Description of the male of Mangora brokopondo (Araneae, Araneidae), with notes on Mangora species from Brazilian Oriental Amazon

The male of Mangora brokopondo Levi, 2007 is described and illustrated for the first time. Variation in the color pattern of the females is documented. Mangora woytkowskii Levi, 2007 is considered a junior synonym of M. hirtipes (Taczanowski, 1878). New records of M. alinahui Levi, 2007 and M. pia Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 are presented. KeywORDS. Spiders, Arachnida, taxonomy, distribution, Neotropical Region. ReSUMO. Descrição do macho de Mangora brokopondo (Araneae, Araneidae), com notas sobre espécies de Mangora da Amazônia Oriental brasileira. O macho de Mangora brokopondo Levi, 2007 é descrito e ilustrado pela primeira vez. Variação no padrão de coloração da fêmea é documentada. Mangora woytkowskii Levi, 2007 é considerado sinônimo-júnior de M. hirtipes (Taczanowski, 1878). Novos registros de M. alinahui Levi, 2007 e M. pia Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 são apresentados. PALAVRAS-CHAVe. Aranhas, Arachnida, Taxonomia, distribuição, Região Neotropical. Araneidae is one of the most species-rich spider families, encompassing 170 genera and more than three thousand species distributed globally (Platnick, 2013). Unlike the majority of spider families, taxonomic knowledge of Araneidae is well developed, at least in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, mostly due to the efforts of a single author, Herbert Levi, who treated almost all American genera of Araneidae, producing high quality taxonomic revisions over the last three decades (e.g. Levi, 1976, 1988, 1995). The modern revision of Mangora O. PickardCambridge, 1889 was made in two papers, one dealing with the fauna from Mexico and West Indies, by Levi (2005) with 32 species, and other dealing with the South American species, by Levi (2007), who presented 142 species, 127 of which were new to science at that time. Currently, the genus presents 186 species (Platnick, 2013), taking into account the Central American species and the synonymy here proposed. According to Levi (2007), the Amazon region harbors the higher diversity of Mangora species, both in terms of species richness and abundance of specimens, at least in collections. He further noted that some of the species from the Amazon present wide distribution ranges, contrasting with the small known distributions of most species of the genus. Although many areas remain poorly sampled in the Amazon region, the known records of some of the species here studied indeed suggest wide distributions. For example, some of the records of M. pia Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 depicted below are more than 700 km apart, indicating this species may occur across most the Amazon basin. Mangora figure as one of the Araneidae genera with more species collected in inventories carried on in the Brazilian Amazon, along with Alpaida O. Pickard-Cambridge, Eustala Simon, and Micrathena Sundevall (e.g. Bonaldo et al., 2010). Our data show that specimens of Mangora are common in both primary and secondary forests and are collected mainly by beating vegetation during the day and by nocturnal manual samplings. In the present contribution we describe for the first time the male of M. brokopondo Levi, 2007, documenting variation in the color pattern of the female. Recent collecting efforts in the state of Pará, Brasil, enable us to extend the known distribution of M. alinahui Levi, 2007 and M. pia and provide evidence that the male of M. hirtipes (Taczanowski, 1878) was first described as M. woytkowskii Levi, 2007. We therefore propose a synonymy of these two specific names. Males of M. brokopondo were collected in the Caxiuanã National Forest (FLONA Caxiuanã), a locality where some of the females listed by Levi (2007) were collected. On the other hand, M. hirtipes is both more abundant and widely distributed than previously known, occurring in sympatry with M. brokopondo at FLONA Caxiuanã, but also occurring in other Pará localities such as Itaituba and Juruti. MATeRIAL AND MeTHODS The specimens examined are deposited in the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG, curator: A. B. Bonaldo), Belém, Pará, Brazil and the Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontífícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (MCTP, curator: A. A. Lise). The format of the

