Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen En la década de 1930 y los años que precedieron al desenlace de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la sentencia del conde Keyserling “la hora actual es la hora de la eugenesia” enarboló ideas y prácticas que Nancy Stepan vio compartidas por distintos países latinoamericanos. Nos detendremos en los prolegómenos de esa etapa que constituyen una suerte de hora cero que la eugenesia vivió en Argentina al iniciar en la década de 1910 su institucionalización y conformar un nuevo campo científico. Es un período signado por las tensiones intra e interdisciplinarias, la lucha por el monopolio de la autoridad científica y los diálogos entre ideología y poder, donde se inscribe una eugenesia de rasgos viscosos, cuya polifonía inicial perdurará hasta 1932.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract From the 1930s until the end of the Second World War, Count Keyserling’s statement that “the hour of eugenics is at hand” was used to champion ideas and practices that Nancy Stepan argues were shared by different Latin American countries. We focus on the period prior to that, a sort of zero hour of eugenics in Argentina, which began institutionalizing in 1910 and emerged as a new scientific field. This period was marked by intra- and interdisciplinary tensions, a struggle to monopolize scientific authority, and dialogues between ideology and power in which a viscous type of eugenics was inscribed, whose initial polyphony lasted until 1932.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen Este artículo se ocupa de delinear las características principales del estereotipo de familia promovido por la institución emblemática del eugenismo argentino, la Sociedad Argentina de Eugenesia, organización que, nacida en 1945, pervivió en el país hasta la década de 1970. Se exploran aquí las conductas esperables tanto del hombre/marido como de la mujer/esposa; develándose los principales comportamientos requeridos para constituir esa familia ideal, organizada en torno a patrones sustentados en una pretendida moral sexual de sesgo eminentemente confesional.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This article seeks to outline the main features of the stereotype of family promoted by the emblematic institution of the Argentine eugenics movement, the Argentine Eugenics Society (Sociedad Argentina de Eugenesia), an organization founded in 1945 that remained active in the country until the 1970s. It explores the conduct expected both of the man/husband and of the woman/wife, and shows the principal behaviors required to constitute the ideal family, the outlines of which were based on set of sexual moral with an eminently religious bias.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen El médico chileno Hans Betzhold publicó en 1939 el libro Eugenesia, obra que recibió múltiples galardones y tuvo una segunda edición en 1942. Ambas ediciones y la participación de Betzhold en las Segundas Jornadas Peruanas de Eugenesia de 1943 lo muestran como un actor importante del campo eugénico chileno. Este trabajo analiza su transición desde la publicación de Eugenesia, en la cual propone una Oficina Nacional de Eugenesia aunando proyectos y leyes existentes para hacer realidad el ideal eugénico hasta su intervención, en el año 1943 en la que su optimismo cede a la decepción en torno a la tarea de engendrar un “superhombre chileno”.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The Chilean physician Hans Betzhold published the book Eugenesia (Eugenics) in 1939, which was a work that received multiple awards and ran to a second edition in 1942. Both editions and the participation of Betzhold at the Second Peruvian Conference on Eugenics in 1943 attest to the fact that he was an important actor in the field of Chilean eugenics. This paper analyzes his transition from the publication of Eugenesia, in which he proposes a National Eugenics Department combining existing projects and laws to make the eugenic ideal a reality until its intervention, in the year 1943, when his optimism yields to disillusion regarding the task of creating a “Chilean superman.”

