Abstracts
This article reviews the historical and scientific findings of the Botanic Mission to Mozambique (1942-1948) under the Tropical Botanic Garden of the Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, in Lisbon, highlighting the collectors’ field notes with the aim of identifying the traditional medicinal uses of Mozambican flora. Having collated information on 71 taxa (70 species and one genus), the medicinal usage of 34 species presumably not yet reported in Mozambique was identified, including five whose therapeutic use still had not yet been described in the African continent. Overall, 58 uses presumably not yet reported in Mozambique were recorded.
medicinal plants; Botanic Mission to Mozambique; field notes; traditional medicine; medical botany
O artigo revisita o espólio histórico-científico aduzido pela Missão Botânica de Moçambique (1942-1948) à guarda do Jardim Botânico Tropical do Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (Lisboa), destacando os cadernos de campo dos seus coletores, com o objetivo de identificar os usos medicinais tradicionais da flora moçambicana. Tendo-se coligido informação relativa a 71 taxa (setenta espécies e um género), identificou-se a utilização medicinal de 34 espécies presumivelmente ainda não reportada para Moçambique, entre as quais, cinco cujo uso terapêutico ainda não havia sido atribuído ao continente africano. No total registaram-se 58 utilizações presumivelmente ainda não relatadas em Moçambique.
plantas medicinais; Missão Botânica de Moçambique; cadernos de campo; medicina tradicional; botânica médica
Throughout History most medicine has been made from plants. The knowledge of the properties of plants and their uses is the basis of many traditional health care systems and still plays a central role in the discovery and development of new drugs. In Africa, plants have a long history of use for the treatment of different diseases and complaints and have long been the source of important products with nutritional and therapeutic value (Hostettman et al., 2000HOSTETTMANN, Kurt et al. The potential of African drugs as a source of drugs. Current Organic Chemistry, v.4, n.10, p.973-1010. 2000., p.973).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), up to 80% of the population in Africa uses traditional medicine to help meet its health care needs (WHO, 2002WHO. World Health Organisation. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy, 2002-2005. Geneva: WHO. 2002., p.1). Traditional medicine is still the most accessible health care system, mainly in rural areas, where national health care systems are scarce, poor or practically non-existent. Plants play a fundamental role in communities’ well-being as most of the African population not only depends, but largely relies on the use of traditional medicines as well as on the services provided by traditional medical practitioners, whose knowledge about plant species and their ecology is invaluable (Cunningham, 1993CUNNINGHAM, Anthony B. African medicinal plants: setting priorities at the interface between conservation and primary healthcare. People and Plants Working Paper, n.1. Paris: Unesco. 1993., p.1-4).
Like other southern African countries, Mozambique is an important repository of vegetal diversity. Harbouring about 5,500 species of plants, it is estimated that at least 800 are used for medicinal purposes (da Silva, 2004, cited in Krog, Falcão, Olsen, 2006KROG, Mogens; FALCÃO, Mario P.; OLSEN, Carsten S. Medicinal plant markets and trade in Maputo, Mozambique. Forest and Landscape Working Papers, n.16. Denmark: Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning/Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University. 2006., p.2). Research on this subject is recent and largely enrolled in the country’s trajectory since its independence, especially since the nineties, trying to follow the WHO resolutions towards the optimization of the use of traditional medicine and promotion of research on medicinal plants.
In this context, ethnobotanical studies are of particular importance. The collaboration between different domestic and international research groups has resulted in works such as those of Ribeiro et al. (2010) and Bruschi et al. (2011) which contribute to the preservation of traditional knowledge and practices related to plants and their therapeutic uses. Moreover, the identification of species with medicinal uses (including the parts of plants used, the preparation processes, the modes of administration and the different pathologies associated with them) is a fertile ground for studies aiming at the scientific validation of their properties as well as the safety, efficacy and quality of traditional medicines. One might refer, in this scope, works that have been developed by the newly established Center for Research and Development on Ethnobotany (2009, Namaacha, Mozambique) in partnership with the University Eduardo Mondlane (Mozambique) and the University of Lisbon (Portugal), as is the case of Marrufo et al. (2013).
Historical documentation, in turn, prefigures an additional contribution to the inventory of plant species with therapeutic value. Works such as those of Roque (2001, 2013) have demonstrated the potential of the information held in Portuguese sources towards a better understanding of the knowledge and practices related to the use of medicinal plants and the evolution of its geographical distribution in Mozambique.
In this perspective, the historical and scientific legacy produced by the activity of the various scientific missions conducted within the frame of Portuguese colonialism in the second and third quarters of the twentieth century embodies a heritage which urges to reconsider, reaffirming the role of science in favor of the current regional and global challenges. Such is the case of the documental corpus produced during the Botanic Mission to Mozambique (BMM) (1942-1948) and housed in the Tropical Research Institute (Lisbon, Portugal).
By the early twentieth century Mozambique was probably one of the few African territories whose flora was almost unknown. This situation was overcome with the outputs of the BMM expeditions carried out between 1942 and 1948. Indeed, its phytogeographic survey produced more than 7,600 herbarium samples, including the subsequent description of 25 new species to science. Along with the herbarium specimens, the documentation of the BMM includes cartographic, photographic and written materials. Among these, we highlight the collectors’ field books where references to local medicinal uses of the sampled plants were made, but whose information was never sufficiently compiled and disclosed.
Therefore, by stressing the importance of the Portuguese sources for this knowledge, and contextualizing the BMM in space and time, we bring to light information regarding the medicinal uses of flora contained in the yet unpublished field books, seeking to highlight uses not yet mentioned in other sources, namely through: i) a literature review on the medicinal uses of the species identified as such by the BMM; ii) a categorization of their uses and comparison with reported uses for Mozambique and other African countries; iii) mapping the distribution of the species with medicinal uses based on the herbarium specimens collected by the BMM.
In view of the multiple, recent and accelerated dynamics that are causing the depletion of African vegetal resources and the rapid decline of traditional knowledge about the properties and uses of medicinal plants (Hamilton, 2004HAMILTON, Alan C. Medicinal plants, conservation and livelihoods. Biodiversity and Conservation, v.13, n.8, p.1477-1517. 2004., p.1485), we hope to contribute to the knowledge of medicinal plants in Mozambique and their distribution, as well as to the valorization and preservation of traditional knowledge and practices related to its use.
The Botanic Mission to Mozambique (1942-1948): general notes
Given the urgency to fully explore the overseas territories under Portuguese jurisdiction, assessing their resources and potentialities as essential to build the colonial program, the Portuguese Estado Novo (“New State”) (1933-1974) instituted one of the most important and paradigmatic bodies to assert its ideology: the Board of Geographical Missions and Colonial Research (Junta das Missões Geográficas e de Investigações Coloniais) (1936-1951), renamed Board of Geographical Missions and Overseas Research (Junta das Missões Geográficas e de Investigações do Ultramar) (1951-1973), particularly on what the administration of the overseas territories concerned. Combining knowledge and power, this institution established the basis for the colonizing process, both scientifically and technically, drawing on the contributions of all branches of knowledge for the affirmation and development of a united empire in its racial and geographic diversity. The link between scientific research and Portuguese colonial policy, and particularly the case of this institution, was recently reviewed by Castelo (2012)CASTELO, Cláudia. Investigação científica e política colonial portuguesa: evolução e articulações, 1936-1974. História, Ciências, Saúde –Manguinhos, v.19, n.2, p.391-408. 2012..
As such, the different missions delineated by the Board played a key role in the knowledge and exploration of the soils, floras, faunas and populations of the overseas territories. Such was the case of the Botanic Mission to Mozambique, undertaken in an attempt to address the scarcity and discontinuity of the harvests carried out since the early thirties in both a personal and professional record by residents and staff of the then colony of Mozambique. The BMM was enacted under the Portuguese Overseas Scientific Occupation Plan (Plano de Ocupação Científica do Ultramar Português) drawn up by the Board and presented to the Government in 1941 as emerging in a new cycle of overseas activity (Conde, Martins, 2011, p.1126-1132). In the context of a worldwide conflict, the Plan stressed the need to overcome previous improvisations and to intensify the scientific research as a supporter of colonization and rational exploitation of colonial resources (Portugal, 1945, p.11-13).
