S haplotypes in various world populations. Hum Genet 89:99-104.
|
|
Colombia |
229 |
29.7 |
33.2 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
0.4 |
27.9 |
Fong et al., 2013Fong C, Lizarralde-Iragorri MA, Rojas-Gallardo D and Barreto G (2013) Frequency and origin of haplotypes associated with the beta-globin gene cluster in individuals with trait and sickle cell anemia in the Atlantic and Pacific coastal regions of Colombia. Genet Mol Biol 36:494-497.
|
|
Cuba |
198 |
40.9 |
51.0 |
8.1 |
– |
– |
– |
Muniz et al., 1995Muniz A, Corral L, Alaez C, Svarch E, Espinosa E, Carbonell N, di Leo R, Felicetti L, Nagel RL and Martinez G(1995) Sickle cell anemia and beta-gene cluster haplotypes in Cuba. Am J Hematol 49:163-164.
|
|
Guadeloupe |
830 |
11.1 |
74.9 |
6.1 |
2.3 |
0.7 |
5.1 |
Kéclard et al., 1997Kéclard L, Romana M, Lavocat E, Saint-Martin C, Berchel C and Mérault G(1997) Sickle cell disorder, beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes and alpha-thalassemia in neonates and adults from Guadeloupe. Am J Hematol 55:24-27.
|
|
Jamaica |
446 |
8.3 |
76.0 |
5.2 |
– |
– |
10.5 |
Mpalampa et al., 2012Mpalampa L, Ndugwa CM, Ddungu H and Idro R (2012) Foetal haemoglobin and disease severity in sickle cell anaemia patients in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Hematol 12:e11.
|
|
Mexico |
33 |
78.8 |
18.2 |
– |
– |
– |
3.0 |
Magaña et al., 2002Magaña MT, Ongay Z, Tagle J, Bentura G, Cobián JG, Perea FJ, Casas-Castañeda M, Sánchez-López YJ and Ibarra B (2002) Analysis of beta S and beta A genes in a Mexican population with African roots. Blood Cells Mol Dis 28:121-126.
|
|
Panama |
200 |
51.0 |
30.0 |
8.5 |
4.0 |
1.0 |
5.5 |
Rusanova et al., 2011Rusanova I, Cossio G, Moreno B, Javier Perea F, De Borace RG, Perea M, Escames G and Acuña-Castroviejo D (2011) β-globin gene cluster haplotypes in sickle cell patients from Panama. Am J Hum Biol 23:377-380.
|
|
Surinam |
77 |
29.9 |
53.2 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
– |
11.7 |
Oner et al., 1992Oner C, Dimovski AJ, Olivieri NF, Schiliro G, Codrington JF, Fattoum S, Adekile AD, Oner R, Yüregir GT, Altay C, et al. (1992) Beta S haplotypes in various world populations. Hum Genet 89:99-104.
|
|
Trinidad |
283 |
17.3 |
61.8 |
8.5 |
3.5 |
3.2 |
5.6 |
Jones-Lecointe et al., 2008Jones-Lecointe A, Smith E, Romana M, Gilbert MG, Charles WP, Saint-Martin C and Kéclard L(2008) Beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes and alpha-thalassemia in sickle cell disease patients from Trinidad. Am J Hum Biol 20:342-344.
|
|
USA |
806 |
16.0 |
62.4 |
9.4 |
4.7 |
1.5 |
6.0 |
Crawford et al., 2002Crawford DC, Caggana M, Harris KB, Lorey F, Nash C, Pass KA, Tempelis C and Olney RS (2002) Characterization of β-globin haplotypes using blood spots from a population-based cohort of newborns with homozygous HbS. Genet Med 4:328-335.
|
|
Uruguay |
10 |
60.0 |
20.0 |
– |
– |
– |
20.0 |
Luz et al., 2006Luz JÁ, Sans M, Kimura EM, Albuquerque DM, Sonati MF and Costa FF (2006) Alpha-thalassemia, Hb S, and beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes in two Afro- Uruguayan sub-populations from northern and southern Uruguay. Genet Mol Biol 29:595-600.
|
|
Venezuela |
359 |
36.4 |
51.5 |
10.6 |
1.5 |
– |
– |
|
Asia |
Bahrain |
37 |
5.4 |
2.7 |
– |
– |
89.2 |
2.7 |
Al-Arrayed and Haltes, 1995Al-Arrayed SS and Haltes N (1995) Features of sickle-cell disease in Bahrain. East Mediterr Health J 1:112-118.
|
|
India |
140 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
91.4 |
8.6 |
Mukherjee et al., 2004Mukherjee MB, Surve RR, Gangakhedkar RR, Ghosh K, Colah RB and Mohanty D (2004) Beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes linked to the beta S gene in western India. Hemoglobin 28:157-161.