Resumo em Português:

Resumo O artigo analisa a obra A vida sexual, do neurologista português Egas Moniz, que intencionava com ela divulgar instruções médicas sobre o corpo sexuado. Compilada nos tomos “Fisiologia” e “Patologia” em 1902, teve 19 edições até sua censura pelo Estado Novo português, em 1933. Nela, Moniz elabora um discurso de diferenciação sexual ancorado em ampla bibliografia produzida entre fins do século XIX e início do século XX, em um contexto de intensos debates acerca de papéis de gênero. Observa-se que seu autor recorreu a múltiplos dispositivos de significação da sexualidade – como a eugenia e a teoria freudiana – para difundir sua ideia de que “o homem é essencialmente sexual, a mulher é essencialmente mãe”.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract An analysis is presented of A vida sexual (The sexual life), by Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz, in which the author divulged medical instructions about the sexed body. Complied in two volumes – “Physiology” and “Pathology” – in 1902, it was edited 19 times until it was censored under the Portuguese military dictatorship in 1933. In the work, Moniz devises a discourse of sexual differentiation anchored in an extensive bibliography produced between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in a context of intense debate about gender roles. Moniz drew on several theories to define sexuality – including eugenics and Freudian theory – to express his idea that “man is essentially sexual, woman is essentially mother.”

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen El neomalthusianismo anarquista está recibiendo una creciente atención historiográfica. El artículo pretende abordar la siguiente pregunta: ¿Tuvo algo que ver el primer neomalthusianismo anarquista barcelonés con la eugenesia? ¿Hasta qué punto y cómo? Para responder a ello el artículo tiene en cuenta el carácter transnacional del movimiento anarquista en el que las ciudades ocupaban un lugar esencial. Cosa que se materializaba en la fuerte conexión entre el grupo barcelonés y el francés, heredero de las enseñanzas de Paul Robin. La tesis del artículo es que, aunque el neomalthusianismo y el anarquismo eran movimientos distintos, el hecho de que se comparta el objetivo de regenerar la especie permitía establecer puntos de contacto aun cuando ocasionalmente los anarquistas rechazaran formalmente a la eugenesia.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Anarchist neo-Malthusianism is increasingly receiving historiographical attention. This article deals with the following question: Did early anarchist neo-Malthusianism in Barcelona have anything to do with eugenics? To what extent, and how? To answer this, the article examines the transnational nature of the anarchist movement, in which cities played an essential role. This is shown in the strong connection between the Barcelona group and the French one, which had inherited the teachings of Paul Robin. The article’s thesis is that, although neo-Malthusianism and anarchism were different movements, the fact that they shared the goal of regenerating the species allows us to establish points of contact between them, even though the anarchists formally rejected eugenics on occasion.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen El artículo analiza el debate sobre neomalthusianismo y eugenesia que se realizó en medios anarquistas españoles en el primer tercio del siglo pasado. Con marcos teóricos poco utilizados hasta la fecha, se aportan nuevas interpretaciones acerca de lo que supuso la utilización del término eugenesia en las revistas neomalthusianas de inspiración anarquista. Enmarcado en una “lucha por el significado”, el neomalthusianismo español resignificó las ideas eugenésicas que tenían como finalidad recuperar el terreno político perdido en la iniciativa por el control individual de la sexualidad humana. Asimismo, se analiza el papel que desempeñó la estrategia de “acción directa” por parte del movimiento anarcosindicalista que consideraba las acciones emprendidas por los anarquistas individualistas como un complemento de su acción revolucionaria.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This article analyzes the debate on neo-Malthusianism and eugenics in Spanish anarchist publications in the first third of the last century. Using theoretical frameworks that have been under-utilized thus far, it provides new interpretations of what the term “eugenics” meant in pro-anarchist neo-Malthusian journals. Framed within a “struggle over meaning,” Spanish neo-Malthusianism re-signified eugenic ideas in an attempt to recover political ground that had been lost in the drive to promote individual control of human sexuality. This study also analyzes the role of the anarcho-syndicalist movement’s “direct action” strategy, in which actions undertaken by individualist anarchists were seen as a complement to revolutionary action.