Does resilience influence food waste causes? A systematic literature review

Moraes, Camila Colombo de; Costa, Flávio Henrique De Oliveira; Silva, Andrea Lago da; Delai, Ivete; Pereira, Carla Roberta

doi:10.1590/0104-530X4474-19

Camila Colombo de Moraes

Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção, Departamento de Engenharia de Produção, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, CP 676, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil, e-mail: camila.cmoraes@hotmail.com; flaviocosta91@hotmail.com; deialago@ufscar.br; ivete@dep.ufscar.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1099-6812

Flávio Henrique De Oliveira Costa

Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção, Departamento de Engenharia de Produção, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, CP 676, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil, e-mail: camila.cmoraes@hotmail.com; flaviocosta91@hotmail.com; deialago@ufscar.br; ivete@dep.ufscar.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5662-8858

Andrea Lago da Silva

Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção, Departamento de Engenharia de Produção, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, CP 676, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil, e-mail: camila.cmoraes@hotmail.com; flaviocosta91@hotmail.com; deialago@ufscar.br; ivete@dep.ufscar.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3849-9698

Ivete Delai

Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção, Departamento de Engenharia de Produção, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, CP 676, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil, e-mail: camila.cmoraes@hotmail.com; flaviocosta91@hotmail.com; deialago@ufscar.br; ivete@dep.ufscar.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6367-0181

Carla Roberta Pereira

Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Sistemas, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina – UDESC, Campus Universitário Prof. Avelino Marcante, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 200, Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89219-710, Joinville, SC, Brasil, e-mail: carla.pereira@udesc.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5213-3671

Review Questions	Constructs	Strings
1. What elements create resilience in the supply chain?	Supply chain resiliency	((“supply chain”) w/3 (resilien OR risk* OR vulnerabilit*))
2. What causes food waste in the supply chain?	Food waste management / reduction	((“supply chain”) AND ((food) W/5 (wast OR surplus OR los)) AND (cause OR source* OR origin* OR minimi* OR prevent* OR generat* OR reduct* OR manage* OR practice* OR strateg*))
3. How do elements of resilience influence the causes of food waste?	Resilience in the supply chain Food waste management	((“supply chain”) w/3 (resilien OR risk* OR vulnerabilit)) AND ((food) AND (wast OR surplus OR los*))