Issued with the primary goal of conducting the studies and gathering the material necessary to execute the Phytogeographic Map of Mozambique to be included in the Atlas of the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Portugal, 1942, p.404), the BMM unfolded in three expeditions: 1942, 1944-45 and 1947-48. During these expeditions, the botanical and agricultural recognition of more than seventy thousands kilometres of routes was carried out, asserting the centrality and breadth of the scientific knowledge of flora in the context of an imperial economy that sought to supply itself from colonial raw materials.
Nevertheless, beyond the identification of species and the ecological characterization and phytogeographic study of the colony, as well as the observations related to the political and economic agenda that justified its arrangement, the BMM documented numerous expressions of the territory and its people. The mission thus unravelled the material cultures, traditional knowledge and practices of the population, highlighting the different uses of local botanical resources associated with the collected specimens. Such was the case of the practices related to the use of plants for therapeutic purposes. Thus, for each sample, along with its in loco identification, usually regarding the taxonomic level of family or genus, information about its place of harvest, relevant to the characterization of its habitat, vernacular name and habit (growth form), were recorded. In some cases, the medicinal uses were also recorded, including the parts of the plants used, the preparation processes, the modes of administration and the different pathologies associated with them.
Although the recognition of the therapeutic uses of plants was not among the aims of the BMM, the field books related to the collections gathered during this Mission (Mendonça, Garcia, Rocha da Torre and Barbosa collections) embody an assemblage of major scientific importance to the knowledge, preservation and divulgation of the tangible and intangible heritage of Mozambique. They not only allow the systematization of a large body of information regarding the different collected specimens, including those listed as medicinal, but also the comparison with other therapeutic uses reported for Mozambique and other African countries. Thus reappraising it in the light of the current regional and global challenges, largely overwhelming the colonial context of their production.
Compilation and organization the ethnobotanical information and medicinal use of the Mozambican flora
Based on the Botanic Mission to Mozambique collectors’ field books available at the Tropical Botanical Garden Herbarium of the Tropical Research Institute (LISC), and currently available in JSTOR,1 1 See http://plants.jstor.org. we surveyed and systematized the information relating to those collected specimens identified as medicinal. This includes the vernacular name, the habit (growth form) and the medicinal use (including the parts of plants used, the preparation processes, the modes of administration and the different pathologies associated with them). The survey was based on the harvests from the three BMM campaigns: the numbers 1 to 1704, 1800 to 3493 and 3501 to 4511 from Mendonça collection (first, second and third campaigns, respectively), 1 to 1001 from Garcia collection, 7000 to 8082 from Rocha da Torre collection and 616 to 1740 from Barbosa collection (third campaign).
The nomenclatural update of the taxa and their classification in the corresponding families was supported by the African Plants Database (2012) and Tropicos database (s.d.), simultaneously carried out with the cataloging and databasing of the specimens.
Taxa native distribution was determined according to the 8 biogeographic realms defined by Olson et al. (2001), namely: Nearctic, Palearctic, Neotropic, Afrotropic, Indo-Malay, Australasia, Oceania and Antarctic. The taxa distribution in Mozambique was assessed after mapping the specimens identified as medicinal, as well as others from the same taxa collected by the BMM. These were georeferenced based on the information from the labels of their herbarium sheets, as well as from the field books, which provided accuracy for the corresponding geographical coordinates. Georeferencing was accomplished using the software Specify 6 and ArcGIS 9.3 (ESRI, 2009), as well as gazetteers such as Geolocate (Bart et al., 2010), Biogeomancer (2005) and GeoNames (Wick, s.d.).2
In order to ascertain the potential of the information contained in the BMM’s field books, various bibliographic sources (Jansen, Mendes, 1983, 1984, 1990, 1991; Watt, Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Burkill, 1985BURKILL, Humphrey M. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, v.1. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 1985., 1994BURKILL, Humphrey M. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, v.2. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 1994., 1995BURKILL, Humphrey M. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, v.3. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 1995., 1997BURKILL, Humphrey M. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, v.4. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 1997., 2000BURKILL, Humphrey M. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, v.5. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 2000.) and online databases (Sepasal, 1999; Prota, s.d. e Prelude, 2003) on medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Mozambique and other African countries were consulted.
Due to the large diversity of pathologies found in the literature review, medicinal uses were grouped according to the categorization available in the Sepasal database (1999). This publication distinguishes 24 diseases categories (Carvalho, 2006CARVALHO, Luís M.M. Estudos de etnobotânica e botânica económica no Alentejo. Tese (Doutorado em Biologia) – Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra. 2006., p.107) from which 19 were adopted. From these, we grouped the circulatory system and blood system categories into a single category, and skin/subcutaneous cellular tissue diseases and injuries into another. We also added a category related to oral hygiene. It was therefore possible to distinguish 18 categories of diseases: circulatory and blood systems; digestive system; genitourinary system; immune system; muscular-skeletal system; nervous system; respiratory system; sensory system; nutritional disorders; mental disorders; pain; poisoning; pregnancy/birth/puerpuerium; oral hygiene; infections/infestations; neoplasms; skin/subcutaneous cellular tissue and injuries; unspecified medicinal disorders.
In addition, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2012) was consulted to determinate the conservation status of these species.
Contribution of the Botanic Mission to Mozambique to the knowledge of the medicinal flora of the region
From almost 7,600 collected specimens, the Botanic Mission to Mozambique documented the medicinal use of 73 specimens corresponding to 71 taxa (seventy species and 1 genus). These are distributed over fourty families, 67 genera and seventy species. For one of the taxa, identification was only possible to the genus level (Pycnostachys). The most represented families are Capparaceae and Fabaceae (six species), followed by Vitaceae (five species), Apocynaceae and Phyllanthaceae (four species). Twenty-six families are represented by only one species (Chart 1).
Regarding their habit (growth form), most are woody plants (12 trees, 21 shrubs or small trees and 15 shrubs), with the remaining taxa falling into the category of herbs (16) and climbing plants (seven). Concerning their native distribution, sixty species are afrotropical and ten are from other biogeographic realms, notably from the indo-malay. Only one species (Hydnocarpus venenata) is indo-malay (Chart 2).
In order to better understand the contribution of the BMM to the knowledge of the distribution of medicinal plants in Mozambique, all other records of the same taxa were mapped, despite not having an indication of therapeutic use, totalling 326 specimens distributed over 167 different localities (Figure 1). One might verify that most of the species were collected in more than one location and that their distribution extends for more than one province. The provinces with the highest collected number are Manica and Sofala, but the number of samples in Maputo province is also noteworthy.
: Phytogeographic itineraries and location of specimens that represent taxa reported as medicinal in the field books of Botanic Mission to Mozambique (1942-1948). Detailed information of each location, including the geographic coordinate is available in the Appendix. (Produced by authors from the georeferenced specimens, from the administrative division of Mozambique (Geonetwork, 2003) and the digitization of phytogeographic itineraries)
In total, there were references of treatments belonging to ten categories of diseases, and in the case of five species, there were indications for more than one category (Croton megalobotrys, Ocimum gratissimum var. gratissimum, Oncoba spinosa, Phyllanthus reticulatus and Strychnos henningsii). For example, Oncoba spinosa is used as a prophylactic, particularly to prevent venereal diseases (infections/infestations) and poisonings by snake bites (poisonings) (Chart 1).
In terms of the species’ distribution according to the different disease categories, 18 were identified for the treatment of infections/infestations, 14 for digestive system diseases, nine for pain relief and nine for the treatment of skin/subcutaneous cellular tissue and injuries, thus comprising the major disease categories represented. Twelve species were also reported for the treatment of unspecified medicinal disorders usually under the description of “medicinal root” (e.g. Cladostemon kirkii) or “medicinal plant” (e.g. Viscum triflorum) (Graph 1).