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo O fisiologista e vencedor do prêmio Nobel Charles Richet foi autor de numerosos escritos, incluindo romances e poesia. Eugenicista meticuloso, estava convencido de que uma seleção “intencional, conscienciosa, científica e metodológica” podeira atingir “qualquer resultado, contanto que tivéssemos paciência”. Ele acreditava que o crescimento quantitativo e qualitativo da população tinha importância vital para a França. Em La sélection humaine (1919) e em outros escritos, ele sonhava com uma seleção consciente criando “elites intelectuais”. Esse processo culminaria com a produção de uma “natureza humana superior, uma super-humanidade”. Crente aguerrido da herança de caracteres hereditários, Richet combinou darwinismo e lamarckismo.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The French physiologist and Nobel Prize winner Charles Richet was the author of an impressive quantity of writings, including novels and poetry. He was an out-and-out eugenicist, convinced that “intentional, conscious, scientific, and methodical” selection could achieve “any result, provided we have enough patience.” He believed that the quantitative and qualitative growth of the population was of vital importance for France. In La sélection humaine (1919) and other writings, he dreamt of conscious selection to create “intellectual élites.” This process would be crowned by the production of a “higher human nature, a real surhumanité.” A staunch believer in the inheritance of acquired characteristics, Richet combined Darwinism and Lamarckism.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen Este artículo pretende discutir de qué manera ciertos saberes y prácticas orientados al “mejoramiento de la raza” colombiana entre 1920 y 1930 son similares o pueden localizarse en el marco de lo que ha sido definido por la historiografía como “movimiento eugenésico latinoamericano”. El término de “higiene social” aparece en algunos textos médicos colombianos durante ese período para hablar del mejoramiento de una fracción de la población que se definía como “degenerada”. Se trata de contribuir a la reflexión sobre la necesidad de repensar las estrategias del “mejoramiento de la raza” como problemas locales, heterogéneos y diversos.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This article discusses the similarities between certain knowledges and practices focused on “improving the race” in Colombia from 1920-1930, showing how they can be located within a framework defined by historiography as the “Latin American eugenic movement.” The term “social hygiene” appears in some Colombian medical texts during this period to describe the improvement of a fraction of the population defined as “degenerate.” This study contributes to discussion of the need to rethink “racial improvement” strategies as local, heterogeneous, diverse problems.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen Se analiza de qué modo se articulan las nociones de degeneración y eugenesia en el campo de la siquiatría, en las primeras décadas del siglo XX, destacando la existencia de semejanzas y continuidades, pero también señalando sus diferencias y desacuerdos. Se analiza un momento particular de la historia de la siquiatría brasileña, en el cual los argumentos provenientes de la teoría de la degeneración y los argumentos e intervenciones eugenésicas se superponen y confunden, tomando como eje de discusión, entre otros textos, el trabajo de Renato Kehl denominado, “A esterilização dos grandes degenerados e criminosos”.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This article analyzes the notions of degeneration and eugenics in the field of psychiatry in the first decades of the twentieth century, stressing the existence of similarities and continuities, but also differences and conflicts between them. It analyzes a particular moment in the history of Brazilian psychiatry when arguments from degeneration theory and eugenic arguments and interventions became superimposed and mingled. It focuses, among other texts, on the work of Renato Kehl, “A esterilização dos grandes degenerados e criminosos”.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen La eugenesia como disciplina desembarcó en Argentina a principios del siglo XX. Contó con una amplia recepción entre intelectuales y profesionales de la salud, en medio de una serie de acciones tendientes a fortalecer redes tanto dentro del mundo académico como político. Entre las iniciativas surge, en 1934, la revista Viva Cien Años, como una publicación de carácter científico y popular, en intenciones. Este artículo presenta las posibilidades del corpus documental referido a la revista, publicada en Argentina hasta 1947. El eje central propone vincular la aparición de la publicación con la impronta de la eugenesia de los años 1930 en la Argentina y las estrategias tendientes a la conquista de la opinión pública.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Eugenics arrived in Argentina as a discipline at the beginning of the twentieth century. It was widely embraced by intellectuals and healthcare professionals, in the midst of a series of actions undertaken to strengthen networks within the academic and political worlds. One of those initiatives was the magazine Viva Cien Años, founded in 1934 as a popular science publication. This article presents the possibilities of the body of documentation relating to the magazine, which was published in Argentina until 1947. The central thesis argues that the appearance of this publication shows the impact of eugenics in the 1930s in Argentina, and its strategies for conquering public opinion.