Polypores from a Brazilian pine forest in Southern Brazil : pileate species

(Polypores from a Brazilian pine forest in Southern Brazil: pileate species). A fungal survey in the National Forest of São Francisco de Paula, in southern Brazil, displayed 38 pileate polypores species (eight Hymenochaetales and 30 Polyporales). Amauroderma coltricioides T.W. Henkel, Aime & Ryvarden and Inonotus fulvomelleus Murrill are recorded for the fist time from Brazil, whereas Antrodiella multipileata Log.-Leite & J.E. Wright and Junghuhnia minuta I. Lindblad & Ryvarden are new records to Rio Grande do Sul State. Keys to species and remarks on the taxa are presented.


Introduction
The polypore mycobiota of southern Brazil is poorly known, with only a few papers published recently (Góes Neto et al. 2000, Ryvarden & Meijer 2002, Groposo & Loguercio-Leite 2005, Meijer 2006, Dreschler-Santos et al 2008, Loguercio-Leite et al 2008).In the case of Rio Grande do Sul State, Rick (1960) published a preliminary checklist for Polyporaceae and Meruliaceae.More recently, Silveira & Guerrero (1991) provided an inventory of the polypores in Araucaria forests at Aparados da Serra National Park and Groposo & Loguercio-Leite (2002) provided a similar inventory in gallery forests at Cachoeirinha city.Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost State of Brazil, and presents distinct types of vegetation which comprises forests and grasslands.The northeast of the State, included in the Atlantic rain forest domain (Brasil 2007), presents the Mixed Ombrophilous Forests, which present as canopy dominant species the conifer Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.)Kuntze (Brazilian pine).
In order to provide new knowledge on the polypore fungi from Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul, 38 pileate species collected in São Francisco de Paula National Forest are discussed in the present work.

Material and methods
Study area -São Francisco de Paula National Forest (FLONA/SFP), is located in an Araucaria forest region, at the Rolante river basin, in a plateau in the northeast of Rio Grande do Sul State (29º23'-29º27'S and 50º23'-50º25'W), southern Brazil (Dobrovolski et al. 2006).FLONA/SFP has a total area of 1.606 ha, characterized by a mosaic of native forest (40%) and Araucaria angustifolia, Pinus spp.and Eucalyptus spp.plantations.According to Köppen system, the climate type is Cfb, with a fresh summer and a cold winter (Bitencourt et al. 2004).
Methods -The specimens were collected from August 2006 to March 2007.Basidiomata were macro and micromorphologically analyzed following usual methods for the study of polypores (Núñez & Ryvarden 2001).Microscopic examination was made from freehand sections mounted in a drop of 5% KOH solution and 1% phloxine solution; amyloid or dextrinoid reactions were observed in Melzer's reagent.Selected voucher specimens were deposited at ICN herbarium (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil).Authors of fungal names are according to Kirk & Ansell (1992)  Description: Ryvarden (2004).This species is characterized by its thin, flexible, dark brown colored basidiomata with tiny pores (7-9 per mm), duplex context and monomitic hyphal system.This species was record by Silveira & Guerrero (1991).Description: Ryvarden (2004).
It is recognized by the perennial, often large and applanated basidiomata [up to 60 cm, 30 cm wide and 7 cm thick, according to Ryvarden (2004)] and, microscopically, by the lack of setae.
Its pileus shows many shapes and sizes.However, it can be recognized by thin and usually dimidiate basidiomata, that presents a rugose, upper surface of brown-rusty color.Its diagnostic characters are the ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores (3-5 × 2-3 µm) and the usually abundant setae, which are ventricose to subulate.This species was record by Silveira & Guerrero (1991).
The stipitated basidiomata, with a thin dark zone below the adpressed tomentum, both in the pileus and in the stipe, together with the minute pores (7-9 per mm), the small basidiospores (3-4 × 2-3 µm) and the hard consistency characterize the species.According to Ryvarden (2004) this is a variable species considering the shape and size of the basidiome.Description: Ryvarden (2004).
The species is recognized in the field by its stipitated and brown colored basidiomata, which grows on the ground.Macroscopically it looks exactly like a Coltricia species, but is easily distinguished by its clamped generative hyphae and arboriform skeletal hyphae (Ryvarden 2004).The globose, thick-walled and smooth basidiospores (6.5-7 µm), an exception in Ganodermataceae, characterize the species.First record for Brazil.Ganoderma australe (Fr.)Pat., Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 5: 71.1889.
