Are Prostate Carcinoma Clinical Stages T 1 c and T 2 Similar ?

Purpose: A recent study has found that PSA recurrence rate for clinical T1c tumors is similar to T2 tumors, indicating a need for further refinement of clinical staging system. To test this finding we compared clinicopathologic characteristics and the time to PSA progression following radical retropubic prostatectomy of patients with clinical stage T1c tumors to those with stage T2, T2a or T2b tumors. Materials and Methods: From a total of 186 consecutive patients submitted to prostatectomy, 33.52% had clinical stage T1c tumors, 45.45% stage T2a tumors and 21.02% stage T2b tumors. The variables studied were age, preoperative PSA, prostate weight, Gleason score, tumor extent, positive surgical margins, extraprostatic extension (pT3a), seminal vesicle invasion (pT3b), and time to PSA progression. Tumor extent was evaluated by a point-count method. Results: Patients with clinical stage T1c were younger and had the lowest mean preoperative PSA. In the surgical specimen, they had higher frequency of Gleason score < 7 and more organ confined cancer. In 40.54% of the patients with clinical stage T2b tumors, there was extraprostatic extension (pT3a). During the study period, 54 patients (30.68%) developed a biochemical progression. Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis revealed no significant difference in the time to PSA progression between men with clinical stage T1c versus clinical stage T2 (p = 0.7959), T2a (p = 0.6060) or T2b (p = 0.2941) as well as between men with clinical stage T2a versus stage T2b (p = 0.0994). Conclusion: Clinicopathological features are not similar considering clinical stage T1c versus clinical stages T2, T2a or T2b.


INTRODUCTION
A recent study (1) has found that PSA recurrence rate for clinical T1c tumors is similar to T2 tumors, indicating a need for further refinement of clinical staging system.To test this finding we compared clinicopathologic characteristics and the time to PSA progression following radical prostatectomy of patients with clinical T1c tumors to those with T2 tumors as well as subclassifying stage T2 into stages T2a and T2b.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was done on 59 patients with clinical stage T1c tumors and 127 patients with clinical stage T2 tumors submitted to radical retropubic pros-tatectomy from January 1997 to July 2004 in our Institution.The variables studied were age, preoperative PSA, prostate weight and pathologic findings in the surgical specimens: Gleason score, tumor extent, positive surgical margins, extraprostatic extension (pT3a), and seminal vesicle invasion (pT3b).Time to biochemical progression following surgery was studied comparing the groups: T1c versus T2, T1c versus T2a, T1c versus T2b, and T2a versus T2b.
The surgical specimen previously fixed was weighed, measured and the entire surface inked.The bladder neck and apical margins were amputated.From each cone-shaped amputated margin, 8 fragments were processed through perpendicular sections relative to the margins.The rest of the prostate was serially cut in transverse sections at 3 to 5mm intervals.The prostate slices were subdivided into quadrants and labeled to allow for reconstruction as wholemount sections.
Blocks were embedded in paraffin, cut at 6 µm, and one section from each block was stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Presence of adenocarcinoma was diagnosed according to the criteria of Mostofi and Price (2).The diagnosis was based on invasion or architectural disturbance.Histological grading was performed according to the Gleason system (3).Prostatic carcinomas with final score < 7 were considered low-intermediate grade; and, with final score ≥ 7 were considered high-grade (4).Extraprostatic extension was diagnosed according to Bostwick & Montironi (5), whenever cancer was seen in adipose tissue, and corresponds to pT3a in the TNM staging system (6).Seminal vesicle invasion was defined as an invasion of the muscular wall, as described by Epstein et al. (7), corresponding to pT3b in the TNM staging system.
Tumor extent was estimated by use of a pointcount method (8).Drawn on a sheet of paper, each quadrant of the whole mount sections contained 8 equidistant points.During the microscopic examination of the slides, the tumor area was drawn on the correspondent quadrant seen on the paper.At the end of the examination the amount of positive points represented an estimate of the tumor extent.
The 59 patients with stage T1c had clinically unapparent tumor not palpable or visible by imaging identified by needle biopsy.The 127 patients with clinical stage T2 had tumor confined within the prostate; 80 had stage T2a (tumor involving one lobe) and 37 had stage T2b (tumor involving both lobes).In 10 patients there was no information regarding subclassification of clinical stage T2.
Biochemical progression was defined as PSA ≥ 0.4 ng/mL.From January 1997 to July 2005, 54 patients (30.68%) developed a biochemical progression.The mean and median follow-up for these patients was 24.74 and 16 months, respectively (range 2 to 89 months).
The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test for comparison of independent samples and Fisher's exact test for evaluating differences between proportions.Time to PSA progression was studied using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis; the comparison between the groups was done using the log-rank test.For the analysis of time to biochemical progression, 18 patients without tests for PSA level following radical prostatectomy were excluded.The mean and median follow-up for 122 men without biochemical progression (censored patients) was 33.50 and 30.50 months, respectively (range 3 to 94 months).P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.All statistical analyses were performed using Statistica 5.5 software (StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA).
Figure -1 shows the time to PSA progression using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis.There was no statistical significance between patients with stage T1c versus T2 (p = 0.7959).
Figure -2 shows the time to PSA progression using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis.
There was no statistical significance between patients with stage T1c versus T2a (p = 0.6060) and T1c versus T2b (p = 0.2941) as well as between patients with clinical stage T2b versus stage T2a (p = 0.0994).