Group of causes	Food waste causes	Definition	Authors
Machines (equipment)	Cold chain breaking	Problems in the cold chain, lack structure and equipment to maintain proper food temperature and for a longer period of time.	Girotto et al. (2015)Girotto, F., Alibardi, L., & Cossu, R. (2015). Food waste generation and industrial uses: a review. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 45, 32-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.008. PMid:26130171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.... , Mena et al. (2014)Mena, C., Terry, L. A., Williams, A., & Ellram, L. (2014). Causes of waste across multi-tier supply networks: cases in the UK food sector. International Journal of Production Economics, 152, 144-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.03.012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.03... , Priefer et al. (2016)Priefer, C., Jörissen, J., & Bräutigam, K. R. (2016). Food waste prevention in Europe – A cause-driven approach to identify the most relevant leverage points for action. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 109, 155-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.03.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
	Problems with transport equipment	Damage to products due to malfunction, absence, breakage or inefficiency of transport equipment.	Beretta et al. (2013)Beretta, C., Stoessel, F., Baier, U., & Hellweg, S. (2013). Quantifying food losses and the potential for reduction in Switzerland. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 33(3), 764-773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.11.007. PMid:23270687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.... , Cicatiello et al. (2016)Cicatiello, C., Franco, S., Pancino, B., & Blasi, E. (2016). The value of food waste: an exploratory study on retailing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 30, 96-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2... , Garrone et al. (2014)Garrone, P., Melacini, M., & Perego, A. (2014). Surplus food recovery and donation in Italy: the upstream process. British Food Journal, 116(9), 1460-1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-02-2014-0076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-02-2014-00... , Mena et al. (2011)Mena, C., Adenso-Diaz, B., & Yurt, O. (2011). The causes of food waste in the supplier–retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 648-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
	Display problems	Inadequate exposure and / or insufficient space for shelf storage.	Girotto et al. (2015)Girotto, F., Alibardi, L., & Cossu, R. (2015). Food waste generation and industrial uses: a review. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 45, 32-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.008. PMid:26130171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.... , Thyberg & Tonjes (2016)Thyberg, K. L., & Tonjes, D. J. (2016). Drivers of food waste and their implications for sustainable policy development. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 106, 110-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.11.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
	Lack of refrigerated transport	Failure or inefficiency of the vehicle/ truck.	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Bilska et al. (2016)Bilska, B., Wrzosek, M., Kołożyn-Krajewska, D., & Krajewski, K. (2016). Risk of food losses and potential of food recovery for social purposes. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 52, 269-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.035. PMid:27026493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.... , Mena et al. (2014)Mena, C., Terry, L. A., Williams, A., & Ellram, L. (2014). Causes of waste across multi-tier supply networks: cases in the UK food sector. International Journal of Production Economics, 152, 144-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.03.012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.03... , Raak et al. (2017)Raak, N., Symmank, C., Zahn, S., Aschemann-Witzel, J., & Rohm, H. (2017). Processing-and product-related causes for food waste and implications for the food supply chain. Waste Management, 61, 461-472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016....
	Storage problems	Failure, inefficiency, or lack of storage equipment.	Bilska et al. (2016)Bilska, B., Wrzosek, M., Kołożyn-Krajewska, D., & Krajewski, K. (2016). Risk of food losses and potential of food recovery for social purposes. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 52, 269-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.035. PMid:27026493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.... , Canali et al. (2017)Canali, M., Amani, P., Aramyan, L., Gheoldus, M., Moates, G., Östergren, K., Silvennoinen, K., Waldron, K., & Vittuari, M. (2017). Food waste drivers in Europe, from Identification to possible interventions. Sustainability, 9(1), 1-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9010037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9010037...
Method (procedure)	Inadequate storage	Poor storage in the gondola, in the transportation, in the logistics center.	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Tromp et al. (2016)Tromp, S. O., Haijema, R., Rijgersberg, H., & van der Vorst, J. G. (2016). A systematic approach to preventing chilled-food waste at the retail outlet. International Journal of Production Economics, 182, 508-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.10.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.10...
	Rigid quality standards	Norms imposed with exacting cosmetic standards to accept food	Göbel et al. (2015)Göbel, C., Langen, N., Blumenthal, A., Teitscheid, P., & Ritter, G. (2015). Cutting food waste through cooperation along the food supply chain. Sustainability, 7(2), 1429-1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7021429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7021429... , Richter & Bokelmann (2016)Richter, B., & Bokelmann, W. (2016). Approaches of the German food industry for addressing the issue of food losses. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 48, 423-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.039. PMid:26691601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.... , Thyberg & Tonjes (2016)Thyberg, K. L., & Tonjes, D. J. (2016). Drivers of food waste and their implications for sustainable policy development. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 106, 110-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.11.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Mena et al. (2011)Mena, C., Adenso-Diaz, B., & Yurt, O. (2011). The causes of food waste in the supplier–retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 648-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
	Lack of definition of responsibility at work	Lack of clarity of roles and responsibilities in waste management and working procedures.	Gruber et al. (2016)Gruber, V., Holweg, C., & Teller, C. (2016). What a waste! Exploring the human reality of food waste from the store manager’s perspective. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 35(1), 3-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095... , Mena et al. (2011)Mena, C., Adenso-Diaz, B., & Yurt, O. (2011). The causes of food waste in the supplier–retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 648-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
	Lack of operational control	Lack of control of product entries and exits, total sold and lost (especially during promotions).	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Lebersorger & Schneider (2014)Lebersorger, S., & Schneider, F. (2014). Food loss rates at the food retail, influencing factors and reasons as a basis for waste prevention measures. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 34(11), 1911-1919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.013. PMid:25060676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.... ,
	Lack of quality standards	Failure to comply with the retailer's minimum food security requirements.	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Priefer et al. (2016)Priefer, C., Jörissen, J., & Bräutigam, K. R. (2016). Food waste prevention in Europe – A cause-driven approach to identify the most relevant leverage points for action. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 109, 155-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.03.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
