Iheringia New species and new records of terrestrial isopods ( Crustacea , Isopoda , Oniscidea ) from Brazil

A large collection of terrestrial isopods from diff erent Brazilian regions was examined. Two new species of Amazoniscus Lemos de Castro, 1967 (Scleropactidae) are described: A. zimmeri Campos-Filho, Montesanto & Araujo sp. nov. from the state of Pará and A. schmidti Campos-Filho, Montesanto & Taiti sp. nov. from the state of Minas Gerais. Pseudotyphloscia alba (Dollfus, 1898) (Philosciidae) is fi rstly recorded from Brazil. The systematic position of Venezillo tuberosus (Budde-Lund, 1904) is discussed and transferred to Ctenorillo Verhoeff , 1942. Androdeloscia lejeunei (Lemos de Castro & Souza, 1986) and Diploexochus echinatus Brandt, 1833 from the state of Pará, are redescribed.

Recently, many surveys have been conducted through several Brazilian regions, including cave environments, and many specimens have been collected.Some of these species are waiting for identifi cation and/or formal descriptions, in case of new taxa (e.g.Magrini et al., 2010;Gallão & Bichuette, 2015;Silva & Ferreira, 2015;Fernandes et al., 2016).
A large collection of terrestrial isopods from diff erent Brazilian regions, including Atlantic forest and Amazon rainforest, have been examined and two new species belonging to the family Scleropactidae are recognized.In addition, the examination of specimens of Venezillo tuberosus (Budde-Lund, 1904) from the state of Ceará, allowed us to allocate this species into the genus Ctenorillo Verhoeff , 1942.Also, Androdeloscia lejeunei (Lemos de Castro & Souza, 1986) and Diploexochus echinatus Brandt, 1833 from the state of Pará, are redescribed.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Specimens were stored in 75% ethanol and identifi cations were based on morphological characters.The species were illustrated with the aid of a camera lucida mounted on Wild M5 and M20 microscopes.The fi nal illustrations were prepared as in Montesanto (2015Montesanto ( , 2016)).The SEM micrographs were taken at Centro de Miscroscopia Eletrônica (UFRGS) using a JSM 6060 Scanning Electron Microscope.The coordinates of the noduli laterales were obtained and fi gured as in Vandel (1962).The respiratory structures were classifi ed as in Ferrara et al. (1994) and Paoli et al. (2002).Previous Brazilian records.Pará: Belém, Park of MPEG (Lemos de Castro & Souza, 1986).
Remarks.Androdeloscia lejeunei is easily distinguished from their congeners by the shape of the male pleopod 1 endopod with a double pointed apex.
Distribution.Androdeloscia lejeunei is recorded from the states of Pará and Tocantins, Brazil.
Etymology.The new species is named after Dr. Martin Zimmer for his contribution to the knowledge on the biology of Oniscidea.
Remarks.Amazoniscus Lemos de Castro, 1967 includes three Brazilian species from Amazonian rainforest and Atlantic forest domains: A. arlei Lemos de Castro, 1967 from the states of Amapá, Pará and Tocantins (Lemos de Castro, 1967); and two troglobitic species from the state of Pará, A. eleonoare Souza, Bezerra &Araújo, 2006 andA. leistikowi Campos-Filho, Araujo &Taiti, 2014.Amazoniscus zimmeri sp.nov.differs from all the other species in the genus by the shape of the male pleopod 1 exopod, i. e. with convex instead of concave outer margin as in A. arlei, longer than wide instead of wider than long as in A. eleonorae and A. leistikowi, it also differs from A. leistikowi in having the distal part of the male pleopod 1 endopod almost straight instead of distinctly bent outwards.Description.Maximum body length: ♂ 8.5 mm, ♀ 9.5 mm.Color brown; cephalon with irregular unpigmented spots; antenna unpigmented; pereon more pigmented on median portion and epimera, unpigmented spots on paramedian region; pleon and uropods darker, pleonites 1-3 and telson with two unpigmented spots.Body convex, exoantennal conglobation (Fig. 51).Dorsum smooth with some scattered triangular scale-setae (Fig. 52); one line of noduli laterales per side, more or less at same distance from lateral margins and close to posterior margins of pereonites (Fig. 51  dichotomized, consisting of about 10 branches, left mandible with 2+1 penicils, right with 1+1 penicils.Maxillula (Fig. 62) with inner branch bearing two subequal penicils, distal margin rounded with very short posterior point; outer branch with 4+6 (four cleft) teeth plus accessory tooth and slender seta.Maxilla (Fig. 63) outer lobe about twice as broad as medial lobe, distal margin rounded, covered with thin setae; inner lobe rounded, covered with thick setae.Maxilliped (Fig. 64) with basis rectangular bearing sparse scale-setae, distal margin with fringe of thin setae; endite rectangular, distal margin slightly rounded with one triangular seta and short penicil; palp with three tufts of setae, proximal article with one inner seta.Pereopods with short inner claw, ungual seta long and simple, long dactylar seta reaching tip of outer claw.Pleopods 1 and 2 with respiratory areas.Uropod (Fig. 65) with insertion of endopod and exopod at different levels, protopod flattened and enlarged, endopod twice as long as exopod.