Araneidae is one of the most species-rich spider families, encompassing 170 genera and more than three thousand species distributed globally (Platnick, 2013).Unlike the majority of spider families, taxonomic knowledge of Araneidae is well developed, at least in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, mostly due to the efforts of a single author, Herbert Levi, who treated almost all American genera of Araneidae, producing high quality taxonomic revisions over the last three decades (e.g.Levi, 1976Levi, , 1988Levi, , 1995)).
The modern revision of Mangora O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 was made in two papers, one dealing with the fauna from Mexico and West Indies, by Levi (2005) with 32 species, and other dealing with the South American species, by Levi (2007), who presented 142 species, 127 of which were new to science at that time.Currently, the genus presents 186 species (Platnick, 2013), taking into account the Central American species and the synonymy here proposed.
According to Levi (2007), the Amazon region harbors the higher diversity of Mangora species, both in terms of species richness and abundance of specimens, at least in collections.He further noted that some of the species from the Amazon present wide distribution ranges, contrasting with the small known distributions of most species of the genus.Although many areas remain poorly sampled in the Amazon region, the known records of some of the species here studied indeed suggest wide distributions.For example, some of the records of M. pia Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 depicted below are more than 700 km apart, indicating this species may occur across most the Amazon basin.Mangora figure as one of the Araneidae genera with more species collected in inventories carried on in the Brazilian Amazon, along with Alpaida O. Pickard-Cambridge, Eustala Simon, and Micrathena Sundevall (e.g.Bonaldo et al., 2010).Our data show that specimens of Mangora are common in both primary and secondary forests and are collected mainly by beating vegetation during the day and by nocturnal manual samplings.
In the present contribution we describe for the first time the male of M. brokopondo Levi, 2007, documenting variation in the color pattern of the female.Recent collecting efforts in the state of Pará, Brasil, enable us to extend the known distribution of M. alinahui Levi, 2007 and M. pia and provide evidence that the male of M. hirtipes (Taczanowski, 1878) was first described as M. woytkowskii Levi, 2007.We therefore propose a synonymy of these two specific names.Males of M. brokopondo were collected in the Caxiuanã National Forest (FLONA Caxiuanã), a locality where some of the females listed by Levi (2007) were collected.On the other hand, M. hirtipes is both more abundant and widely distributed than previously known, occurring in sympatry with M. brokopondo at FLONA Caxiuanã, but also occurring in other Pará localities such as Itaituba and Juruti.

MATeRIAL AND MeTHODS
The specimens examined are deposited in the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG, curator: A. B. Bonaldo), Belém, Pará, Brazil and the Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontífícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (MCTP, curator: A. A. Lise).The format of the description and palpal terminology follows Levi (2007).The specimen was illustrated using a stereomicroscope with a camera lucida.The images and measurements (in millimeters) were taken using automontage software.Diagnosis.Males of M. brokopondo resembles those of M. ikuruwa, M. sumauma, M. keduc and M. tambo in having a distally bifid embolus (Fig. 2), but differ from those of the first three species by the elongated hyaline conductor (Figs 2, 3) and from those of M. tambo by the large, ventrally projected median apophysis (Fig. 2).Eyes with black borders.Carapace dark yellow, with brown band on each side of thoracic region, cephalic region brown (Fig. 1).Endites and labium gray.Sternum, chelicerae and legs yellowish, slightly gray.Metatarsus and tarsus brownish.Abdomen longer than wide, cylindrical.Dorsal side light yellow, border black, dark median strip anteriorly interrupted by many white dots (Fig. 1).Ventral side light gray, epigastric area slightly darker.less contrasting, as illustrated in Fig. 5 (MPEG 19086).These findings suggest that the color pattern is not much informative for recognition of this species, as previously indicated by Levi (2007).
Distribution.Brazil (state of Pará), Guyana and Suriname.(Taczanowski, 1878) (Fig. 6) Epeira hirtipes Taczanowski, 1878:164, pl. 2, fig. 15 (♀ lectotype and ♀ paralectotype designed by Levi (2007)  Note.Males and females were collected together in many localities in the state of Pará: FLONA Caxiuanã, Itaituba and Juruti municipalities.Levi (2007) described M. woytkowskii based on the holotype from Peru and additional material from Jacareacanga, Pará, Brazil.In this same revision, Levi redescribed the female of M. hirtipes and listed material from FLONA Caxiuanã, where several males and females were recently collected together.Although we have not examined the types, the drawings by Levi (2007) and the examination of some females identified by him (MCP 9317 and MCP 9381) made it clear that these names are synonyms.