: Disorder categories that aggregate medicinal uses reported in field books of Botanic Mission to Mozambique (1942-1948)
In the category infections/infestations, leprosy is indicated for the highest number of species (ten). This may be due to a deliberate route deviation during the BMM’s first expedition to visit a “healer” called Mafuneia who, in the outskirts of Milange, Zambezia province, happened to be known for curing leprosy, employing at least nine species collected near his accommodations. Also referring to the treatment of Hansen’s disease is the registration and collection of a specimen of Hydnocarpus venenata during the BMM´s third expedition at the Catholic Mission of Amatongas (Figure 1, location 83) in Manica and Sofala province (currently Manica province). The mission’s priests farmed this plant due to the therapeutic properties attributed to chalmoogra oil extracted from its seeds (Wild, Vidigal, 1973WILD, Hiram; VIDIGAL, Maria P. Flacourtiaceae. In:Fernandes, Abílio (Ed.). Flora de Moçambique, v.16. Lisboa: Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical/Centro de Botânica. p.1-39. 1973., p.2). The fact that this species is native to the indo-malay realm might suggest its introduction for the specific treatment of this disease. In this sense, rather than reveal the impact of this disease in the then colony of Mozambique, the BMM field books assign valuable contributions for a critical debate on the various networks of circulation of knowledge and agents involved in the health care assistance established.
In the category of digestive system diseases, most of the occurrences recorded by the BMM are related to gastrointestinal problems, including diarrhoea and dysentery. A fact which is not surprising insofar as diarrhoea have long been associated, in Mozambique, to a wide range of diseases, including therein the very dysentery (Ribeiro et al., 2010RIBEIRO, Ana et al. Ethnobotanical survey in Canhane village, district of Massingir, Mozambique: medicinal plants and traditional knowledge. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, v.6, n.33, p.1-15. 2010., p.3).
In the pain category, only two types of pain are distinguishable: toothache and headache. For the treatment of headaches, a specimen whose determination was only possible to the level of genus (Pycnostachys) was referred, corresponding to the specimen collected in Manica under the vernacular name munganhunho (Chart 2).
In the category of skin/subcutaneous cellular tissue and injuries, wound treatments include the largest number of species. In this category we emphasize the treatment of boils, a pathology for which was recorded the harvest of a specimen of the genus Euphorbia, later classified as E. graniticola. This species is endemic in Mozambique and restricted to the area between Chimoio and Manica (Carter, Leach 2001CARTER, Susan; LEACH, Leslie C. Tribe Euphorbieae. In: Pope, Gerald V. (Ed.). Flora Zambesiaca, v.9, part. 5. London: The Flora Zambeziaca Managing Committee. p.1-465. 2001., p.408-409).
After consulting various bibliographic sources and online databases on traditional medicinal uses of the taxa referred in the BMM field books, the medicinal uses of 34 of the species were found to have not yet been reported for Mozambique, corresponding to 36 therapeutic uses. Two species have more than one use indicated, namely: one specimen of Ocimum gratissimum var. gratissimum collected in Manica (Figure 1, location 88) referred for the treatment of disentery and headaches (Chart 1); and two specimens of Strychnos henningsii, one from Maputo referred for the treatment of colics (Figure 1, location 3) and the other from Sofala (Figure 1, location 78) for an unspecified disease.
Moreover, from the intersection between the species whose medicinal use was already reported for Mozambique and the species identified by the BMM, the field books revealed 22 uses that are presumably new to Mozambique. This number is related to the fact that each disease category might include several pathologies. For instance, the species Cyathula natalensis and Flacourtia indica, already mentioned respectively for the treatment of wounds and stomachache, and Oncoba spinosa and Thunbergia lancifolia, for schistosomiasis treatment, are mentioned in the BMM field books for the treatment of skin blemishes, diarrhoea, to prevent venereal diseases and poisonings by snake bites and leprosy. One may also point out the difficulty in categorizing symptomatic descriptions. For example, Maclura africana, reported for the treatment of bronchitis and tuberculosis, is mentionated in the field books for the treatment of cough. Although coughing can be a symptom of bronchitis and tuberculosis, we have chosen to distinguish them within the same category.
There are thus 58 new uses recorded for Mozambique based on the BMM field books, when summing up the new uses with new references for plant species already reported as medicinal. No references to medicinal uses for five of the species were found in the literature review, neither in Mozambique nor in other African countries. Such is the case of Catunaregam swynnertonii, Cyphostemma gigantophyllum, Diplocyclos tenuis, Euphorbia graniticola and Helichrysopsis septentrionalis (Chart 1). Furthermore, references for three other species (Carissa bispinosa, Cyathula natalensis, Hydnocarpus venenata) were found for Mozambique, but not for other African countries (Chart 1). The new references highlight the importance and the potential of the field books of botanical expeditions as a source of medicinal uses. Nevertheless, the total number of samples with references to therapeutic uses, ascertained by reading the BMM field books, is much higher than would be possible by consulting the corresponding herbarium sheet labels, as only five of these register medicinal uses. In this sense, it is reasonable to consider that the BMM field books, along with those of other similar missions, can provide unpublished information about the medicinal uses of plants.
The number of herbarium samples with medicinal uses indicated only represents
about 1% of the total collected specimens, which might be justified mainly by
the fact that the identification of medicinal plant uses was not a primary goal
of the BMM survey. Indeed, the first two campaigns aimed at preparing the
Phytogeographic Map of Mozambique, whereas the third campaign was directed at
gathering data on spontaneous species with economic interest, namely for forage,
wood production, textile fibers, tanniferous bark and resins (Mendes, 1980MENDES, Eduardo J. A Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar
e a flora de África: missões e Centro de Botânica. Boletim de Sociedade
Broteriana, v.54, p.202-215.
1980., p, p.207; Saraiva, Figueira, Conde, 2012SARAIVA, Susana; FIGUEIRA, Rui; CONDE, Patrícia. Flora de Moçambique
com valor económico: a contribuição da Missão Botânica na década de 40 do séc.
XX. Congreso Ibérico de Estudios Africanos, 8., 2012, Madrid.
Actas... Disponível em: http://www.ciea8.org. 2012. Acesso
em: 31 ago. 2012. 2012.
http://www.ciea8.org...
). Other
reasons may be related with the short span of the campaigns, usually carried out
during the wet season in order to find specimens with flowers and fruits, and
therefore restraining longer stops to collect information of ethnobotanic
character. It is important to note that local communities may not always
disclose the knowledge they have on the use of natural resources, particularly
medicinal uses, as this is often a privilege of specialists in health curing
processes. Moreover, a fact that was then noticed by the scientific elite who
sought to inscribe the subject and the urgency of the knowledge about colonial
medicinal plants in the economic and scientific program of the empire (Lima, 1948LIMA, Américo Pires de. Esboço de um plano de investigação
científica colonial no que respeita às plantas medicinais. Anais da
Faculdade de Farmácia do Porto, v.8, separata.
1948.).
None of the species identified as medicinal by the BMM are included in the
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2012IUCN. International Union for Conservation of
Nature. The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2012.1.
Disponível em: http://www.iucnredlist.org/. Acesso em: 31 set. 2012.
2012.
http://www.iucnredlist.org/...