	Lack of stock rotation	Lack of food rotation (shelf and logistics center) to avoid g damaged / crumpled items; possibility to remove those not complying with quality standards for donation and other purposes.	Canali et al. (2017)Canali, M., Amani, P., Aramyan, L., Gheoldus, M., Moates, G., Östergren, K., Silvennoinen, K., Waldron, K., & Vittuari, M. (2017). Food waste drivers in Europe, from Identification to possible interventions. Sustainability, 9(1), 1-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9010037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9010037... , Derqui et al. (2016)Derqui, B., Fayos, T., & Fernandez, V. (2016). Towards a more sustainable food supply chain: opening up invisible waste in food service. Sustainability, 8(7), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8070693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8070693... , Tromp et al. (2016)Tromp, S. O., Haijema, R., Rijgersberg, H., & van der Vorst, J. G. (2016). A systematic approach to preventing chilled-food waste at the retail outlet. International Journal of Production Economics, 182, 508-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.10.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.10...
	Poor inventory control/management policy	Low performance in terms of inventory control and management (retail and logistics center).	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Gruber et al. (2016)Gruber, V., Holweg, C., & Teller, C. (2016). What a waste! Exploring the human reality of food waste from the store manager’s perspective. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 35(1), 3-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095... , Holweg et al. (2016)Holweg, C., Teller, C., & Kotzab, H. (2016). Unsaleable grocery products, their residual value and instore logistics. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 46(6/7), 634-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2014-0285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2014...
	Lack of coordination / collaboration	Lack of joint action and structured action procedures among the chain’s members	Aiello et al. (2015)Aiello, G., Enea, M., & & Muriana, C. (2015). Alternatives to the traditional waste management: food recovery for human non-profit organizations. International Journal of Operations and Quantitative Management, 21(3), 215-239., Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Derqui et al. (2016)Derqui, B., Fayos, T., & Fernandez, V. (2016). Towards a more sustainable food supply chain: opening up invisible waste in food service. Sustainability, 8(7), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8070693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8070693...
	Lack of information sharing	Weak or non-existent communication and information sharing among the chain’s members	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Halloran et al. (2014)Halloran, A., Clement, J., Kornum, N., Bucatariu, C., & Magid, J. (2014). Addressing food waste reduction in Denmark. Food Policy, 49, 294-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.09.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014... , Kaipia et al. (2013)Kaipia, R., Dukovska-Popovska, I., & Loikkanen, L. (2013). Creating sustainable fresh food supply chains through waste reduction. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43(3), 262-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2011-0200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2011... , Raak et al. (2017)Raak, N., Symmank, C., Zahn, S., Aschemann-Witzel, J., & Rohm, H. (2017). Processing-and product-related causes for food waste and implications for the food supply chain. Waste Management, 61, 461-472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016....
	Problems with transport and distribution procedures	Problems with transport and distribution of the incoming food that is sent to the retailer's stores.	Giuseppe et al. (2014)Giuseppe, A., Mario, E., & Cinzia, M. (2014). Economic benefits from food recovery at the retail stage: an application to Italian food chains. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 34(7), 1306-1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.02.018. PMid:24685399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.... , Mena et al. (2011)Mena, C., Adenso-Diaz, B., & Yurt, O. (2011). The causes of food waste in the supplier–retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 648-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Raak et al. (2017)Raak, N., Symmank, C., Zahn, S., Aschemann-Witzel, J., & Rohm, H. (2017). Processing-and product-related causes for food waste and implications for the food supply chain. Waste Management, 61, 461-472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016....
Group of causes	Food waste causes	Definition	Authors
Method (procedure)	Weak logistics infrastructure	Failures and restrictions related to logistics and store operations.	Holweg et al. (2016)Holweg, C., Teller, C., & Kotzab, H. (2016). Unsaleable grocery products, their residual value and instore logistics. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 46(6/7), 634-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2014-0285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2014...
	Poor logistics network design	The network is designed with failures, and the more intermediates exist between the production and final sale, the more the product will have to be stored and handled, leading to possible losses.	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Brancoli et al. (2017)Brancoli, P., Rousta, K., & Bolton, K. (2017). Life cycle assessment of supermarket food waste. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 118, 39-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
	Inadequate work procedures	Inadequate procedures for receiving, handling, transporting, and delivering.	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Bilska et al. (2016)Bilska, B., Wrzosek, M., Kołożyn-Krajewska, D., & Krajewski, K. (2016). Risk of food losses and potential of food recovery for social purposes. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 52, 269-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.035. PMid:27026493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.... , Mena et al. (2011)Mena, C., Adenso-Diaz, B., & Yurt, O. (2011). The causes of food waste in the supplier–retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 648-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... ,
	Lack of integrated TI systems	Integrated IT systems that allow the entire organization to have food monitoring, from its entry to its exit.	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
People	Lack of training	Poor training, information and education of workers, especially with regard to handling and stacking.	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Girotto et al. (2015)Girotto, F., Alibardi, L., & Cossu, R. (2015). Food waste generation and industrial uses: a review. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 45, 32-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.008. PMid:26130171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015....
	Lack of knowledge	Low level of knowledge and qualifications with regard to food.	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Bilska et al. (2016)Bilska, B., Wrzosek, M., Kołożyn-Krajewska, D., & Krajewski, K. (2016). Risk of food losses and potential of food recovery for social purposes. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 52, 269-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.035. PMid:27026493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.... , Gruber et al. (2016)Gruber, V., Holweg, C., & Teller, C. (2016). What a waste! Exploring the human reality of food waste from the store manager’s perspective. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 35(1), 3-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095...
	Lack of commitment	Negligence of persons (employees and management) involved in the system.	Warshawsky (2015)Warshawsky, D. N. (2015). Food waste, sustainability, and the corporate sector: case study of a US food company. The Geographical Journal, 182(4), 384-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12156... , Gruber et al. (2016)Gruber, V., Holweg, C., & Teller, C. (2016). What a waste! Exploring the human reality of food waste from the store manager’s perspective. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 35(1), 3-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095...