COMMENTS
The TNM staging system (6) places men with tumors detected because of elevated prostate-specific antigen in the T1c group and those with palpable nodule confined within the prostate in stage T2.The latter is subclassified into stage T2a (tumor involving one lobe) and stage T2b (tumor involving both lobes).

Clinical Stage T1c (%)
Clinical Stage T2b (%) SD = standard deviation; (1) Mann-Whitney; (2) Fisher exact-test.staging system because the PSA recurrence rate for T1c tumors was similar to cT2 tumors.This finding is similar to our study; however, the authors did not considered the subclassification of stage T2 into stages T2a and T2b.Jack et al. ( 9) compared tumor location and pathological parameters in the radical prostatectomy specimens of stages T1c versus T2 cases in a 3-year period.Prostate specific antigen detected stage T1c tumors had a lower grade, stage and volume than stage T2 tumors during the same period.Lower tumor grade in stage T1c cases were due at least in part to the increased detection of Gleason pattern 2 containing transition zone tumors.The authors did not study the PSA progression rate for T1c and cT2 tumors as well as did not subclassified clinical stage T2.
Furuya et al. (10), in order to examine the characteristics of men with nonpalpable prostate cancer (T1c cancer) in Japan, compared patients treated with radical prostatectomy with those with palpable (T2) cancer.Prostate-specific antigen level in patients with T2b disease was significantly higher than those with T1c and T2a tumors.At the time of radical prostatectomy, 78%, 71% and 31% of patients with T1c, T2a, and T2b, respectively, had organ-confined disease.T1c cancers were clinically significant and clinicopathological features of T1c tumors were similar to T2a tumors.In our study, the mean preoperative PSA was 9.32, 11.00 and 13.44 in patients with stage T1c, T2a and T2b, respectively.Extraprostatic extension in the surgical specimen (pT3a) was found in 16.94%, 23.75% and 40.54% of the patients in stage T1c, T2a and T2b, respectively.These clinicopathologic findings are in accordance with Furuya et al.The authors did not study time to biochemical progression following surgery.
The definition of the serum PSA level for biochemical progression is controversial and varies from 0.2ng/mL to 0.6ng/mL in the literature (11)(12)(13)(14)(15).We considered as biochemical progression serum PSA level of 0.4ng/mL.Using the Kaplan-Meier productlimit analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in the time to PSA progression between patients with clinical stage T1c versus stage T2 (p = 0.7959), T1c versus T2a (p = 0.6060), T1c versus T2b (p = 0.2941) as well as between patients with clinical stage T2b versus stage T2a (p = 0.0994).
Ramos et al. ( 16) compared clinicopathological features, and cancer recurrence and survival rates in men with stage T1c versus T2a or T2b prostate cancer.The 5-year recurrence-free survival was similar for T1c versus T2a, and higher versus T2b cancers.Clinical stage was T1c in 39%, T2a in 22% and T2b in 39% of their patients; in our study, was 33.52%, 45.45% and 21.02%, respectively.Mean patient age was younger for the clinical stage T1c group (61 years) in their study as well as in ours (61 years).
Ghavamian et al. ( 17) compared clinicopathologic findings and PSA progression following radical retropubic prostatectomy in patients with clinical stage T1c, T2a or T2b cancer.Survival rates for T1c tumors were similar to T2a lesions, but significantly better than T2b lesions.Clinical T1c tumors were more likely to be organ confined and with a Gleason score less than 7. Considering tumor volume, T1c tumors were comparable to T2a lesions.Our findings showed that patients with stage T1c were more likely to have organ confined, Gleason score < 7 and less extensive tumors.Using a point-count method for estimating tumor extent the mean was 33.89, 38.68 and 46.52 positive points for stages T1c, T2a and T2b, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Clinicopathological features are not similar considering clinical stage T1c versus clinical stages T2, T2a or T2b.A statistically higher number of patients have Gleason score ≥ 7 in stage T2; are older in stage T2a; and, are not organ confined in stage T2b.Time to PSA progression following radical prostatectomy is similar between men in clinical stage T1c versus stages T2, T2a or T2b as well as between patients with clinical stage T2b versus stage T2a.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None declared.

Figure 1 -
Figure 1 -Time to PSA progression according to clinical stages T1c and T2.Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis.

Table 1 -
Clinicopathologic features of men undergoing radical prostatectomy, by clinical stage.

Table 2 -
Clinicopathologic features of men undergoing radical prostatectomy, by clinical stage T1c and stage T2a.

Table 3 -
Clinicopathologic features of men undergoing radical prostatectomy, by clinical stage T1c and T2b.