Etymology.The new species is named after Dr. Christian Schmidt, for his valuable contribution on the taxonomy of the family Scleropactidae.
Remarks.Schmidt (2007), in his study of the Neotropical Scleropactidae, redefined the genus Amazoniscus and redescribed A. arlei based on the type material from the north of Brazil in the states of Amapá and Pará.The author extended the records of this species to the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro (southeastern Brazil); the material is deposited in the collection of MNRJ.Based on the illustrations provided by the author, it is possible to observe clear differences between north-and southeastern specimens.The northern specimens show the male pereopod 7 ischium triangular shaped, slightly concave on sternal margin (vs.rounded and strongly concave), the dactylar organ with setose apex (vs.simple), the male pleopod 1 exopod with the distal portion acute (vs.triangular), the male pleopod 1 endopod with distal inner portion bent inwards (vs.depressed and slightly bent outwards).Based on the characters of the male pereopods 1, 2 and 7 and pleopods 1 and 2, we assume  that the species illustrated by the author from the state of Minas Gerais, corresponds to the new species described here.The material from the state of Rio de Janeiro needs to be re-examined to confirm if it belongs to Amazoniscus schmidti sp.nov.. Amazoniscus schmidti sp.nov. is similar to A. arlei in the falciform shape of the male pleopod 1 exopod, but it is easily distinguished by the male cephalon with dorsal rounded depression and triangular lobe, male pereopod 1 merus and carpus with slightly sparse setae on sternal margin, carpus 1 with large antennal grooming brush, pereopod 7 ischium long, dorsal margin rounded and strongly concave on sternal margin, dactylar organ simple without hairy appearance, the male pleopod 1 exopod with triangular distal portion, and the male pleopod 1 endopod with distal inner depression and directed outwards.Previous Brazilian records.Bahia: Ilhéus (Lisboa et al., 2013).Rio de Janeiro: Pico de Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro (Vandel, 1963;Schmidt, 2003); Angra dos Reis (Ilha Grande), Mangaratiba (Ribeira, Rubião, Muriqui) and Rio de Janeiro (Açude da Solidão, Floresta da Tijuca, Furnas da Tijuca, Pedra do Conde, Represa dos Ciganos) (Lemos de Castro, 1973).São Paulo: Estrada Velha Santos-São Paulo, Piassaguera and Santos (Lemos de Castro, 1973).
Distribution.This species is recorded from the states of Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.