	Incorrect handling	Improper handling or handling is in the shops, transportation or logistics center.	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Mena et al. (2011)Mena, C., Adenso-Diaz, B., & Yurt, O. (2011). The causes of food waste in the supplier–retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 648-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
Materials	Inadequate packaging	Inadequate transport or storage packaging, lack of modernization, inaccurate labeling of information about shelf life and expiration date.	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Mena et al. (2014)Mena, C., Terry, L. A., Williams, A., & Ellram, L. (2014). Causes of waste across multi-tier supply networks: cases in the UK food sector. International Journal of Production Economics, 152, 144-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.03.012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.03... , Tromp et al. (2016)Tromp, S. O., Haijema, R., Rijgersberg, H., & van der Vorst, J. G. (2016). A systematic approach to preventing chilled-food waste at the retail outlet. International Journal of Production Economics, 182, 508-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.10.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.10...
Materials	Short shelf life	Limited life time due to the short shelf life and natural perishability of the products.	Garrone et al. (2014)Garrone, P., Melacini, M., & Perego, A. (2014). Surplus food recovery and donation in Italy: the upstream process. British Food Journal, 116(9), 1460-1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-02-2014-0076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-02-2014-00... , Kaipia et al. (2013)Kaipia, R., Dukovska-Popovska, I., & Loikkanen, L. (2013). Creating sustainable fresh food supply chains through waste reduction. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43(3), 262-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2011-0200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2011... , Tromp et al. (2016)Tromp, S. O., Haijema, R., Rijgersberg, H., & van der Vorst, J. G. (2016). A systematic approach to preventing chilled-food waste at the retail outlet. International Journal of Production Economics, 182, 508-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.10.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.10...
Environment	Climate changes	Climatic events may impose restrictions on the prevention of waste or hinder the harvest of a particular product.	Mena et al. (2011)Mena, C., Adenso-Diaz, B., & Yurt, O. (2011). The causes of food waste in the supplier–retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 648-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Shafiee-Jood & Cai (2016)Shafiee-Jood, M., & Cai, X. (2016). Reducing food loss and waste to enhance food security and environmental sustainability. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(16), 8432-8443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01993. PMid:27428555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b0199...
	Eating habits	Good and bad foods for health, food controversies.	Göbel et al. (2015)Göbel, C., Langen, N., Blumenthal, A., Teitscheid, P., & Ritter, G. (2015). Cutting food waste through cooperation along the food supply chain. Sustainability, 7(2), 1429-1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7021429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7021429... , Gruber et al. (2016)Gruber, V., Holweg, C., & Teller, C. (2016). What a waste! Exploring the human reality of food waste from the store manager’s perspective. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 35(1), 3-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095...
	Very strict laws	Restriction to donate food, unsold leftovers and other laws	Gruber et al. (2016)Gruber, V., Holweg, C., & Teller, C. (2016). What a waste! Exploring the human reality of food waste from the store manager’s perspective. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 35(1), 3-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095... , Priefer et al. (2016)Priefer, C., Jörissen, J., & Bräutigam, K. R. (2016). Food waste prevention in Europe – A cause-driven approach to identify the most relevant leverage points for action. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 109, 155-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.03.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
	Excessive stakeholder pressure	Pressures from government, NGOs, and shareholders regarding waste.	Canali et al. (2017)Canali, M., Amani, P., Aramyan, L., Gheoldus, M., Moates, G., Östergren, K., Silvennoinen, K., Waldron, K., & Vittuari, M. (2017). Food waste drivers in Europe, from Identification to possible interventions. Sustainability, 9(1), 1-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9010037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9010037... , Derqui et al. (2016)Derqui, B., Fayos, T., & Fernandez, V. (2016). Towards a more sustainable food supply chain: opening up invisible waste in food service. Sustainability, 8(7), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8070693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8070693...
	Problems with seasonality	Lack of skill in dealing or difficulty controlling supply.	Mena et al. (2011)Mena, C., Adenso-Diaz, B., & Yurt, O. (2011). The causes of food waste in the supplier–retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 648-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Mena et al. (2014)Mena, C., Terry, L. A., Williams, A., & Ellram, L. (2014). Causes of waste across multi-tier supply networks: cases in the UK food sector. International Journal of Production Economics, 152, 144-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.03.012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.03...
Measurement	Inadequate demand forecasting	Demand forecasting failure due to uncertainty or lack of availability of accurate data.	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Mena et al. (2011)Mena, C., Adenso-Diaz, B., & Yurt, O. (2011). The causes of food waste in the supplier–retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 648-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Tromp et al. (2016)Tromp, S. O., Haijema, R., Rijgersberg, H., & van der Vorst, J. G. (2016). A systematic approach to preventing chilled-food waste at the retail outlet. International Journal of Production Economics, 182, 508-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.10.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.10...
	Sudden order changes	Inflexibility regarding ordering or returning quickly, mainly due to promotions or high demand.	Mena et al. (2014)Mena, C., Terry, L. A., Williams, A., & Ellram, L. (2014). Causes of waste across multi-tier supply networks: cases in the UK food sector. International Journal of Production Economics, 152, 144-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.03.012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.03...
	Excess production	Excessive “requests” only to provide food in abundance, lack of measures to control production and surplus.	Bilska et al. (2016)Bilska, B., Wrzosek, M., Kołożyn-Krajewska, D., & Krajewski, K. (2016). Risk of food losses and potential of food recovery for social purposes. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 52, 269-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.035. PMid:27026493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.... , Mena et al. (2011)Mena, C., Adenso-Diaz, B., & Yurt, O. (2011). The causes of food waste in the supplier–retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 648-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...
	Lack of waste measurement	Lack of information and data on the amount and location of waste; difficulty to determine how much is being lost.	Derqui et al. (2016)Derqui, B., Fayos, T., & Fernandez, V. (2016). Towards a more sustainable food supply chain: opening up invisible waste in food service. Sustainability, 8(7), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8070693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8070693... , Ghosh et al. (2016)Ghosh, P. R., Fawcett, D., Sharma, S. B., & Poinern, G. E. J. (2016). Progress towards sustainable utilisation and management of food wastes in the global economy. International Journal of Food Sciences, 2016, 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3563478. PMid:27847805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3563478...

