1)
a. * They didn’t hire anyone who speaks a certain Romance language. Guess which Romance language they didn’t hire [anyone [ who speaks t]]!
b. They didn’t hire anyone who speaks a certain Romance language. Guess which (Romance language) they didnt hire [anyone [RC who speaks t]]!
2)
a. Mary wants to find any student I gave a certain book to, but I don’t know which book Mary wants to find *[any student [RC I gave twhich_book to]]
b. Mary wants to find any student I gave a certain book to, but I don’t know which book Mary wants to find *[any student [RC I gave twhich_book to]] (PF deletion)
4)
A: What does every prolessor wants to talk about?
B: One of his booksevery professor1 wants to talk about t.
5)
John saw some pictures, but I don’t know how many (pictures) of himself1
John1 (saw t.
6)
Some people think that there arent such rules, but there {are/*is} stteh rules.
7)
John is jealous of someone, but I dont know whoJohn is jealous of t.
8)
a.
*John is jealous, but I dont know whoJohn is jealous of t.
b.
John is jealous, but I dont know of whoJohn is jealous t.
9)
* John must leave, but I dont must leave.
10)
John has to leave, but I dont have to leave.
11)
Complex NP Constraint, noun complement
a. *1 believe the claim that he bit a certain student, but they don’t know which student I believe the claim that he bit t.
b. I believe the claim that he bit a certain student, but they don’t know which student.
12)
Complex NP Constraint, relative clause
a. *She kissed a man who bit one of my friends, but I don’t know which of my friends she kissed a man who bit t.
b. She kissed a man who bit one of my friends, but I don’t know which of my friends.
13)
Coordinate Structure Constraint
a. *Irv and someone were dancing together, but I don’t know who Irv and t were dancing together.
b. Irv and someone were dancing together, but I don’t know who.
15)
Comp-trace effect
(adapted from Chung et al., 1995)
a. * Sally asked if somebody was going to fail Syntax One, but I can’t remember who Sally asked if t was going to fail Syntax One.
b. Sally asked if somebody was going to fail Syntax One, but I can’t remember who.
16)
Left branch extraction
(adapted from Merchant, 1999)
a. *He wants a detailed list, but I don’t know how detailed he wants a t list.
b. He wants a detailed list, but I don’t know how detailed.
17)
Adjunct island
(adapted from Merchant, 2008)
a. *Ben will be mad if Abby talks to one of the teachers, but she couldn’t remember which (one of the teachers) Ben will be mad [if Abby talks t].
b. Ben will be mad if Abby talks to one of the teachers, but she couldn’t remember which (one of the teachers).
19)
Subject island
(adapted from Merchant, 1999)
a. * A biography of one of the Marx brothers is going to be published this year - guess which (of the Marx brothers) [A biography of t] is going to be published this year!
b. A biography of one of the Marx brothers is going to be published this year - guess which (of the Marx brothers)!
20)
Wh-island
(adapted form Merchant, 2008)
a. * Sandy was trying to work out which student would solve a certain problem, but I don’t know which problem she was trying to work out which student would solve t.
b. Sandy was trying to work out which student would solve a certain problem, but I don’t know which problem.
21)
Complex NP Constraint, noun complement
I believe the claim that he bit a certain student, but they don’t know which student I believe * [the claim that he bit t].
22)
Complex NP Constraint, relative clause
She kissed a man who bit one of my friends, but I don’t know which of my friends She kissed * [a man who bit t].
23)
Coordinate Structure Constraint
Irv and someone were dancing together, but I dont know who *[Irv and t] were dancing together.
24)
Comp-trace effect
Sally asked if somebody was going to fail Syntax One, but I can’t remember who Sally asked *if t was going to fail Syntax One
25)
Left branch extraction
He wants a detailed list, but I dont know how detailed he wants a *[t list].
26)
Adjunct island
Ben will be mad if Abby talks to one of the teachers, but she couldn’t remember which Ben will be mad * [if Abby talks t].
27)
Subject island
A biography of one of the Marx brothers is going to be published this year - guess which (of the Marx brothers) *[A biography of t] is going to be published this year!
28)
Wh-island
Sandy was trying to work out which student would solve a certain problem, but I don t know which problem she was trying to work out * which student would solve t.
29)
a.
[cp Kojkogo [Ipe vidjal]]?
who whom AUX seen
‘Who saw who?’
b.
*Kogo koj e vidjal?
30)
a. Njakoj e vidjal njakogo, no ne znarn[cpkoj kogof^e vidjal]]. someone AUX seen someone but not I. know who whom AUX seen ‘Someone saw someone, but I don’t know who saw who.’
b. * Njakoj e vidjal njakogo, no ne znarn kogo koj.
31)
a. John wants to hire [someone who fixes cars with something], but I don’t know what.John wants to hire [someone who fixes cars with t].
b. *John wants to hire [someone who fixes cars for a certain reason], but I dont know (exactly) whyJohn wants to hire [someone who fixes cars t].
c. *John wants to hire [someone who fixes cars in a certain way], but I dont (exactly) know howJohn wants to hire [someone who fixes cars t].