). It is possible, however, that existing data
for some species might be insufficient, as is the case of the endemic species
mentioned above (E. graniticola), which is not a part of this
list but is included in Appendix
Appendix 1
List of harvest locations of the specimens collected by the
Botanic Mission to Mozambique (1942-1948) and their inclusion in the
current administrative division
Locality
Latitude
Longitude
Province
District
Administrative site
Locality description
1
26° 50’ 25’’ S
32° 52’ 53’’ E
Maputo
Matutuíne
Zitundo
Maputo, Ponta do Ouro
2
26° 50’ 11’’ S
32° 17’ 04’’ E
Maputo
Matutuíne
Catuane
Maputo, Catuane
3
26° 33’ 59’’ S
32° 49’ 31’’ E
Maputo
Matutuíne
Bela Vista
Maputo, Salamanga, forests of
Magala
4
26° 28’ 31’’ S
32° 38’ 54’’ E
Maputo
Matutuíne
Bela Vista
Maputo, Salamanga
5
26° 19’ 17’’ S
32° 30’ 41’’ E
Maputo
Matutuíne
Bela Vista
Maputo, between Bela Vista and
Porto Henrique
6
26° 18’ 00’’ S
32° 20’ 56’’ E
Maputo
Namaacha
Changalane
Maputo, Porto Henrique
surroundings
7
26° 17’ 05’’ S
32° 27’ 02’’ E
Maputo
Matutuíne
Bela Vista
Maputo, Bela Vista, mountain ridge
of Portugal
8
26° 11’ 59’’ S
32° 09’ 06’’ E
Maputo
Namaacha
Changalane
Maputo, Goba surroundings
9
26° 11’ 49’’ S
32° 08’ 40’’ E
Maputo
Namaacha
Changalane
Maputo, near Goba
10
26° 09’ 59’’ S
32° 22’ 02’’ E
Maputo
Boane
Boane
Maputo, between Umbeluzi and Bela
Vista
11
26° 09’ 48’’ S
32° 22’ 09’’ E
Maputo
Boane
Boane
Maputo, between Umbeluzi and Porto
Henrique
12
26° 06’ 18’’ S
32° 08’ 41’’ E
Maputo
Namaacha
Namaacha
Between Goba and Umbeluzi
13
26° 02’ 30’’ S
32° 19’ 31’’ E
Maputo
Boane
Boane
Boane
14
26° 00’ 58’’ S
32° 24’ 18’’ E
Maputo
Boane
Umbeluzi surroundings
15
25° 57’ 23’’ S
32° 02’ 08’’ E
Maputo
Namaacha
Namaacha
Sábiè, Namaacha
16
25° 57’ 02’’ S
32° 36’ 06’’ E
Maputo
Cidade de Maputo
Cidade de Maputo
Polana
17
25° 54’ 47’’ S
32° 38’ 00’’ E
Maputo
Cidade de Maputo
Cidade de Maputo
L. Marques, between Polana and
Costa do Sol
18
25° 51’ 43’’ S
32° 33’ 51’’ E
Maputo
Region of Maputo
19
25° 44’ 13’’ S
32° 40’ 35’’ E
Maputo
Marracuene
Marracuene
Marracuene, woods of Infulene
20
25° 35’ 46’’ S
32° 14’ 36’’ E
Maputo
Moamba
Sábiè, plantation of Moamba
21
25° 17’ 55’’ S
32° 25’ 49’’ E
Maputo
Magude
22
25° 04’ 14’’ S
32° 52’ 07’’ E
Maputo
Manhiça
Detour to Xinavane, at 85km from
Vila João Belo
23
25° 01’ 34’’ S
32° 37’ 07’’ E
Maputo
Magude
Magude
Magude, between Magude and river
Uanetze
24
24° 59’ 38’’ S
32° 34’ 57’’ E
Maputo
Magude
Magude
River Uanetze surroundings,
between Magude and Panjane
25
24° 57’ 20’’ S
33° 07’ 12’’ E
Gaza
Bilene-Macia
Bilene, 8km from Macia, route to
Mianga
26
24° 53’ 22’’ S
32° 28’ 56’’ E
Maputo
Magude
Magude, "Delagoa Plantation"
27
24° 50’ 07’’ S
34° 01’ 55’’ E
Gaza
Mandlakaze
Between Manjacaze and
Chindenguele
28
24° 47’ 19’’ S
34° 18’ 46’’ E
Inhambane
Zavala
Zandamela
Zavala, Zandamela
29
24° 44’ 31’’ S
32° 29’ 50’’ E
Maputo
Magude
Magude, road from Moine to
Uanetze, 17km from Moine
30
24° 42’ 42’’ S
33° 52’ 58’’ E
Gaza
Mandlakaze
Mandlakaze
Manjacaze
31
24° 34’ 04’’ S
34° 50’ 09’’ E
Inhambane
Inharrime, at km 5
32
24° 33’ 50’’ S
32° 16’ 00’’ E
Maputo
Magude
Moamba, from Mahel to
Mapulanguene
33
24° 32’ 14’’ S
32° 20’ 17’’ E
Maputo
Magude
Magude, between Mahel and
Mapulanguene
34
24° 32’ 10’’ S
32° 20’ 11’’ E
Maputo
Magude
Magude, near Mapulanguene
35
24° 31' 28'' S
34° 11' 38'' E
Gaza
Mandlakaze
Chibonzane
Muchopes, Chicomo
36
24° 30’ 31’’ S
34° 59’ 32’’ E
Inhambane
Zavala
Quissico
Between Inharrime and Chidenguel,
5km from Inharrime
37
24° 29’ 28’’ S
32° 05’ 09’’ E
Maputo
Magude
Mapulanguene
Magude, between Mapulanguene and
Macaene, 5 km from Mapulanguene
38
24° 28’ 52’’ S
32° 07’ 42’’ E
Maputo
Magude
Mapulanguene
Magude, Mapulanguene surroundings,
banks of river Uanetze
39
24° 24’ 31’’ S
32° 07’ 14’’ E
Maputo
Magude
Mapulanguene
Magude, Uanetze surroundings,
flatlands up to 10km from Uanetze site
40
24° 18’ 10’’ S
34° 55’ 25’’ E
Inhambane
Between Inharrime and Cabo
Maiuana
41
23° 59’ 12’’ S
32° 21’ 07’’ E
Gaza
Massingir
Between Massingire and Caniçado,
right bank of river Elefantes
42
23° 11’ 42’’ S
35° 23’ 01’’ E
Inhambane
Massinga
Massinga
Massinga, river of stones
43
23° 08’ 19’’ S
32° 15’ 26’’ E
Gaza
Guijá, between Mapai and
Combomune, banks of river Limpopo
44
22° 55’ 29’’ S
32° 01’ 47’’ E
Gaza
Chicualacuala
Mapai
Guijá, between Mapai and Mabalane,
13 miles from Mapai
45
22° 50’ 35’’ S
31° 57’ 47’’ E
Gaza
Chicualacuala
Mapai
Alto Limpopo, Mapai
46
22° 16’ 02’’ S
35° 06’ 58’’ E
Inhambane
Vilankulo
Mapinhane
Vilanculos, Mapinhane
47
22° 15’ 14’’ S
32° 54’ 59’’ E
Gaza
Chigubo
Chigubo
Alto de Limpopo, Mapai, régulo
Machaila
48
22° 10’ 30’’ S
33° 59’ 09’’ E
Inhambane
Mabote
Mabote
Govuro, between Mabote and Zimane,
47,373km
49
22° 00’ 51’’ S
32° 48’ 02’’ E
Gaza
Chigubo
Chigubo
Alto Limpopo, between Massangena
and Mapai, indigenous settlement of Chêgaméne
50
22° 00’ 00’’ S
35° 19’ 00’’ E
Inhambane
Vilankulo
Vilankulo
Vilanculos, near Vilanculos
51
21° 59’ 01’’ S
35° 19’ 02’’ E
Inhambane
Vilankulo
Vilankulo
Vilanculos, Mucoque
52
21° 38’ 01’’ S
32° 51’ 08’’ E
Gaza
Massangena
Alto Limpopo, between Massangena
and Mapai
53
21° 30’ 53’’ S
34° 37’ 08’’ E
Inhambane
Govuro
Save
Govuro, between Mabote and Nova
Mambone
54
20° 59’ 17’’ S
35° 01’ 20’’ E