Elements	Definition	Authors
Agility	Quick decision-making and adaptations needed to recover from disruptions	Kamalahmadi & Parast (2016)Kamalahmadi, M., & Parast, M. M. (2016). A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and supply chain resilience: major findings and directions for future research. International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 116-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10... , Jüttner & Maklan (2011)Jüttner, U., & Maklan, S. (2011). Supply chain resilience in the global financial crisis: an empirical study. Supply Chain Management, 16(4), 246-259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598541111139062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598541111139...
Collaboration	Ability to work effectively with another entity to obtain mutual benefit in situations related to the ruptures	Johnson et al. (2013)Johnson, N., Elliott, D., & Drake, P. (2013). Exploring the role of social capital in facilitating supply chain resilience. Supply Chain Management, 18(3), 324-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SCM-06-2012-0203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SCM-06-2012-02... , Pettit et al. (2010)Pettit, T. J., Fiksel, J., & Croxton, K. L. (2010). Ensuring supply chain resilience: development of a conceptual framework. Journal of Business Logistics, 31(1), 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2158-1592.2010.tb00125.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2158-1592.20... , Papadopoulos et al. (2017)Papadopoulos, T., Gunasekaran, A., Dubey, R., Altay, N., Childe, S. J., & Fosso-Wamba, S. (2017). The role of Big Data in explaining disaster resilience in supply chains for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 1108-1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016...
Communication	Information exchange in order to reduce asymmetry between the manufacturer and its suppliers	Wieland & Wallenburg (2013)Wieland, A., & Wallenburg, C. M. (2013). The influence of relational competencies on supply chain resilience: a relational view. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43(4), 300-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-08-2012-0243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-08-2012... , Papadopoulos et al. (2017)Papadopoulos, T., Gunasekaran, A., Dubey, R., Altay, N., Childe, S. J., & Fosso-Wamba, S. (2017). The role of Big Data in explaining disaster resilience in supply chains for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 1108-1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016...
Financial Strength	Ability to absorb possible fluctuations in the company's cash flow from its financial strength, enabling the provision of economic incentives and maintenance of additional suppliers.	Hohenstein et al. (2015)Hohenstein, N.-O., Feisel, E., Hartmann, E., & Giunipero, L. (2015). Research on the phenomenon of supply chain resilience: a systematic review and paths for further investigation. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 45(1-2), 90-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-05-2013-0128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-05-2013... , Tukamuhabwa et al. (2015)Tukamuhabwa, B. R., Stevenson, M., Busby, J., Zorzini, M., & Bell, M. Z. (2015). Supply chain resilience: definition, review and theoretical foundations for further study. International Journal of Production Research, 53(18), 5592-5623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1037934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.... , Pettit et al. (2010)Pettit, T. J., Fiksel, J., & Croxton, K. L. (2010). Ensuring supply chain resilience: development of a conceptual framework. Journal of Business Logistics, 31(1), 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2158-1592.2010.tb00125.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2158-1592.20... , Zhang et al. (2011)Zhang, D., Dadkhah, P., & Ekwall, D. (2011). How robustness and resilience support security business against antagonistic threats in transport network. Journal of Transportation Security, 4(3), 201-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12198-011-0067-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12198-011-006...
Flexibility	Ability to change a process, product / supplier or client / logistic network, generating the minimum possible impact in order to recover from a break.	Chang et al. (2015)Chang, W., Ellinger, A. E., & Blackhurst, J. (2015). A contextual approach to supply chain risk mitigation. International Journal of Logistics Management, 26(3), 642-656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-02-2014-0026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-02-2014-0... , Kamalahmadi & Parast (2016)Kamalahmadi, M., & Parast, M. M. (2016). A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and supply chain resilience: major findings and directions for future research. International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 116-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10...
Innovation	Process of creation / adoption new products, improvement or technology by the adopting organization. It assists the recovery of ruptures when the innovation aims to avoid the use of a certain raw material or process, or when a new product is generated to withstand the negative impacts of a rupture	Golgeci & Ponomarov (2013)Golgeci, I., & Ponomarov, S. Y. (2013). Does firm innovativeness enable effective responses to supply chain disruptions? An empirical study. Supply Chain Management, 18(6), 604-617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SCM-10-2012-0331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SCM-10-2012-03... , Khan et al. (2012)Khan, O., Christopher, M., & Creazza, A. (2012). Aligning product design with the supply chain: a case study. Supply Chain Management, 17(3), 323-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598541211227144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598541211227... , Tukamuhabwa et al. (2015)Tukamuhabwa, B. R., Stevenson, M., Busby, J., Zorzini, M., & Bell, M. Z. (2015). Supply chain resilience: definition, review and theoretical foundations for further study. International Journal of Production Research, 53(18), 5592-5623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1037934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.... , Kamalahmadi & Parast (2016)Kamalahmadi, M., & Parast, M. M. (2016). A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and supply chain resilience: major findings and directions for future research. International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 116-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10...
Leadership	Commitment and support of the company's leadership with the resilience of the chain.	Christopher & Peck (2004)Christopher, M., & Peck, H. (2004). Building the resilient supply chain. International Journal of Logistics Management, 15(2), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09574090410700275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09574090410700... , Scholten et al. (2014)Scholten, K., Scott, P. S., & Fynes, B. (2014). Mitigation processes – antecedents for building supply chain resilience. Supply Chain Management, 19(2), 211-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SCM-06-2013-0191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SCM-06-2013-01... , Kamalahmadi & Parast (2016)Kamalahmadi, M., & Parast, M. M. (2016). A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and supply chain resilience: major findings and directions for future research. International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 116-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10...
