Modelo teórico - Sistêmico de Análise de Processos (STPA): uma análise bibliométrica e de patentes

Borges, Sarah Francisca De Souza; Albuquerque, Marco Antônio Fontoura De; Cardoso Junior, Moacyr Machado; Belderrain, Mischel Carmen Neyra; Costa, Luís Eduardo Loures Da

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Gest. Prod. 28 (2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9649-2020v28e5073 copiar

Modelo teórico - Sistêmico de Análise de Processos (STPA): uma análise bibliométrica e de patentes

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo:

O modelo Teórico - Sistêmico de Análise de Processos (STPA) é utilizado para análise de perigos e prevenção da ocorrência de acidentes, baseado no pensamento sistêmico e identificação de cenários causais, idealizado pela professora Nancy Leveson do Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts (MIT). O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma análise bibliométrica e de patentes do modelo STPA. Sendo a bibliometria uma importante ferramenta na análise da produção científica, utiliza-se deste método de forma Estatística descritiva, para fins deste estudo foi dado destaque aos conceitos da Teoria Epidêmica de Goffman, sob uma análise principalmente qualitativa, para estudo de declínio e ascensão deste método no meio científico. Para a análise bibliométrica foram utilizadas como base de dados a página principal da Professora Nancy Leveson no site do MIT e sites de pesquisa científica, dentre eles: Web of Science, Mendeley, ResearchGate, Engineering Village e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Para o levantamento de patentes as bases de pesquisa utilizadas foram Derwent, IHS e Orbit. Definindo como termo de busca “Systems Theoretic Process Analysis” e “STPA”, buscado no título, resumo e palavras-chave. No total foram encontradas 171 publicações (1990 a 2017), sendo 89 referências específicas do modelo STPA (2002 a 2017), abordando diversos assuntos como: definições, passos, complementos ao modelo, áreas de aplicação e utilização do modelo em conjunto com outra ferramenta de análise de risco. Ao final deste artigo são destacados os primeiros trabalhos do modelo STPA, ferramentas de apoio e análises, servindo como base e favorecimento trabalhos futuros.

Palavras-chave:
bibliometria; STPA; prevenção de acidentes; análise de perigos; pensamento sistêmico

Technique or Method of Risk Analysis	Definition
ETA	ETA is a logical, qualitative or quantitative method that is used to identify possible outcomes and, if necessary, their probabilities, given the occurrence of an initiating event. ETA is a type of inductive analysis, in which the basic question addressed is “what happens if ...”, for example, “What happens if there is an earthquake of magnitude M6.5 and average acceleration (PGA) of 0.27 g ” (Hartford & Baecher, 2004Hartford, D. N. D., & Baecher, G. B. (2004). Risk and uncertainty in dam safety (1st ed.). Londres: Thomas Telford Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/rauids.32705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/rauids.32705... ).
FMEA	It is a systematic and analytical technique of quality planning in the stages of the product, design, process and service, evaluating potential failures and, thus, supporting the diagnosis of defects. The objective is to classify all possible failures according to their measured effect in terms of severity, occurrence and detection, generating in the end the solutions to eliminate or minimize them (Basu, 2004Basu, R. (2004). Implementing quality: A practical guide to tools and techniques: enabling the power of operational excellence (1st ed.). Padstow: Thomson Learning.).
FMECA	It is a qualitative safety analysis technique that evaluates dangerous events to the system, classifying the consequent level and severity. During this analysis, the following questions should be answered for each component of the system: 1. How can the component fail? 2. What are the causes of failure? 3. What are the consequences? 4. How critical are the consequences? 5. How often does the fault occur? (Redmill & Anderson, 1993Redmill, F., & Anderson, T. (1993). Directions in Safety-Critical Systems: Proceedings of the First Safety-critical Systems Symposium, Bristol 1993 (1st ed.). Bristol: Springer London. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2037-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-203... ).
FTA	It is a technique used to identify the root causes of a hazard or failure in the main system or event by graphically displaying the various combinations of equipment failures and human errors that can lead to the higher event and can be evaluated by probability or frequency of occurrence (Crawley & Tyler, 2003Crawley, F., & Tyler, B. (2003). Hazard identification methods (1st ed.). Rugby: Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE).).
HAZOP	It is a structured approach to hazard identification, involving a systematic and methodical examination of design documents describing a system. HAZOP is performed by a multidisciplinary team of trained employees who are familiar with the subject under study. The review is led by a president, who applies a series of guide words for each section of the system, with the purpose of avoiding the discussion of the deviation from the project analysis intention (Redmill & Anderson, 1993Redmill, F., & Anderson, T. (1993). Directions in Safety-Critical Systems: Proceedings of the First Safety-critical Systems Symposium, Bristol 1993 (1st ed.). Bristol: Springer London. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2037-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-203... ).
Matriz de Risco	The risk matrix is often used in simpler studies to represent frequency and the consequence of risks in categories of magnitude. The matrix is separated into three regions as follows: unacceptable risk; acceptable risk; region between acceptable and unacceptable risk. Evaluations should be performed to determine the need for risk reduction or if more detailed studies should first be undertaken (Vinnem, 1999Vinnem, J. E. (1999). Offshore Risk Assessment (1st ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2471-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-247... ).

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[1] Source: Adapted from Leveson (2011)Leveson, N. G. (2011). Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety (Engineering Systems) (1st ed.). Cambridge: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324... .

Cause	Existence of a set of sufficient and necessary conditions for the event to occur, called Unsafe Control Actions (UCA).
Accidents	Unintended and unforeseen event that results in losses, including injuries and human lives, property damage, environmental pollution, loss of mission, financial loss, among others.
Hazard	State of the system that, along with the worst environmental conditions, will lead to an accident.