32)
a. John will be mad [if Mary dances with a certain guy], but I don’t know whoJohn will be mad [if Mary dances with t].
b. * John will be mad [if Mary dances for a certain reason], but I don’t know whyJohn will be mad [if Mary dances t].
c. * John will be mad [if Mary dances in a certain way], but I don’t know howJohn will be mad [if Mary dances t].
34)
*Be John can tbe happy?
35)
* John is can tbe happy.
36)
A: John can be happy
B: *Be he can[VP tcan][VP tbe happy] ? (cf. Can he?)
37)
*Mary can be happy, and John is [VP can][VP tbe happy] too. (cf. ... John can too.)
38)
* John is seem to f happy.
(cf. John seems to be happy)
39)
* Peter seems to be happy, but John isn't [VP seem to tbe happy].
(cf. Peter seems to be happy, but John docsn [VP seem to be happy] too)
40)
* Ann has appear to thave been sick.
(cf. Ann appears to have been sick)
41)
*Mary appears to have been sick, and Anna has[VP appear to thave been sick] too.
(cf. Mary appears to have been sick, and Anna does [VP appear to have been sick] too)
42)
Juan ngilla-waka-fi-y
[NP twaka Pedro].
Juan buy-cow-30-ind.3s.s
[NP tcow Pedro].
‘Juan bought Pedro’s cow.’
(adapted from Baker et al., 2005)
43)
a. * Peter isn’t being noisy, but John is [VP being [AP noisy]]. (cf.... John is.)
b. Peter is [VP being [AP noisy]], he always is[VP tbe [AP noisy]].
44)
Henni höfôu leiSst heir.
her.dat had.3PL bored.at they.NOM
‘She had found them boring.’
(Icelandic; SigurSsson, 2002, p. 692)
45)
a. *Peter seems to be happy, but John isn’t [vP Vi [VP seem to tbe happy]] .
b. * Peter seems to be happy, but John isn’t [vP Vi [VP seem to tbe happy]].
46)
a. *Mary appears to have been sick, and Anna has [vP Vi [appear to thave been sick]] too.
b. *Mary appears to have been sick, and Anna has[vP Vi [appear to thave been sick] too.
47)
This can [vP Vi [VP freeze tthis]]. *Please do [vP Vt [VP freeze this]]
48)
* Bill [vP Vt [VP melt-ed this]], and that did [vP Vi [VP melt tthat]], too
49)
* Pc ler seems to be happy, but John isn't[VP seem to tbe happy]]. (cf.... John doesn’t.)
50)
a. Njakoj e vidjal njakogo, no ne znarn [CPkoj kogo[IP e vidjal]].someone AUX seen someone but not I.know who whom AUX seen ‘Someone saw someone, but I don’t know who saw who.’
b. * Njakoj e vidjal njakogo, no ne znarn kogo koj.
51)
Wh-island
Sandy was trying to work out which student would solve a certain problem, but I don t know which problem she was trying to work out * which student would solve t.
52)
Wh-Islands
a. *Which problem2 was she trying to work out which student would solve t2
b. * Which student1 was she trying to work out t1 would solve which problem?
53)
Superiority (adapted from Boeckx & Lasnik, 2006)
a. *Sue asked me what2 who bought t2 'i
b. Sue asked me who1 t1 bought what?
54)
a. * John isn’t [vp seem to tbe happy].
(HMC violation)
b. *John seemn’t [VP tseem to be happy].
(seem to T)
c. * John to+s [VP seem tto be happy].
(to to T, HMC violation)
d. John doesn’t [VP seem to be happy].
(do-support)
55)
a. * Anna hasn’t [VP appear to thave been sick].
(HMC violation)
b. * Anna seemn’t [VP tseem to have been sick].
(seem to T)
c. * Anna to+s [VP appears tto be sick].
(to to T, HMC violation)
d. Anna doesn’t [VP appear to have been sick].
(do-support)
56)
a. John wants to hire [someone who fixes cars with something], but I dont know what.John wants to hire [someone who fixes cars with t]. b. *John wants to hire [someone who fixes cars for a certain reason], but I dont know (exactly) whyJohn wants to hire [someone who fixes cars t]. c. *John wants to hire [someone who fixes cars in a certain way], but I dont (exactly) know howJohn wants to hire [someone who fixes cars t].
57)
a. John will be mad [if Mary dances with a certain guy, but I don’t know whoJohn will be mad [if Mary dances with t]. b. * John will be mad [if Mary dances for a certain reason], but I dont know whyJohn will be mad [if Mary dances t] c. * John will be mad [if Mary dances in a certain way], but I don’t know howJohn will be mad [if Mary dances t].
58)
* Peter seems to be happy, but John isn't [VP2 seem [TP to [VP1 tbe happy]]].
59)
*Mary appears to have been sick, and Anna has[VP2 appear [TP to [VP1 thave been sick]]] too.