Knowledge management	It also involves the review of the company's leadership policies and factors related to the knowledge accumulated by managers for more effective actions in rupture events, especially when they are similar to those previously occurred	Scholten et al. (2014)Scholten, K., Scott, P. S., & Fynes, B. (2014). Mitigation processes – antecedents for building supply chain resilience. Supply Chain Management, 19(2), 211-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SCM-06-2013-0191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SCM-06-2013-01... , Sahu et al. (2017)Sahu, A. K., Datta, S., & Mahapatra, S. S. (2017). Evaluation of performance index in resilient supply chain: a fuzzy-based approach. Benchmarking, 24(1), 118-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-07-2015-0068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-07-2015-00...
Redundancy	Redundancy is the overlap of operations, processes, products, suppliers or systems, from an extra pre-existing capacity, which is triggered from a break. This surplus capacity can be used during times of rupture.	Scholten et al. (2014)Scholten, K., Scott, P. S., & Fynes, B. (2014). Mitigation processes – antecedents for building supply chain resilience. Supply Chain Management, 19(2), 211-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SCM-06-2013-0191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SCM-06-2013-01... , Soni et al. (2014)Soni, U., Jain, V., & Kumar, S. (2014). Measuring supply chain resilience using a deterministic modeling approach. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 74(1), 11-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2014.04.019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2014.04.... , Kamalahmadi & Parast (2016Kamalahmadi, M., & Parast, M. M. (2016). A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and supply chain resilience: major findings and directions for future research. International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 116-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10... , 2017Kamalahmadi, M., & Parast, M. M. (2017). An assessment of supply chain disruption mitigation strategies. International Journal of Production Economics, 184, 210-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.12.011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.12... )
Risk management	Elements of risk management are spread throughout the company. Risk management consists of monitoring, knowledge and prevention of risks to rupture	Christopher & Peck (2004)Christopher, M., & Peck, H. (2004). Building the resilient supply chain. International Journal of Logistics Management, 15(2), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09574090410700275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09574090410700... , Tukamuhabwa et al. (2015)Tukamuhabwa, B. R., Stevenson, M., Busby, J., Zorzini, M., & Bell, M. Z. (2015). Supply chain resilience: definition, review and theoretical foundations for further study. International Journal of Production Research, 53(18), 5592-5623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1037934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.... , Kamalahmadi & Parast (2016)Kamalahmadi, M., & Parast, M. M. (2016). A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and supply chain resilience: major findings and directions for future research. International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 116-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10...
Security Technologies	Advance defense mechanisms such as automatic identification, cameras, global positioning (GPS), methods involving X-ray, and computer-related security.	Rajesh & Ravi (2015)Rajesh, R., & Ravi, V. (2015). Modeling enablers of supply chain risk mitigation in electronic supply chains: a Grey-DEMATEL approach. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 87, 126-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2015.04.028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2015.04.... , Zhang et al. (2016)Zhang, Y., Zou, D., Zheng, J., Fang, X., & Luo, H. (2016). Formation mechanism of quick emergency response capability for urban rail transit: inter-organizational collaboration perspective. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 8(6), 1687814016647881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814016647881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140166478...
Supply chain structure	Organization of the chain, including factors such as distance from suppliers, company location and transportation infrastructure. It can be changed to build resiliency in processes and to reduce exposure of the supply chain to risk	Blackhurst et al. (2011)Blackhurst, J., Dunn, K. S., & Craighead, C. W. (2011). An empirically derived framework of global supply resiliency. Journal of Business Logistics, 32(4), 374-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0000-0000.2011.01032.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0000-0000.20... , Hohenstein et al. (2015)Hohenstein, N.-O., Feisel, E., Hartmann, E., & Giunipero, L. (2015). Research on the phenomenon of supply chain resilience: a systematic review and paths for further investigation. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 45(1-2), 90-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-05-2013-0128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-05-2013... , Kamalahmadi & Parast (2016)Kamalahmadi, M., & Parast, M. M. (2016). A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and supply chain resilience: major findings and directions for future research. International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 116-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10...
Trust	Trust that exists among members of the chain. It refers to the expectation that the partner will not act opportunistically, fulfilling what has been agreed and contributing to the chain.	Christopher & Lee (2004)Christopher, M., & Lee, H. (2004). Mitigating supply chain risk through improved confidence. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 34(5), 388-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030410545436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030410545... , Kamalahmadi & Parast (2016)Kamalahmadi, M., & Parast, M. M. (2016). A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and supply chain resilience: major findings and directions for future research. International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 116-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10...
Visibility	The understanding that the company has about its supply chain, clearly seeing the chain; it allows the identification of risks and resources to overcome ruptures and mitigate their effects.	Blackhurst et al. (2011)Blackhurst, J., Dunn, K. S., & Craighead, C. W. (2011). An empirically derived framework of global supply resiliency. Journal of Business Logistics, 32(4), 374-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0000-0000.2011.01032.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0000-0000.20... , Pettit et al. (2013)Pettit, T. J., Croxton, K. L., & Fiksel, J. (2013). Ensuring supply chain resilience: development and implementation of an assessment tool. Journal of Business Logistics, 34(1), 46-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12009... , Kamalahmadi & Parast (2016Kamalahmadi, M., & Parast, M. M. (2016). A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and supply chain resilience: major findings and directions for future research. International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 116-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10... , 2017Kamalahmadi, M., & Parast, M. M. (2017). An assessment of supply chain disruption mitigation strategies. International Journal of Production Economics, 184, 210-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.12.011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.12... )