Inhambane
Govuro
Nova Mambone
Govuro, Mambone surroundings,
banks of river Save
55
20° 53’ 42’’ S
34° 38’ 50’’ E
Sofala
Machanga
Mambone, km 50, route to Buzi
56
19° 58’ 40’’ S
33° 25’ 03’’ E
Manica
Sussundenga
Dombe
Manica, banks of river Lucite
57
19° 51’ 33’’ S
34° 02’ 49’’ E
Sofala
Chibabava
Goonda
Buzi, between Quicuaxa and
Grudga
58
19° 50’ 37’’ S
34° 53’ 58’’ E
Sofala
Cidade da Beira
Beira, near the lighthouse
59
19° 43’ 39’’ S
34° 49’ 26’’ E
Sofala
From Macuti (lighthouse) to
Buzi
60
19° 41’ 20’’ S
33° 18’ 04’’ E
Manica
Sussundenga
Manica, Mavita, Chicuizo
61
19° 35’ 47’’ S
33° 21’ 52’’ E
Manica
Sussundenga
Sussundenga
Manica, forest of Muribane
62
19° 35’ 43’’ S
34° 44’ 25’’ E
Sofala
Dondo
Dondo
Beira, Dondo
63
19° 32’ 49’’ S
33° 02’ 09’’ E
Manica
Sussundenga
Manica, Mavita, between
administrative site and Rotanda
64
19° 32’ 47’’ S
32° 53’ 13’’ E
Manica
Sussundenga
Rotanda
Manica, Mavita, between grains
site and the border
65
19° 32’ 19’’ S
33° 06’ 02’’ E
Manica
Sussundenga
Manica, between Mavita and the
intersection of route to Macequece
66
19° 31’ 07’’ S
33° 09’ 02’’ E
Manica
Sussundenga
Manica, Mavita, Mabongo
67
19° 30’ 30’’ S
32° 53’ 13’’ E
Manica
Sussundenga
Rotanda
Manica, Mavita, valley of
Mozambique
68
19° 30’ 27’’ S
32° 53’ 21’’ E
Manica
Sussundenga
Rotanda
Manica, Mavita, valley of
Mozambique
69
19° 29’ 11’’ S
33° 17’ 12’’ E
Manica
Manica, Mavita, between the
intersection of route to Alface and Mabongo
70
19° 29’ 00’’ S
32° 51’ 01’’ E
Manica
Sussundenga
Rotanda
Manica, Rotanda, Xirôso mount
71
19° 27’ 23’’ S
33° 07’ 14’’ E
Manica
Sussundenga
Manica, between Mavita and river
Munhinga
72
19° 27’ 03’’ S
33° 17’ 07’’ E
Manica
Sussundenga
Sussundenga
Manica, Mavita, banks of river
Munhinga
73
19° 26’ 36’’ S
34° 31’ 56’’ E
Sofala
Buzi, banks of river Púnguè, on
the way to Dondo
74
19° 25’ 27’’ S
34° 19’ 53’’ E
Sofala
Nhamatanda
Vila Machado, right bank of river
Muda
75
19° 21’ 22’’ S
34° 18’ 08’’ E
Sofala
Nhamatanda
Tica
Vila Machado, Lamego, banks of
river Muda
76
19° 20’ 04’’ S
33° 56’ 26’’ E
Sofala
Nhamatanda
Nhamatanda
Vila Machado, between rivers
Mucuzi and Muda
77
19° 18’ 58’’ S
33° 18’ 50’’ E
Manica
Between Vila Pery and Mavita
78
19° 14’ 32’’ S
34° 04’ 11’’ E
Sofala
Nhamatanda
Nhamatanda
Vila Machado, mountain ridge of
Chiluvo
79
19° 14’ 23’’ S
34° 07’ 23’’ E
Sofala
Nhamatanda
Nhamatanda
Vila Machado, Nharuchonga
80
19° 13’ 20’’ S
34° 13’ 25’’ E
Sofala
Nhamatanda
Nhamatanda
Between Vila Machado and river
Metuchira
81
19° 11’ 16’’ S
33° 52’ 42’’ E
Manica
Gondola
Inchope
Between Vila Machado and
Amatongas
82
19° 07’ 40’’ S
34° 53’ 47’’ E
Sofala
Muanza
Galinha
Cheringoma, Durúndi
83
19° 06’ 16’’ S
33° 48’ 47’’ E
Manica
Gondola
Amatongas
Chimoio, Catholic Mission of
Amatongas
84
19° 05’ 45’’ S
33° 15’ 57’’ E
Manica
Manica
Vandúzi
Chimoio, Bandula, mountain ridge
of Chibata
85
19° 05’ 31’’ S
33° 46’ 58’’ E
Manica
Gondola
Amatongas
Chimoio, between Amatongas and
mountain ridge of Braunstein
86
19° 04’ 17’’ S
33° 27’ 12’’ E
Manica
Gondola
Chimoio, between Tembe and Vila
Pery
87
19° 04’ 05’’ S
33° 29’ 24’’ E
Manica
Gondola
Chimoio, Tembe, mountain ridge of
Chindaza, Chizombero mountain
88
19° 03’ 13’’ S
33° 12’ 16’’ E
Manica
Manica
Chimoio, between Bandula and
Chibata
89
19° 03’ 05’’ S
33° 45’ 18’’ E
Manica
Gondola
Amatongas
Chimoio, Gondola, 5km from
mountain ridge of Braunstein
90
19° 02’ 46’’ S
33° 48’ 42’’ E
Manica
Gondola
Amatongas
Gondola, banks of river
Nhamissenguere
91
19° 02’ 45’’ S
33° 50’ 54’’ E
Manica
Gondola
Amatongas
Chimoio, Gondola, near river
Nhamouare
92
19° 01’ 50’’ S
33° 45’ 56’’ E
Manica
Gondola
Amatongas
Chimoio, mountain ridge of
Nharo-Nharo
93
19° 00’ 57’’ S
33° 53’ 52’’ E
Manica
Gondola
Amatongas
Chimoio, Gondola,
Mupindanganga
94
19° 00’ 42’’ S
33° 08’ 36’’ E
Manica
Manica
Messica
Chimoio, Bandula
95
19° 00’ 06’’ S
33° 06’ 53’’ E
Manica
Manica
Messica
Region of Garuzo, Vila Pery
96
18° 59’ 45’’ S
33° 09’ 25’’ E
Manica
Manica
Messica
Chimoio, between Garuzo and
Bandula
97
18° 59’ 30’’ S
33° 25’ 13’’ E
Manica
Gondola
Matsinho
Mountains of Tembe, Chimoio
98
18° 59’ 24’’ S
32° 52’ 54’’ E
Manica
Manica
Manica, Macequece, mountain ridge
of Vumba
99
18° 59’ 08’’ S
34° 34’ 25’’ E
Sofala
Between Amatongas and Gorongosa,
river Púnguè
100
18° 57’ 58’’ S
32° 47’ 45’’ E
Manica
Manica
Between Macequece and the
border
101
18° 57’ 29’’ S
33° 01’ 21’’ E
Manica
Manica
Between river Douro and Vila de
Manica
102
18° 57’ 07’’ S
33° 02’ 55’’ E
Manica
Manica
Messica
Chimoio, right bank of river
Revuè
103
18° 57’ 04’’ S
33° 16’ 07’’ E
Manica
Manica
Vandúzi
Chimoio, Vandúzi, near the
beginning of route Vandúzi-Tete
104
18° 56’ 54’’ S
33° 13’ 17’’ E
Manica
Manica
Vandúzi
Chimoio, Belas
105
18° 56’ 54’’ S
33° 13’ 19’’ E
Manica
Manica
Vandúzi
Bottom of mountains of Belas,
Chimoio
106
18° 56’ 51’’ S
33° 04’ 07’’ E
Manica
Manica
Messica
Chimoio, Garuzo surroundings
107
18° 56’ 50’’ S
33° 12’ 37’’ E
Manica
Manica
Vandúzi
Chimoio, from Zembe to Garuso
(mountain ridge), hill of quarry
108
18° 56’ 42’’ S
33° 09’ 04’’ E
Manica
Manica
Chimoio, Serra de Garuso
109
18° 56’ 11’’ S
33° 13’ 04’’ E
Manica
Manica
Vandúzi
Chimoio, river Vanduzi, route to
Vila Pery
110
18° 56’ 00’’ S
32° 53’ 00’’ E
Manica
Manica
Manica, Macequece, Mission of N.S.
