Num espelho de mulher: cegueira normativa e questões de direitos humanos não resolvidas

Nader, Laura

doi:10.1590/S0104-71831999000100004

Resumo

Este artigo examina as restrições que regem as declarações de direitos humanos, reconhecendo os principais avanços conceituais ao mesmo tempo em que dirige a atenção para questões não resolvidas, que são culturais na sua maioria. A cegueira normativa refere-se a questões de realce relativas a mutilações sexuais e de outra natureza, testes de armas, ou controle de armas como é visto das margens. Um reconhecimento dos abusos de direitos humanos resultantes do comercialismo global é crucial para um movimento de direitos humanos não-hegemônico enquanto a comparação exige que nos tornemos mais autoconscientes do papel do ativismo de direitos humanos euro-americano como projeto hegemônico. Um salto à frente requer uma filosofia de direitos humanos de calibre maior na qual nenhum lugar ou país ou empresa esteja isento.

Palavras-chave
direitos humanos; excisão; islã; mulher

Abstract

This paper reviews the constraints governing declarations of human rights, recognizing the major conceptual progress while also directing attention to unresolved issues that are mainly cultural. Normative blindness refers to salient issues regarding sexual and other mutilations, weapons testing, or arms control as viewed from the margins. A recognition of human rights abuses resulting from global commercialism is critical to a non-hegemonic human rights movement while comparison requires us to become more self-conscious about the role of Euro-American human rights activism as a hegemonic project. A leap forward calls for a broad gauged philosophy of human rights in which no place or country or enterprise is exempt.

Keywords
excision; human rights; islam; women

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Referências

¹
ABU-LUGHOD, J. Before European hegemony: the world systems A.D. 1250-1350. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
²
BERGER, J. A New Deal for the world: Eleanor Roosevelt and American foreign policy. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.
³
BURROWS, B. Second thoughts about U.S. Patent #4,438,032. Genewatch, v. 10, n. 2-3, October 1996.
⁴
COCO, L. Silicone breast implants in America: a choice of the “official breast”?. In: NADER, L. (Ed.). Essays on controlling processes Berkeley: Kroeber Anthropological Society, 1994. (Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers n. 77).
⁵
DENNISTON, G.; MILOS, M. F. (Ed.). Sexual mutilations – a human tragedy New York: Plenum Press, 1997.
⁶
FAIZ, A. Health care under the Taliban. Lancet, n. 349, p. 1247-1248, April 1997.
⁷
FALK, R. Cultural foundations for the international protection of human rights. In: AN-NA’IM, A. A. (Ed.). Human rights in cross-cultural perspectives: a quest for consensus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992. p. 44-64.
⁸
FEIBLEMAN, P. Natural causes. Double Take Magazine, Winter Issue, 1997.
⁹
HEGGENHAUGEN, H. K. More than just interesting: anthropology, health and human rights. Boston: Dept. of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 1997.
¹⁰
HERNANDEZ-TRUYOL, B. E. Women’s rights as human rights – rules, realities and the role of culture: a formula for reform. Brook Journal of International Law, v. 21, n. 3, p. 605-677, 1996.
¹¹
HOFF-WILSON, J.; LIGHTMAN, M. (Ed.). Without precedent: the life and career of Eleanor Roosevelt. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.
¹²
HOSKINS, E. Public health and the Persian Gulf War. In: LEVY, B. S.; SIDEL, V. W. (Ed.). War and public health New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. p. 254-277.
¹³
KUENYEHIA, A. The Impact of structural adjustment programs on women’s international human rights: the example of Ghana. In: COOK, R. (Ed.). Human rights of women: national and international perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994. p. 422-436.
¹⁴
LASH, J. P. Eleanor the years alone. New York: W. W. Norton & Co, 1972.
¹⁵
MANN, J. M. Health and human rights. BMJ, n. 312, p. 924-925, 1996.
¹⁶
MORSEY, S. A. Bodies of choice: norplant experiments trials on Egyptian women. In: MINTZES, B.; HARDON, Α.; HANHART, J. (Ed.). Norplant under her skin Delft: Eburon, 1993.
¹⁷
NADER, L. Controlling processes – tracing the dynamic components of power. Current Anthropology, v. 38, n. 5, Dec. 1997.
¹⁸
NADER, L.; OU, J. C. Idealization and power; legality and tradition in Native American law. Oklahoma City University Law Review, v. 23, n. 1, Spring 1998.
¹⁹
NASHASHIBI, S.; NADER, L.; ADNAN, E. Arab women artists. In: NASHASHIBI, S.; NADER, L.; ADNAN, E. Forces of change: artists of the Arab World. Washington, D.C.: The National Museum of Women in the Arts, 1994. p. 1-36.
²⁰
RENTELN, A. International human rights: universalism versus relativism. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1990.
²¹
RODRIGUEZ-TRIAS, H. Women’s health, women’s lives, women’s rights. American Journal of Public Health, v. 82, n. 5, May 1992.
²²
ROMANY, C. State responsability goes private. In: COOK, R. (Ed.). Human rights of women: national and international perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994.
²³
SAID, E. W. Occidentalism New York: Random House, 1979.
²⁴
SCHEPER-HUGHES, N. Virgin territory: the male discovery of the clitoris. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, v. 5, n. 1, p. 25-28, March 1991.
²⁵
SHEEHAN, E. A. Victorian clitoridectomy. Isaac Baker Brown and his harmless operative procedure. In: LANCASTER, R.; DI LEONARDO, M. (Ed.). The gender/sexuality reader: culture, history, political economy. New York: Routledge, 1997.