Group of causes	Related element (see note)	Causes	Aiello et al. (2015)Aiello, G., Enea, M., & & Muriana, C. (2015). Alternatives to the traditional waste management: food recovery for human non-profit organizations. International Journal of Operations and Quantitative Management, 21(3), 215-239.	Alexander & Smaje (2008)Alexander, C., & Smaje, C. (2008). Surplus retail food redistribution: an analysis of a third sector model. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(11), 1290-1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.07.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...	Balaji & Arshinder (2016)Balaji, M., & Arshinder, K. (2016). Modeling the causes of food wastage in Indian perishable food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...	Beretta et al. (2013)Beretta, C., Stoessel, F., Baier, U., & Hellweg, S. (2013). Quantifying food losses and the potential for reduction in Switzerland. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 33(3), 764-773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.11.007. PMid:23270687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012....	Bernstad et al. (2017)Bernstad, A. K., Cánovas, A., & Valle, R. (2017). Consideration of food wastage along the supply chain in lifecycle assessments: A mini-review based on the case of tomatoes. Waste Management & Research, 35(1), 29-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16666945. PMid:27765884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242X166669...	Bilska et al. (2016)Bilska, B., Wrzosek, M., Kołożyn-Krajewska, D., & Krajewski, K. (2016). Risk of food losses and potential of food recovery for social purposes. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 52, 269-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.035. PMid:27026493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016....	Brancoli et al. (2017)Brancoli, P., Rousta, K., & Bolton, K. (2017). Life cycle assessment of supermarket food waste. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 118, 39-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...	Canali et al. (2017)Canali, M., Amani, P., Aramyan, L., Gheoldus, M., Moates, G., Östergren, K., Silvennoinen, K., Waldron, K., & Vittuari, M. (2017). Food waste drivers in Europe, from Identification to possible interventions. Sustainability, 9(1), 1-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9010037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9010037...	Cicatiello et al. (2016)Cicatiello, C., Franco, S., Pancino, B., & Blasi, E. (2016). The value of food waste: an exploratory study on retailing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 30, 96-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2...	Derqui et al. (2016)Derqui, B., Fayos, T., & Fernandez, V. (2016). Towards a more sustainable food supply chain: opening up invisible waste in food service. Sustainability, 8(7), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8070693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8070693...	Eriksson et al. (2017)Eriksson, M., Ghosh, R., Mattsson, L., & Ismatov, A. (2017). Take-back agreements in the perspective of food waste generation at the supplier-retailer interface. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 122, 83-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.02.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...	Garrone et al. (2014)Garrone, P., Melacini, M., & Perego, A. (2014). Surplus food recovery and donation in Italy: the upstream process. British Food Journal, 116(9), 1460-1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-02-2014-0076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-02-2014-00...	Ghosh et al. (2016)Ghosh, P. R., Fawcett, D., Sharma, S. B., & Poinern, G. E. J. (2016). Progress towards sustainable utilisation and management of food wastes in the global economy. International Journal of Food Sciences, 2016, 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3563478. PMid:27847805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3563478...	Girotto et al. (2015)Girotto, F., Alibardi, L., & Cossu, R. (2015). Food waste generation and industrial uses: a review. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 45, 32-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.008. PMid:26130171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015....	Giuseppe et al. (2014)Giuseppe, A., Mario, E., & Cinzia, M. (2014). Economic benefits from food recovery at the retail stage: an application to Italian food chains. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 34(7), 1306-1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.02.018. PMid:24685399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014....	Göbel et al. (2015)Göbel, C., Langen, N., Blumenthal, A., Teitscheid, P., & Ritter, G. (2015). Cutting food waste through cooperation along the food supply chain. Sustainability, 7(2), 1429-1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7021429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7021429...	Gruber et al. (2016)Gruber, V., Holweg, C., & Teller, C. (2016). What a waste! Exploring the human reality of food waste from the store manager’s perspective. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 35(1), 3-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.095...	Halloran et al. (2014)Halloran, A., Clement, J., Kornum, N., Bucatariu, C., & Magid, J. (2014). Addressing food waste reduction in Denmark. Food Policy, 49, 294-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.09.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014...	Holweg et al. (2016)Holweg, C., Teller, C., & Kotzab, H. (2016). Unsaleable grocery products, their residual value and instore logistics. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 46(6/7), 634-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2014-0285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2014...	Kaipia et al. (2013)Kaipia, R., Dukovska-Popovska, I., & Loikkanen, L. (2013). Creating sustainable fresh food supply chains through waste reduction. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43(3), 262-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2011-0200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2011...	Lebersorger & Schneider (2014)Lebersorger, S., & Schneider, F. (2014). Food loss rates at the food retail, influencing factors and reasons as a basis for waste prevention measures. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 34(11), 1911-1919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.013. PMid:25060676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014....	