do Rosário de Jécua
111
18° 54’ 59’’ S
33° 09’ 14’’ E
Manica
Manica
Chimoio, mountain ridge of
Garuso
112
18° 53’ 19’’ S
33° 16’ 32’’ E
Manica
Manica
Vandúzi
Chimoio, route to Báruè, river
Licui
113
18° 39’ 37’’ S
34° 48’ 00’’ E
Sofala
Cheringoma, between mountain ridge
of Durundi and Inhaminga
114
18° 32’ 35’’ S
34° 04’ 16’’ E
Sofala
Gorongosa
Gorongosa, bottom of mountain
ridge of Gorongosa
115
18° 31’ 51’’ S
34° 02’ 28’’ E
Sofala
Gorongosa
Gorongosa, bottom of mountain
ridge of Gorongosa, river Chitunga
116
18° 29’ 08’’ S
33° 58’ 51’’ E
Sofala
Gorongosa
Nhamadzi
Gorongosa, bottom of mountain
ridge of Gorongosa, régulo Canda
117
18° 25’ 44’’ S
34° 02’ 18’’ E
Sofala
Gorongosa
Nhamadzi
Mountain ridge of Gorong, Gogôgo
mountain
118
18° 25’ 12’’ S
35° 03’ 45’’ E
Sofala
Cheringoma
Inhaminga
Cheringoma, Inhaminga, mountaind
ridge of Tumba
119
18° 24’ 02’’ S
34° 04’ 18’’ E
Sofala
Gorongosa
Gorongosa, mountain ridge
Gorongosa
120
18° 18’ 40’’ S
33° 13’ 36’’ E
Manica
Báruè
Chimoio, Catholic Mission of
Amatongas
121
18° 04’ 18’’ S
33° 08’ 57’’ E
Manica
Báruè
Catandica
Vila Gouveia, mountain ridge of
Choa, bank of Talanganga
122
18° 01’ 16’’ S
35° 33’ 51’’ E
Sofala
Marromeu
Chupanga
Marromeu, near Site of
Lacerdónia
123
17° 54’ 23’’ S
35° 48’ 23’’ E
Zambézia
Mopeia
Mopeia
Mopeia, from Mopeia to
Nicuadala
124
17° 26’ 24’’ S
35° 04’ 26’’ E
Tete
Mutarara
Mutarara
125
16° 48’ 53’’ S
36° 59’ 40’’ E
Zambézia
Mocuba
Mocuba
Mocuba, Farming Site of
Mocuba
126
16° 29’ 06’’ S
34° 28’ 26’’ E
Tete
Mutarara
Doa
Mutarara, km 148 of Railway of
Tete
127
16° 27’ 29’’ S
33° 08’ 56’’ E
Tete
Changara
Tete, between Tete and Chioco
128
16° 25’ 00’’ S
32° 49’ 29’’ E
Tete
Changara
Chipembere
Chioco, banks of river Luia
129
16° 19’ 42’’ S
34° 21’ 11’’ E
Tete
Mutarara
Doa
Near Moatize
130
16° 12’ 21’’ S
35° 47’ 42’’ E
Zambézia
Milange
Milange
Milange, Milange surroundings
131
16° 07’ 21’’ S
33° 45’ 12’’ E
Tete
Moatize
Moatize
Moatize surroundings
132
16° 06’ 09’’ S
35° 46’ 12’’ E
Zambézia
Milange
Milange
Milange, tea plantation of S.
Miguel
133
16° 04’ 53’’ S
35° 48’ 33’’ E
Zambézia
Milange
Milange
Milange, mountain ridge of
Tumbine
134
16° 01’ 18’’ S
37° 09’ 05’’ E
Zambézia
Gúruè, km 83, route to Errego
135
15° 54’ 11’’ S
37° 09’ 10’’ E
Zambézia
Ile
Ile, 137km from Gurué to
Mocuba
136
15° 36’ 47’’ S
34° 27’ 28’’ E
Tete
Moatize
Zobué
Mountain of Zóbuè
137
15° 35’ 42’’ S
34° 24’ 56’’ E
Tete
Moatize
Zobué
Zóbuè
138
15° 27’ 13’’ S
32° 15’ 28’’ E
Tete
Marávia
Chipera
Marávia, between Fínguè and
Chicoa
139
15° 26’ 32’’ S
36° 57’ 49’’ E
Zambézia
Gúruè
Gúruè
Near Tea Society of Mozambique.
Mountain ridge of Gúruè
140
15° 24’ 59’’ S
37° 04’ 21’’ E
Zambézia
Gúruè
Gúruè, on top of mountain ridge.
Banks of river Marrequelo.
141
15° 24’ 34’’ S
36° 58’ 12’’ E
Zambézia
Gúruè
Gúruè
Mountain ridge of Gúruè, near
waterfall of river Licungo
142
15° 15’ 10’’ S
33° 44’ 58’’ E
Tete
Macanga
Furancungo
Macanga, mountain ridge
Pandalanjala
143
15° 07’ 11’’ S
39° 15’ 53’’ E
Nampula
Cidade de Nampula
Nampula, Nampula surroundings
144
15° 03’ 22’’ S
39° 09’ 11’’ E
Nampula
Nampula
Nampula, Navaca cliff
145
15° 02’ 48’’ S
40° 43’ 37’’ E
Nampula
Ilha de Moçambique
Ilha de Moçambique
Ilha de Moçambique
146
14° 59’ 22’’ S
38° 16’ 02’’ E
Nampula
Ribaué
Ribaué
Ribáuè, near the Farming Site
147
14° 58’ 29’’ S
38° 07’ 46’’ E
Nampula
Ribaué
Ribáuè, 25km from Farming
Site
148
14° 51’ 21’’ S
33° 36’ 40’’ E
Tete
Macanga
Furancungo
Macanga, 7km from Furancungo
149
14° 45’ 16’’ S
33° 38’ 51’’ E
Tete
Macanga
Furancungo
Between Furancungo and Angónia,
15-20km from Furancungo, route to Vila Coutinho
150
14° 45’ 15’’ S
33° 38’ 51’’ E
Tete
Angónia, in the plateau
151
14° 43’ 54’’ S
36° 57’ 06’’ E
Niassa
Cuamba
Cuamba
Amaramba, Cuamba surroundings
152
14° 37’ 11’’ S
34° 05’ 07’’ E
Tete
Angónia
Domué
Angónia, route from Furancungo to
Angónia, near Régulo Chide
153
14° 19’ 05’’ S
35° 36’ 22’’ E
Niassa
Mandimba
Mandimba
Amaramba, route from Mandimba to
Vila Cabral
154
14° 16’ 47’’ S
35° 33’ 51’’ E
Niassa
Mandimba
Mandimba
Amaramba, 13km from Mandimba,
route to Vila Cabral
155
14° 11’ 34’’ S
35° 58’ 03’’ E
Niassa
Mandimba
Amaramba, Mandimba, banks of river
Lugenda
156
13° 49’ 42’’ S
37° 14’ 28’’ E
Niassa
Maúa
Maúa
Marrupa, Maúa, route to Montepuez,
at km 10, stream Namisso
157
13° 49’ 03’’ S
37° 13’ 08’’ E
Niassa
Maúa
Maúa
Metonia, mountain ridge
Mecopo
158
13° 21’ 00’’ S
35° 38’ 36’’ E
Niassa
Lichinga
Chimbonila
Between Vila Cabral and Litunde,
60km from Vila Cabral
159
13° 07’ 32’’ S
38° 59’ 59’’ E
Cabo Delgado
Montepuez
Montepuez, flatland near
Montepuez
160
13° 00’ 45’’ S
40° 31’ 55’’ E
Cabo Delgado
Cidade de Pemba
Porto Amélia surroundings, route
from Montepuez
161
12° 58’ 01’’ S
40° 30’ 27’’ E
Cabo Delgado
Cidade de Pemba
Porto Amélia, at bathing
beach
162
12° 41’ 42’’ S
34° 48’ 57’’ E
Niassa
Lago
Metangula
Metangula, bank of lake
Niassa
163
12° 33’ 21’’ S
38° 59’ 44’’ E
Cabo Delgado
Montepuez
Macondes, 67km from Montepuez to
Mueda, near Nairoto
164
11° 45’ 11’’ S
40° 25’ 54’’ E
Cabo Delgado
Macomia
Between Palma and Mocimboa da
Praia
165
11° 39’ 46’’ S
39° 33’ 02’’ E
Cabo Delgado
Mueda
Mueda
Macondes, between Mueda and
Nangade
166
11° 01’ 19’’ S
39° 43’ 59’’ E
Cabo Delgado
Nangade
Nangade
Tungue, 10km from Nangade, route
to Palma
167
10° 31’ 28’’ S
40° 23’ 51’’ E
Cabo Delgado
Palma
Palma, bank of river Rovuma
Source: Organized by the authors from Mendonça (1942-1945;
1947-1948); Garcia (1948); Torre (1947-1948) and Barbosa
(1947-1948). Geographic coordinates using WGS84 datum
II
of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (CITES,
2012CITES. The convention on international trade in endangered
species of wild fauna and flora. Apêndices I, II e III válidos para
25 set. 2012. Disponível em: http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php. Acesso
em: 31 ago. 2012. 25 set. 2012.