*
Este artigo foi apresentado no dia 7 de março de 1998 na Rothko Chapel, em Houston, Texas. A autora agradece a ajuda crítica de muitos colegas, especialmente Dr. Alison Renteln, profundo conhecedor das literaturas dos direitos humanos. Rania Milleron pelo investimento nas questões de saúde e direitos humanos, e Suzanne Calpestri pela criteriosa atenção ao material de direitos humanos de relevante interesse para a antropologia.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
Maio 1999

Esta obra está licenciada com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.

[1] ¹
ABU-LUGHOD, J. Before European hegemony: the world systems A.D. 1250-1350. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

[2] ²
BERGER, J. A New Deal for the world: Eleanor Roosevelt and American foreign policy. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.

[3] ³
BURROWS, B. Second thoughts about U.S. Patent #4,438,032. Genewatch, v. 10, n. 2-3, October 1996.

[4] ⁴
COCO, L. Silicone breast implants in America: a choice of the “official breast”?. In: NADER, L. (Ed.). Essays on controlling processes Berkeley: Kroeber Anthropological Society, 1994. (Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers n. 77).

[5] ⁵
DENNISTON, G.; MILOS, M. F. (Ed.). Sexual mutilations – a human tragedy New York: Plenum Press, 1997.

[6] ⁶
FAIZ, A. Health care under the Taliban. Lancet, n. 349, p. 1247-1248, April 1997.

[7] ⁷
FALK, R. Cultural foundations for the international protection of human rights. In: AN-NA’IM, A. A. (Ed.). Human rights in cross-cultural perspectives: a quest for consensus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992. p. 44-64.

[8] ⁸
FEIBLEMAN, P. Natural causes. Double Take Magazine, Winter Issue, 1997.

[9] ⁹
HEGGENHAUGEN, H. K. More than just interesting: anthropology, health and human rights. Boston: Dept. of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 1997.

[10] ¹⁰
HERNANDEZ-TRUYOL, B. E. Women’s rights as human rights – rules, realities and the role of culture: a formula for reform. Brook Journal of International Law, v. 21, n. 3, p. 605-677, 1996.

[11] ¹¹
HOFF-WILSON, J.; LIGHTMAN, M. (Ed.). Without precedent: the life and career of Eleanor Roosevelt. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.

[12] ¹²
HOSKINS, E. Public health and the Persian Gulf War. In: LEVY, B. S.; SIDEL, V. W. (Ed.). War and public health New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. p. 254-277.

[13] ¹³
KUENYEHIA, A. The Impact of structural adjustment programs on women’s international human rights: the example of Ghana. In: COOK, R. (Ed.). Human rights of women: national and international perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994. p. 422-436.

[14] ¹⁴
LASH, J. P. Eleanor the years alone. New York: W. W. Norton & Co, 1972.

[15] ¹⁵
MANN, J. M. Health and human rights. BMJ, n. 312, p. 924-925, 1996.

[16] ¹⁶
MORSEY, S. A. Bodies of choice: norplant experiments trials on Egyptian women. In: MINTZES, B.; HARDON, Α.; HANHART, J. (Ed.). Norplant under her skin Delft: Eburon, 1993.

[17] ¹⁷
NADER, L. Controlling processes – tracing the dynamic components of power. Current Anthropology, v. 38, n. 5, Dec. 1997.

[18] ¹⁸
NADER, L.; OU, J. C. Idealization and power; legality and tradition in Native American law. Oklahoma City University Law Review, v. 23, n. 1, Spring 1998.

[19] ¹⁹
NASHASHIBI, S.; NADER, L.; ADNAN, E. Arab women artists. In: NASHASHIBI, S.; NADER, L.; ADNAN, E. Forces of change: artists of the Arab World. Washington, D.C.: The National Museum of Women in the Arts, 1994. p. 1-36.

[20] ²⁰
RENTELN, A. International human rights: universalism versus relativism. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1990.

[21] ²¹
RODRIGUEZ-TRIAS, H. Women’s health, women’s lives, women’s rights. American Journal of Public Health, v. 82, n. 5, May 1992.

[22] ²²
ROMANY, C. State responsability goes private. In: COOK, R. (Ed.). Human rights of women: national and international perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994.

[23] ²³
SAID, E. W. Occidentalism New York: Random House, 1979.

[24] ²⁴
SCHEPER-HUGHES, N. Virgin territory: the male discovery of the clitoris. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, v. 5, n. 1, p. 25-28, March 1991.

[25] ²⁵
SHEEHAN, E. A. Victorian clitoridectomy. Isaac Baker Brown and his harmless operative procedure. In: LANCASTER, R.; DI LEONARDO, M. (Ed.). The gender/sexuality reader: culture, history, political economy. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Brasil

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Resumo

Abstract

Referências

Datas de Publicação