Description: Ryvarden (2004).This is one of the most abundant species in the studied area and also in Rio Grande do Sul State.Its perennial basidiomata, with brown-chocolate upper surface and beige hymenial surface, are found all the year round.It can grow up to 50 cm in length.It is microscopically characterized by truncated, ornamented basidiospores with double walls (7.5-11.5 × 5.5-8 µm).In previous works, such as Silveira & Guerrero (1991), it has been determined as Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.)Pat.Description: Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1986).This species is characterized by the effusedreflexed and thin basidiomata, with light yellow pilear surface and grey hymenial surface, which becomes very dark when it gets old.Its diagnostic characters are the ellipsoid basidiospores (4-5.5 × 2.5-3.5 µm) and the monomitic hyphal system with thick-walled, wide hyphae with large clamps in the context.This species is very abundant in the study area.The presence of an umbo that attaches the basidiome to the substrate, identify macroscopically this species.Its basidiomata vary in shape, with pilei that can grow together and that may cover the entire trunk.This species was record by Silveira & Guerrero (1991) as Rigidoporus umbonatipes.
The species shows effused-reflexed to dimidiate basidiomata.It has an orange-red-brownish color and a slightly velutinate upper surface when young, and a glabrous and fading to wood color when it gets old.It shows a concentrically sulcated zonation and light color of hymenial surface with small pores (6-10 per mm).Microscopically, the hyphal system is monomitic with simple septate generative hyphae and the globose basidiospores (4-5.5 µm).R. microporus is distinguished from R. lineatus (Pers.)Ryvarden by the absence of cystidia.Description: Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1987).
The perennial (up to 70 × 30 × 10 cm) and light yellow colored basidiomata, which are corky when fresh and very hard upon drying characterize macroscopically this species, that is sometimes found on living trees.Microscopically it shows globose basidiospores (6-8 µm) and ventricose to fusoid cystidioles.This species was record by Silveira & Guerrero (1991).Description : Parmasto & Hallenberg (2000).This species shows a pileate, imbricate basidiome.Its pilear surface has concentric zones of brownish to dark-brown colors.The vinaceous brown hymenophore and the dimitic hyphal system are characteristics of the genus.The ellipsoid basidiospores (4-5 × 2.5-3 µm) with slightly thick walls separates this species from Nigroporus vinosus (Berk.)Murrill, which is another species of Southern Brazil.This taxon was recorded for Rio Grande do Sul by Rick (1960)  Description: Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1986).
A species with variable basidiomata in both form and size.However, it can be easily identified by its typical shape, with effused-reflexed basidiomes, firmly attached to the substrate, and by its ochraceous to cinnamon-brown color.A trimitic hyphal system and cylindrical basidiospores can also be found in Trametes Fr. species and in Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill, but it differentiates from them by the ochraceous color of the basidioma and context hyphae.This species was record by Silveira & Guerrero (1991).Description: Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1986).
The pileus has dark-brown to black color and detaches easily from the substrate.It has a beige color hymenial surface with big irregular pores (1-2 per mm).All these features allow its field recognition.It is microscopically characterized by a trimitic hyphal system and cylindric basidiospores (7.5-11 × 3-4.5 µm).This species was record by Silveira & Guerrero (1991).Description: Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1986).
It is easily identified in the field by the yelloworange pileus with fleshy consistency, and the sulphureous to citric yellow pore surface.The basidiospores are subglobose (5.5-7 × 4.5-5 µm) and the hyphal system is dimitic, with simple septate generative hyphae.
Description: Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1986).This species is easily recognized in the field by the lamellate and daedaleoid hymenophore.It is microscopically identified by a trimitic hyphal system, cylindric basidiospores (5-6 × 2-2.5 µm) and binding hyphae with sword-like branches -a pattern that can be confused with the cystidia.The pilear surface is tomentose in concentric zones, very similar to Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd which, however, has a tubular hymenophore.Our specimens showed 26 lamellae per cm, which is the double of the number of lamellae in the specimens found by Ryvarden (1978) and Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1986).It is possible that the studied specimen is a new variety.This species was record by Silveira & Guerrero (1991).