http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices....
), hence prompting the need for monitoring its trade in order to
avoid incompatibilities between its use and the survival of the species.
Final considerations
Herbarium collections often include references or notes on their specimens’ sheets about the different uses of species registered in the field. However, it seems that the information recorded in collectors’ field books hasn’t always been transferred to the herbarium labels. Thus, despite the efforts of many herbaria to catalogue and divulge information in recent years, only actively seeking references to, in this case, medicinal uses in field books may reveal all the information collected. From the information on 71 taxa (seventy species and 1 genus), the medicinal uses of 34 species that might not yet have been reported for Mozambique were identified. The therapeutic uses of five of these species might have not yet been reported for the African continent. In total, there are 58 uses presumably not yet reported for Mozambique.
The majority of the plant species referred are woody plants (trees or shrubs), mostly from the afrotropical realm.
The results presented in this study uncover the contribution of the Botanical Mission to Mozambique to the identification of plants with potential medicinal use, also allowing to consider whether undiscovered information is available from other Missions organized in the same context and which might have not been sufficiently assessed. As such, efforts should be made to readdress this sort of documentation in search of new information about the uses and applications of medicinal plants.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was financed by FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal) through contract HC/0046/2009 (Project MAERUA). The authors would like to express their deepest thanks to S.V. for reviewing the english version of the manuscript.
Appendix 1
REFERÊNCIAS
- AFRICAN PLANTS DATABASE. African Plants Database (version 3.4.0). Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève; South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Disponível em: http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. s.d.
» http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/ - BANDEIRA, Salomão O.; GASPAR, Felisbela; PAGULA, Felisberto P. African ethnobotany and healthcare: emphasis on Mozambique. Pharmaceutical Biology, v.39, n.1, p.70-73. 2001.
- BARBOSA, Luís Augusto Grandvaux. Caderno e notas de campo da Missão Botânica de Moçambique: campanha de 1947-1948, n.616 a 1.740. Herbário LISC. LISCCFB005. (Jardim Botânico Tropical/Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Lisboa). 1947-1948.
- BART, Henry L. et al. GEOLocate Web Application Tulane University Biodiversity Research Institute. Disponível em: http://www.museum.tulane.edu/geolocate/web/WebGeoref.aspx. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. 2010.
» http://www.museum.tulane.edu/geolocate/web/WebGeoref.aspx - BIOGEOMANCER. Biogeomancer Georeferencing Workbench. BioGeomancer research consortium, University of California, Berkeley. Disponível em: http://www.biogeomancer.org/. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. 2005.
» http://www.biogeomancer.org/ - BRUSCHI, Piero et al. Traditional healers and laypeople: a qualitative and quantitative approach to local knowledge on medicinal plants in Muda (Mozambique). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, v.138, n.2, p.543-563. 2011.
- BURKILL, Humphrey M. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, v.5. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 2000.
- BURKILL, Humphrey M. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, v.4. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 1997.
- BURKILL, Humphrey M. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, v.3. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 1995.
- BURKILL, Humphrey M. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, v.2. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 1994.
- BURKILL, Humphrey M. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, v.1. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 1985.
- CARTER, Susan; LEACH, Leslie C. Tribe Euphorbieae. In: Pope, Gerald V. (Ed.). Flora Zambesiaca, v.9, part. 5. London: The Flora Zambeziaca Managing Committee. p.1-465. 2001.
- CARVALHO, Luís M.M. Estudos de etnobotânica e botânica económica no Alentejo. Tese (Doutorado em Biologia) – Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra. 2006.
- CASTELO, Cláudia. Investigação científica e política colonial portuguesa: evolução e articulações, 1936-1974. História, Ciências, Saúde –Manguinhos, v.19, n.2, p.391-408. 2012.
- CHEIKHYOUSSEF, Ahmad et al. Ethnobotanical study of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plant use by traditional healers in Oshikoto region, Namibia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, v.7, n.10, p.1-11. 2011.
- CITES. The convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora Apêndices I, II e III válidos para 25 set. 2012. Disponível em: http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. 25 set. 2012.
» http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php - CONDE, Patrícia; MARTINS, Ana Cristina. A Missão Botânica de Moçambique (1942-1948): do Instituto Botânico da Universidade de Coimbra à Junta das Missões Geográficas e de Investigações Coloniais. In: Congresso Luso-Brasileiro de História das Ciências, 2011, Coimbra. Actas... Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade. p.1120-1135. 2011.
- CUNNINGHAM, Anthony B. African medicinal plants: setting priorities at the interface between conservation and primary healthcare. People and Plants Working Paper, n.1. Paris: Unesco. 1993.
- ESRI. Environmental Systems Research Institute. ArcGIS 9.3 Geocoding Technology California: Esri. 2009.
- FEIJÃO, Raúl de Oliveira. Elucidário fitológico: plantas vulgares de Portugal continental, insular e ultramarino, v.3. Lisboa: Instituto Botânico de Lisboa. 1963.
- FEIJÃO, Raúl de Oliveira. Elucidário fitológico: plantas vulgares de Portugal continental, insular e ultramarino, v.2. Lisboa: Instituto Botânico de Lisboa. 1961.
- GARCIA, José Gonçalves. Livro e notas de campo da Missão Botânica de Moçambique: campanha de 1947-1948, n.1 a 1.001. Herbário LISC. LISCCFB041 (Jardim Botânico Tropical/Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Lisboa). 1948.
- GEONETWORK. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO GeoNetwork Database. Disponível em: http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/main.home. Acesso em: 31 jul. 2012. 2003.
» http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/main - GOWELA, Julio P. et al. The status of medicinal trees used in child healthcare in ten villages surrounding Dzalanyama Forest Reserve in Malawi. Bunda Journal of Agriculture, Environmental Science and Technology, v.3, n.1, p.39-48. 2005.
- HAMILTON, Alan C. Medicinal plants, conservation and livelihoods. Biodiversity and Conservation, v.13, n.8, p.1477-1517. 2004.
- HOSTETTMANN, Kurt et al. The potential of African drugs as a source of drugs. Current Organic Chemistry, v.4, n.10, p.973-1010. 2000.
- HYDE, Mark A. et al. Flora of Mozambique Disponível em: http://www.mozambiqueflora.com/index.php. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. 2007.
» http://www.mozambiqueflora.com/index.php - HYDE, Mark A. et al. Flora of Zimbabwe Disponível em: http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/index.php. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. 2002.
» http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/index.php - IUCN. International Union for Conservation of Nature The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2012.1. Disponível em: http://www.iucnredlist.org/. Acesso em: 31 set. 2012. 2012.
» http://www.iucnredlist.org/ - JANSEN, Paul C.M.; MENDES, Orlando. Plantas medicinais: seu uso tradicional em Moçambique, t.4. Maputo: Gabinete de Estudos de Medicina Tradicional. 1991.