Macfadyen et al. (2015)Macfadyen, S., Tylianakis, J. M., Letourneau, D. K., Benton, T. G., Tittonell, P., Perring, M. P., Gómez-Creutzberg, C., Báldi, A., Holland, J. M., Broadhurst, L., Okabe, K., Renwick, A. R., Gemmill-Herren, B., & Smith, H. G. (2015). The role of food retailers in improving resilience in global food supply. Global Food Security, 7, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2016.01.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2016.01....	Manning & Soon (2016)Manning, L., & Soon, J. M. (2016). Building strategic resilience in the food supply chains. British Food Journal, 118(6), 1477-1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2015-0350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2015-03...	Mena et al. (2014)Mena, C., Terry, L. A., Williams, A., & Ellram, L. (2014). Causes of waste across multi-tier supply networks: cases in the UK food sector. International Journal of Production Economics, 152, 144-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.03.012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.03...	Mena et al. (2011)Mena, C., Adenso-Diaz, B., & Yurt, O. (2011). The causes of food waste in the supplier–retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 648-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...	Papargyropoulou et al. (2014)Papargyropoulou, E., Lozano, R., K. Steinberger, J., Wright, N., & Ujang, Z. (2014). The food waste hierarchy as a framework for the management of food surplus and food waste. Journal of Cleaner Production, 76, 106-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014...	Parfitt et al. (2010)Parfitt, J., Barthel, M., & Macnaughton, S. (2010). Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 365(1554), 3065-3081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0126. PMid:20713403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0126...	Priefer et al. (2016)Priefer, C., Jörissen, J., & Bräutigam, K. R. (2016). Food waste prevention in Europe – A cause-driven approach to identify the most relevant leverage points for action. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 109, 155-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.03.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20...	Raak et al. (2017)Raak, N., Symmank, C., Zahn, S., Aschemann-Witzel, J., & Rohm, H. (2017). Processing-and product-related causes for food waste and implications for the food supply chain. Waste Management, 61, 461-472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016....	Richter & Bokelmann (2016)Richter, B., & Bokelmann, W. (2016). Approaches of the German food industry for addressing the issue of food losses. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 48, 423-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.039. PMid:26691601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015....	Shafiee-Jood & Cai (2016)Shafiee-Jood, M., & Cai, X. (2016). Reducing food loss and waste to enhance food security and environmental sustainability. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(16), 8432-8443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01993. PMid:27428555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b0199...	Thyberg & Tonjes (2016)Thyberg, K. L., & Tonjes, D. J. (2016). 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Methods	C L M O P	Inadequate Storage			✓	✓		✓			✓								✓																	✓			6
		Rigid quality standard	✓			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓					✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓	✓	25
		Lack of definition of responsibility at work						✓						✓		✓		✓	✓		✓						✓			✓									8
		Lack of operations control			✓			✓		✓		✓	✓	✓			✓		✓	✓	✓		✓			✓					✓			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	18
		Lack of quality standards			✓	✓		✓															✓							✓									5
		Lack of stock rotation	✓			✓				✓	✓	✓				✓										✓	✓							✓		✓			10
		Poor inventory control / management policy	✓		✓			✓		✓		✓		✓				✓	✓		✓					✓				✓		✓		✓		✓			14
		Lack of coordination / collaboration	✓	✓	✓			✓		✓	✓	✓	✓			✓		✓	✓	✓				✓							✓		✓		✓		✓		17
		Lack of information sharing	✓		✓							✓						✓	✓	✓	✓	✓				✓	✓				✓		✓				✓		13
		Problems with transport and distribution procedure	✓		✓		✓			✓							✓									✓	✓				✓		✓			✓			10
		Weak logistics infrastructure					✓				✓				✓		✓	✓			✓									✓									7
		Poor logistics network design			✓		✓	✓	✓	✓					✓		✓	✓									✓			✓	✓		✓			✓			13
		Inadequate work procedures			✓			✓		✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓			✓	✓		✓	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	23
		Lack of integrated IT systems			✓																																		1
Machines	L K F O	Cold chain breaking			✓		✓	✓		✓		✓		✓	✓	✓					✓					✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓			✓	✓		18
		Problems with transportation equipment	✓		✓	✓	✓			✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓			✓								✓	✓	✓		✓						✓		16
		Display problems	✓													✓										✓								✓			✓		5
		Lack of refrigerated transport			✓		✓	✓		✓				✓	✓	✓										✓	✓				✓								10
		Storage problems	✓				✓	✓		✓		✓			✓	✓										✓									✓				9
People	H G C O P	Lack of training			✓			✓		✓		✓				✓		✓	✓	✓							✓					✓				✓			11
		Lack of knowledge			✓			✓		✓	✓					✓			✓	✓																	✓		8
		Lack of commitment																	✓				✓				✓										✓		4
		Incorrect handling			✓		✓			✓					✓			✓	✓		✓		✓			✓	✓		✓							✓	✓		13
		Inadequate packaging	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓		✓			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	27
		Short shell life			✓	✓				✓		✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓			✓	✓			✓	✓			✓		✓	✓		21
Environment	M G H O P	Climate changes			✓	✓			✓	✓					✓								✓	✓	✓	✓	✓						✓				✓		12
		Eating habits			✓				✓	✓								✓	✓								✓							✓			✓	✓	9
		Very restrictive laws													✓			✓	✓	✓	✓						✓			✓	✓	✓		✓				✓	11
		Excessive stakeholder pressure			✓					✓		✓							✓																				4
		Problems with seasonality			✓																		✓	✓		✓	✓									✓	✓		7
Measurement	N B C O	Inadequate demand forecasting	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓		✓	32
		Sudden order changes		✓	✓			✓		✓							✓					✓				✓	✓			✓						✓	✓		11
		Excess production				✓		✓		✓	✓		✓			✓			✓			✓				✓	✓	✓		✓	✓			✓		✓			15
		Lack of measurement of waste										✓			✓		✓																						3

[1] Source: authors.

Brasil

Brasil

Does resilience influence food waste causes? A systematic literature review

A resiliência influencia as causas de desperdício de alimentos? Uma revisão sistemática de literatura

Abstract