|
|
Iraq |
128 |
7.8 |
69.5 |
– |
– |
12.5 |
10.2 |
Al-Allawi et al., 2012Al-Allawi NA, Jalal SD, Nerwey FF, Al-Sayan GO, Al-Zebari SS, Alshingaly AA, Markous RD, Jubrael JM and Hamamy H (2012) Sickle cell disease in the Kurdish population of northern Iraq. Hemoglobin 36:333-342.
|
|
Iran |
162 |
3.1 |
11.7 |
3.7 |
2.5 |
53.7 |
25.3 |
Rahimi et al., 2003Rahimi Z, Karimi M, Haghshenass M andMerat A (2003) Beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes in sickle cell patients from southwest Iran. Am J Hematol 74:156-160.
|
|
Jordan |
20 |
– |
80.0 |
– |
– |
20.0 |
– |
El-Hazmi et al., 1999El-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS, Bashir N, Beshlawi A, Hussain IR, Temtamy S and Qubaili F (1999) Haplotypes of the ß-globin gene as prognostic factors in sickle-cell disease. East Mediterr Health J 5:1154-1158.
|
|
Kuwait |
125 |
5.6 |
11.2 |
– |
– |
80.8 |
2.4 |
Adekile and Haider, 1996Adekile AD and Haider MZ (1996) Morbidity, βS haplotype and α-globin gene patterns among sickle cell anemia patients in Kuwait. Acta Haematol 96:150-154.
|
|
Lebanon |
100 |
15.0 |
73.0 |
– |
– |
10.0 |
2.0 |
Inati et al., 2003Inati A, Taher A, Bou Alawi W, Koussa S, Kaspar H, Shbaklo H and Zalloua PA (2003) Beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes and HbF levels are not the only modulators of sickle cell disease in Lebanon. Eur J Haematol 70:79-83.
|
|
Oman |
117 |
21.4 |
52.1 |
– |
– |
26.5 |
– |
Daar et al., 2000Daar S, Hussain HM, Gravell D, Nagel RL and Krishnamoorthy R (2000) Genetic epidemiology of Hb S in Oman: Multicentric origin for the beta S gene. Am J Hematol 64:39-46.
|
|
Palestine |
118 |
5.1 |
88.1 |
– |
– |
– |
6.8 |
Samarah et al., 2009Samarah F, Ayesh S, Athanasiou M, Christakis J and Vavatsi N (2009) BetaS-globin gene cluster haplotypes in the West Bank of Palestine. Hemoglobin 33:143-149.
|
|
Saudi-Arabia |
124 |
– |
98.4 |
– |
– |
1.6 |
– |
El-Hazmi et al., 1999El-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS, Bashir N, Beshlawi A, Hussain IR, Temtamy S and Qubaili F (1999) Haplotypes of the ß-globin gene as prognostic factors in sickle-cell disease. East Mediterr Health J 5:1154-1158.
|
|
Syria |
18 |
– |
66.7 |
– |
– |
33.3 |
– |
El-Hazmi et al., 1999El-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS, Bashir N, Beshlawi A, Hussain IR, Temtamy S and Qubaili F (1999) Haplotypes of the ß-globin gene as prognostic factors in sickle-cell disease. East Mediterr Health J 5:1154-1158.
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
94 |
25.5 |
22.3 |
– |
– |
52.1 |
– |
El-Kalla and Baysal, 1998El-Kalla S and Baysal E (1998) Genotype-phenotype correlation of sickle cell disease in the United Arab Emirates. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 15:237-242.
|
Europe |
Greece |
14 |
– |
92.9 |
7.1 |
– |
– |
– |
Oner et al., 1992Oner C, Dimovski AJ, Olivieri NF, Schiliro G, Codrington JF, Fattoum S, Adekile AD, Oner R, Yüregir GT, Altay C, et al. (1992) Beta S haplotypes in various world populations. Hum Genet 89:99-104.
|
|
Italy |
64 |
– |
100.0 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Schilirò et al., 1992Schilirò G, Samperi P, Consalvo C, Gangarossa S, Testa R, Miraglia V and Lo Nigro L (1992) Clinical, hematological, and molecular features in Sicilians with sickle cell disease. Hemoglobin 16:469-480.
|
|
Portugal |
33 |
42.4 |
36.4 |
21.2 |
– |
– |
– |
Lavinha et al., 1992Lavinha J, Gonçalves J, Faustino P, Romão L, Osório-Almeida L, Peres MJ, Picanço I, Martins MC, Ducrocq R, Labie D, et al. (1992) Importation route of the sickle cell trait into Portugal: Contribution of molecular epidemiology. Hum Biol 64:891-901.
|
|
Turkey |
214 |
– |
96.3 |
– |
– |
0.5 |
3.3 |
Oner et al., 1992Oner C, Dimovski AJ, Olivieri NF, Schiliro G, Codrington JF, Fattoum S, Adekile AD, Oner R, Yüregir GT, Altay C, et al. (1992) Beta S haplotypes in various world populations. Hum Genet 89:99-104.
|