- JANSEN, Paul C.M.; MENDES, Orlando. Plantas medicinais: seu uso tradicional em Moçambique, t.3. Maputo: Gabinete de Estudos de Medicina Tradicional. 1990.
- JANSEN, Paul C.M.; MENDES, Orlando. Plantas medicinais: seu uso tradicional em Moçambique, t.2. Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Livro e do Disco. 1984.
- JANSEN, Paul C.M.; MENDES, Orlando. Plantas medicinais: seu uso tradicional em Moçambique, t.1. Maputo: Gabinete de Estudos de Medicina Tradicional. 1983.
- KOKWARO, John O. Medicinal plants of East Africa Kenya: University of Nairobi Press. 2009.
- KROG, Mogens; FALCÃO, Mario P.; OLSEN, Carsten S. Medicinal plant markets and trade in Maputo, Mozambique. Forest and Landscape Working Papers, n.16. Denmark: Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning/Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University. 2006.
- LIMA, Américo Pires de. Esboço de um plano de investigação científica colonial no que respeita às plantas medicinais. Anais da Faculdade de Farmácia do Porto, v.8, separata. 1948.
- MARRUFO, Tatiana et al. Chemical characterization and determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the leaves of Moringa oleifera International Network Environmental Management Conflicts, v.2, n.1, p.1-15. 2013.
- MENDES, Eduardo J. A Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar e a flora de África: missões e Centro de Botânica. Boletim de Sociedade Broteriana, v.54, p.202-215. 1980.
- MENDONÇA, Francisco de Ascensão. Caderno e notas de campo da Missão Botânica de Moçambique, campanha de 1947-1948, n.3.501 a 4.511. Herbário LISC. LISCCFB056 (Jardim Botânico Tropical/Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Lisboa). 1947-1948.
- MENDONÇA, Francisco de Ascensão. Caderno e notas de campo da Missão Botânica de Moçambique, campanha de 1942, 1944-1945, n.1 a 3.493. Herbário LISC. LISCCFB055 (Jardim Botânico Tropical/Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Lisboa). 1942-1945.
- NWAFOR, Paul A. et al. Effects of methanolic extract of Asparagus pubescens root on sexual behavior and pituitary hormone secretion on Wistar rats during pregnancy and lactation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, v.113, n.3, p.492-497. 2007.
- OLSON, David M. et al. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth. Bioscience, v.51, n.11, p.933-938. 2001.
- PALGRAVE, Keith C. et al. Trees of Southern Africa Cape Town: C. Struik. 1981.
- PALGRAVE, Olive H.C. et al. Trees of Central Africa Rhodesia: National Publications Trust. 1957.
- PARASKEVA, Maria P. et al. The in vitro biological activity of selected South African Commiphora species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, v.119, n.3, p.673-679. 2008.
- PORTUGAL. Ministério das Colónias. Ocupação científica do ultramar português: plano elaborado pela Junta das Missões Geográficas e de Investigações Coloniais e Parecer do Conselho do Império Colonial. Lisboa: Agência Geral das Colónias. 1945.
- PORTUGAL. Ministério das Colónias. Decreto-lei n.32.021, de 18 de maio de 1942. Cria a Junta das Missões Geográficas e de Investigações Coloniais a Missão Botânica de Moçambique e define a sua organização e os seus objectivos. Diário do Governo, n.114, p.404-406. 18 maio 1942.
- PRELUDE. Prelude Medicinal plants database. Metafro-Infosys, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Disponível em: http://www.metafro.be/prelude. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. 2003.
» http://www.metafro.be/prelude - PROTA. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Prota web database. Disponível em: http://www.prota4u.info/. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. s.d.
» http://www.prota4u.info/ - RADCLIFFE-SMITH, Alan. Euphorbiaceae. In: Pope, Gerald V. Flora zambesiaca, v.9, part 4. London: The Flora Zambesiaca Managing Committee. p.1-337. 1996.
- RIBEIRO, Ana et al. Ethnobotanical survey in Canhane village, district of Massingir, Mozambique: medicinal plants and traditional knowledge. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, v.6, n.33, p.1-15. 2010.
- ROMEIRAS, Maria M. et al. Medicinal plants used to treat neurological disorders in West Africa: a case study with Guinea-Bissau flora. American Journal of Plant Sciences, v.3, n.7A, p.1028-1036. 2012.
- ROQUE, Ana Cristina. Historical information on biodiversity and traditional knowledge: Medicinal plants and phyto-therapeutic practices in central Mozambique. International Network Environmental Management Conflicts, v.2. n.1, p.32-44. 2013.
- ROQUE, Ana Cristina. Breves noções sobre a medicina cafreal do districto de Sofala ou sobre os conhecimentos que os portugueses tinham das virtudes e usos das plantas e ervas medicinais na costa sul-oriental de África na segunda metade do século XIX. Anais de História de Além-Mar, v.2, p.211-272. 2001.
- ROUX, Jacobus P. Salicaceae. In: Flora of South Africa Pretoria: National Botanical Institute. Disponível em: http://plants.jstor.org/flora/flosa002810365604001. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. 2003.
» http://plants.jstor.org/flora/flosa002810365604001 - SARAIVA, Susana; FIGUEIRA, Rui; CONDE, Patrícia. Flora de Moçambique com valor económico: a contribuição da Missão Botânica na década de 40 do séc. XX. Congreso Ibérico de Estudios Africanos, 8., 2012, Madrid. Actas... Disponível em: http://www.ciea8.org. 2012. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. 2012.
» http://www.ciea8.org - SCHMIDT, Ernst; LÖTTER, Mervyn; MCCLELAND, Warren. Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Johannesburg: Jacana. 2002.
- SEPASAL. Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Disponível em: http://apps.kew.org/sepasalweb/sepaweb. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. 1999.
» http://apps.kew.org/sepasalweb/sepaweb - SIBIS. Sanbi’s Integrated Biodiversity Information System. South African National Biodiversity Institute (Sanbi). Disponível em: http://sibis.sanbi.org/. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. 2009.
» http://sibis.sanbi.org/ - SOBIECKI, Jean-François. A preliminary inventory of plants used for psychoactive purposes in southern African healing traditions. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, v.57, n.1-2, p.1-24. 2002.
- SPECIFY 6. Specify Software Project. Lawrence: Biodiversity Research Center/University of Kansas. 2009.
- TORRE, António Rocha da. Caderno e notas de campo da Missão Botânica de Moçambique, campanha de 1947-1948, n.7.000 a 8.082. Herbário LISC. LISCCFB076 (Jardim Botânico Tropical/Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Lisboa). 1947-1948.
- TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden’s Tropicos database. Disponível em: http://www.tropicos.org. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. s.d.
» http://www.tropicos.org - USDA. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (Grin). Online database. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Disponível em: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. s.d.
» http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl - WATT, John M.; BREYER-BRANDWIJK, Maria G. The medicinal and poisonous plants of Southern and Eastern Africa: being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmacological effects and toxicology in man and animal. London: E. and S. Livingstone. 1962.
- WELMAN, Wilhelmina G. The genus Solanum (Solanaceae) in southern Africa: subgenus Leptostemonum, the introduced sections Acanthophora and Torva. Bothalia, v.33, n.1, p.1-18. 2003.
- WHO. World Health Organisation. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy, 2002-2005. Geneva: WHO. 2002.
- WICK, Marc. GeoNames, the GeoNames geographical database. Disponível em: http://www.geonames.org/. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2012. s.d.
» http://www.geonames.org/ - WILD, Hiram; VIDIGAL, Maria P. Flacourtiaceae. In:Fernandes, Abílio (Ed.). Flora de Moçambique, v.16. Lisboa: Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical/Centro de Botânica. p.1-39. 1973.
NOTES
- 1
-
2
Catalogued specimens are available online through the Tropical Research Institute collections catalogue in http://maerua.iict.pt/colecoes.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
apr-jun 2014
History
-
Received
Oct 2012 -
Accepted
Dec 2013