The perennial ungulated basidiomata, with a dark brown pilear surface and cream white pore surface characterize macroscopically this species.It is identified microscopically by the basidiospores with thick-walls, pipshaped to weakly truncate (8-10 × 4.5-5.5 µm) and by the trimitic hyphal system with dextrinoid skeletal hyphae.According to Ryvarden & Johansen (1980), the cystidia seem to be more common in the African and Asian specimens than in the American ones.We have not observed cystidia in our specimen.Description: Silveira & Wright (2005).This species is characterized by its centrally stipitate, brown basidiomata with very light colored pore surface and small pores (5-7 per mm).The pileus margin may be ciliated or not.It is one of the most common species of the genus in the study area.This species was record by Silveira & Guerrero (1991).Mont., Annales Sci. nat., Bot. 3: 345. 1835. Description: Silveira & Wright (2005).

Polyporus dictyopus
The basidiomata has a brown to vinaceous-brown pilear surface, a dark stipe and a grayish pore surface with small pores (6-9 per mm).This species was record by Silveira & Guerrero (1991) as Polyporus blanchettianus.
Description: Silveira & Wright (2005).This species is easy to identify by its laterally stipitated basidiomata, light yellow to light brown colored, smooth to fine radially striated pileus and black stipe.Description: Silveira & Wright (2005).This species has laterally stipitate basidiomata, flabelliform to petaloid, yellowish brown pileus with a dark lineal mark on the edge, and a black stipe.Description: Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1987).This species shows a coriaceous basidioma of orange-reddish color, trimitic hyphal system and cylindric basidiospores (4-5 × 1.5-2.5 µm).It is very common in Rio Grande do Sul, especially in areas modified by man.This species was record by Silveira & Guerrero (1991).
Description: Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1987).This species can be recognized in the field by the dimidiated basidioma, up to 20 cm in width, lightcolored (cream to ochraceous) and a hymenophore that has medium-sized to small pores [4-5(-6) per mm].It is flexible when fresh and hard after drying.The pilear surface may show a brown-reddish stain close to the substrate attachment.A trimitic hyphal system and cylindric basidiospores characterize this species microscopically.
It shows dimidiate to flabelliform basidiomata, with a fine velutinous surface that is sometimes glabrous.Its pileus is light yellow to light-grey and its hymenophore is also light colored, with small pores.This species can be separated from Trametes versicolor, which shows the same trimitic hyphal system and cylindric basidiospores, especially for presenting a tomentose pileus in bright colors (brown and grey).This species was record by Silveira & Guerrero (1991).Description: Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1987).This species is easily identified by its effusedreflexed basidiomata, with concentric zonated upper surface of grey color and light colored hymenophore with big and shallow pores (2-4 per mm).The hyphal system is trimitic and the basidiospores are cylindric.Trametes membranacea and T. versicolor (L.) Lloyd are similar but present small pores.This species was record by Silveira & Guerrero (1991).Description: Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1987).
The species is recognized in the field by watery, dimidiate, white, white grayish to cream basidiomata and by a hymenophore with small pores (5-8 per mm).The gloeoplerous hyphae together with the allantoid short basidiospores (3-4.5 × 0.8-1.5 µm) are important diagnostic characters.This species was record for fist time for Rio Grande do Sul by Silveira & Guerrero (1991).Description: Ryvarden & Johansen (1980).This species is characterized by white and cream colored basidiomata, with a fleshy and brittle consistency, that are easy to break when fresh but become hard as bones when dried.Some of the microscopic features are the subglobose spores (2.5-3 × 1.5-2 µm) and a dimitic hyphal system which has an agglutinant substance around its hyphae.In this species, however, the generative hyphae with clamps are difficult to observe in dried specimens.Cystidia are strongly colored by phloxine 1%, but they are not easy to found.This species was previously recorded for Rio Grande do Sul as Polystictus stereinus (Berk.& M.A. Curtis) Sacc.(Rick 1960) and Flaviporus sp.(Silveira & Guerrero 1991).Flaviporus brownei (Humb.)Donk, Persoonia 1: 189. 1960. Description: Ginns (1980).The basidiomata of this species are easy to recognize due to a bright yellow-sulphur color.It presents a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (2.6-2.8 × 1.8 µm), which are important diagnostic characters.Description: Rajchenberg & Wright (1987).