Synopsis of the Strophariaceae ( Basidiomycota , Agaricales ) from Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula , Rio Grande do Sul State , Brazil

(Synopsis of the Strophariaceae (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) from Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). In a survey of the Strophariaceae from a natural reserve at Southern Brazil, a total of 16 species were studied: Deconica coprophila, D. horizontalis, Hypholoma ericaeum, H. subviride, Leratiomyces ceres, Pholiota limonella, P. spumosa, Psilocybe caeruleoannulata, P. wrightii, P. zapotecorum, Stropharia acanthocystis, S. agaricoides, S. araucariae, S. earlei, S. rugosoannulata and S. venusta. Full descriptions and illustrations on Pholiota limonella and Psilocybe zapotecorum are presented due to a lack of the detailed description for the State of Rio Grande do Sul.


Introduction
The agaric family Strophariaceae Singer & A.H. Sm. includes dark-spored mushrooms habiting a wide variety of substrates, including litter, wood decay, mosses, dung, fields, pastures, gardens and swamps (Singer 1986).Current systematic studies have modified the circumscription of the family in its generic composition, with incorporation of several secotioid and gasteroid forms (Bridge et al. 2008, Noordeloos 2011), as well the inclusion of some genera previously added in other agaric families (Walther & Weiβ 2008).With progress of molecular investigations, generic limits are under revision and discussion, including some defined genera as for example Psilocybe (Fr.) Quél.(Noordeloos 2009, Norvell 2010, Redhead et al. 2007).
In the present paper a synopsis of Strophariaceae from the National Forest of São Francisco de Paula is discussed.

Material and methods
Fifty two specimens were studied, the majority were collected by the authors at the National Forest of San Francisco de Paula (abbreviated onwards as FLONA), Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil, from May 2006 to July 2007, or selected in ICN Herbarium (Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul).For detailed information on the study area, see Dobrovolski et al. (2006) and Silva et al. (2009).Microscopic observations were made obtaining thin free-hand sections of the pileus and stipe of dried specimens, mounted on 5% KOH (potassium hydroxide) simple or with 1% Congo red solution.At least 25 measurements of each microstructure were taken, and drawn under a light tube.For the basidiospore descriptions, Q is the ratio of length and width, Qm is the medium value of Q, and n is the number of measured basidiospores.All collected material are deposited in the ICN herbarium A coprophilous and small mushroom, with a distinctly striate pileus, distributed worldwide, growing on cow and horse dung.It is known from Northeastern (Wartchow et al. 2007) to Southern Brazil (Cortez & Coelho 2004, Silva et al. 2006) Deconica horizontalis can be recognized by the crepidotoid habit, beige color and lilaceous gray lamellae.The species was considered in the genus Melanotus Pat., which was later reduced to a subgenus of Psilocybe (Noordeloos 1999) and more recently as a synonym of Deconica (W.G.Sm.) P. Karst.(Noordeloos 2009), since Psilocybe has been applied to psilocybin containing taxa.Deconica horizontalis was previously recorded from Rio Grande do Sul as Melanotus proteus (Kalchbr.)Singer, also growing on Araucaria angustifolia wood (Cortez & Coelho 2004).
Habitat: among grasses in native plateau meadows.
Specimens examined: BRAZIL.Rio GRande do Sul: São Francisco de Paula, FLONA, 14-V-2005, V.G.This is a common mushroom in native meadows of Rio Grande do Sul highlands, recognized macroscopically by the slender exanullate stipe and convex to umbonate, slightly viscid pileus (Cortez & Silveira 2007b).It was recently noticed, from the same region of the present study, that males of the orchid bee Eufriesea violacea are attracted by volatile substances produced by this mushroom, evidencing an interesting ecological association between fungi and bees (Capellari & Harter-Marques 2010).This species produces numerous caespitose to gregarious basidiomata and it is diagnosed by the greenish yellow color of pileus and gills, which become dark violaceous with the maturity of the basidiospores.Although similar to the northern temperate H. fasciculare (Huds.)P. Kumm., the lesser stature and little developed veil separate well both taxa.A detailed description of material from Rio Grande do Sul is presented by Cortez & Silveira (2007b).Pholiota limonella (Peck) Sacc., Syll.Fung.5: 753.
Habitat: very common on the barks and fallen trunks of coniferous and dicotyledonous trees.This species typically occurs on coniferous woods (Pinus, Araucaria), fruiting in autumn months in the studied area.It is distributed in North America (Smith & Hesler 1968) and Europe (Noordeloos 2011), and has been reported from the states of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil (Cortez & Coelho 2003).Guzmán, Mycotaxon 7: 235. 1978.

Psilocybe caeruleoannulata
Habitat: On soil and herbivorous dung, in grasslands.
Specimens examined: BRAZIL.Rio GRande do Sul: São Francisco de Paula, FLONA, 14-V-2005, V.G.This is one of the most common bluing species of Psilocybe and has been collected on soil or manure in grasslands in the studied area.Description of the material from Southern Brazil is presented by Silva et al. (2006).Guzmán, Mycotaxon 7: 251. 1978.Specimens examined: BRAZIL.Rio GRande do Sul: São Francisco de Paula, FLONA, 14-V-2005, V.G.Cortez 048/05 (ICN).

Psilocybe wrightii
The distribution of P. wrightii seems to be restricted to Northern Argentina and Southern Brazil, based on the current data available (Guzmán & Cortez 2004).Rossato et al. (2009) presented a full description of central Rio Grande do Sul and provided chemical data about psychotropic compounds, showing high concentrations of psilocybin and psilocin.
This bluing species presents a wide variation on pileus and stipe morphology, as well as on color, which might cause confusion on its concept (Guzmán 1983).It is hallucinogenic mushroom, very important among the Mexican indians Zapotec and Mazatec, who know it with many popular names (Guzmán 1983) The species Stropharia acanthocystis is know only from the region of FLONA, but it is expected to occur in the ombrophilous mixed forests of Southern Brazil.Cortez & Silveira (2007a) described the species based on a single collection, but it has been frequently collected in the area.The presence of hymenial acanthocytes is undoubtedly the most important feature of the species, as well as lack of a membranous annulus, combined with other microscopic features.
Sixteen specific taxa representing six genera of Strophariaceae are briefly discussed.
(Cortez & Silveira 2007b, Silva et al. 2006), white velar remnants and fibrillose and not persistent annulus.It was previously reported from Rio Grande do Sul as Hypholoma aurantiacum (Cooke) Faus(Cortez & Silveira 2007b, Silva et al. 2006), however, a recent revision by Bridge et al. (2008) elucidated the species complex in which the taxon belonged, proposing the correct epithet and formal transfer to the genus Leratiomyces Bridge, Spooner, Beever & D.-C.Park.Redhead & McNeill (2008) discussed the nomenclatural problems regarding this name and the genus was finally typified by L. similis (Sacc.& Trotter) Redhead & McNeill.Based on these results (Bridge et al. 2008, Redhead & McNeill 2008), we concluded that the name L. ceres is the appropriate to southern Brazilian specimens previously reported as H. aurantiacum.
. It was recently reported to Rio Grande do Sul by Sobestiansky (2005).