Platyarthridae
Remarks.At present the family Platyarthridae includes more than 110 species in nine genera, mainly distributed in tropical areas.The family is most probably paraphyletic (Schmidt, 2003).Recently, the new family Paraplatyarthridae Javidkar & King, 2015 (Crinocheta) was erected to accommodate the new genus and the new species Paraplatyarthrus subterraneus Javidkar & King, 2015 from Laverton Downs, Windarra calcrete, Eastern Murchison region, Western Australia (Javidkar et al., 2015), and an unnamed and undescribed genus from southern Brazil.These two species are morphologically very similar to the genus Trichorhina, presently included in the Platyarthridae.Paraplatyarthridae is defined by dorsal surface with fan-like scale setae, antenna ventrally with leaf-like setae and furrow with hair-like capillary setae, part of water conduction system (WCS), flagellum of two articles, cephalon with postfrons and profons fused, maxillula outer endite with 4+4/5 teeth (one shorter).The family was erected with an integrative taxonomy approach, using molecular and morphological data, and it was recovered as monophyletic.At the moment, the morphological characters proposed by the authors to define the family do not show any synapomorphy, which allows its recognition.This also occurrs in phylogenetical analyses of other genera of Oniscidea (see Schmidt 2002Schmidt , 2003)).The dorsal fan-shaped scale-setae are shared with other genera and families of Crinocheta, for example, some members of Philosciidae (Caraiboscia Vandel, 1968, Metaprosekia Leistikow, 2000) (see Leistikow, 2000;Campos-Filho et al., 2014), members of Dubioniscidae Schultz, 1995(see Cardoso et al., 2016), members of Spelaeoniscidae Vandel, 1948(see Schmidt, 2003), and the genus Chileoniscus Taiti, Ferrara & Schmalfuss, 1986 (incertae sedis) (see Schmidt, 2007).This structure seems to be related with an endogean way of life and it has an anti-adhesive function (Schmalfuss, 1978).Most probably this structure evolved by convergence or parallelism since it occurs in different families of Crinocheta (Schmidt, 2002).The furrow bearing setae on the antenna belongs to the WCS (Hoese, 1981;Schmalfuss, 1998), and it is present in many different Crinocheta families (see Schmidt, 2003).The fused postfrons and profons on the cephalon, Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 107: e2017034 together with the 4+4/5 teeth on the maxillula outer endite are present in many genera of Crinocheta (Leistikow, 2001;Schmidt, 2003Schmidt, , 2007)).Recently, Javidkar et al. (2017) added new diagnostic characters to the family, such as dorsal surface smooth, one line of noduli laterales per side on pereonites 1-6 and pereonite 7 with two noduli laterales per side.The presence of two noduli laterales per side on pereonite 7 is also observed in Trichorhina tomentosa (Budde-Lund, 1893), type species of the genus (see Schmidt, 2003), as well as in members of Philosciidae, i. e. Barnardoscia Taiti & Ferrara, 1982, Anchiphiloscia Taiti & Ferrara, 1980, and Benthanops Barnard, 1932, Hawaiioscia Schultz, 1973(see Taiti & Ferrara, 1987).In conclusion, if the family Paraplatyartridae migth be well characterized molecularly, it does not seem to be so from a morphological point of view.
Remarks.The synonym list presented here includes the original description and the papers mentioning Brazil.The complete list is available in Schmalfuss (2003).
Remarks.This species was described by Budde-Lund (1904) as Armadillo tuberosus from Port au Prince, Haiti.It was later included in Reductoniscus by Kesselyak (1930) and then in Cubaris by (Van Name, 1936).The examination of the specimens from Brazil, certainly belonging to this species, showed that it belongs to Ctenorillo as redefined by Schmalfuss & Ferrara (1983), of which the genus Tuberdillo Arcangeli, 1941, is a junior synonym (see Taiti et al., 1998).In fact, it has the cephalon, pereon, pleon and telson with developed costae and tubercles; the cephalon with the frontal lamina protruding above the vertex; pereon, pleon epimera and telson obliquely bent outward; pereonite 1 with schisma; ventral lobe of pereonite 2 tooth-shaped; epimera of pereonites 2-7 rectangular; telson hour-glass-shaped with basal part with two paramedial tubercles and distal part bent outwards with apex truncate; antenna short and thickset; uropod with tiny exopodite.
Remarks.Diploexochus was erected by Brandt (1833) to allocate D. echinatus from Brazil.To date, the genus includes with certainty only the type-species (Schmalfuss, 2003).
); no visible gland pores.Cephalon (Figs 53-55) with frontal shield bent backwards over vertex, frontal margin broadly rounded; eyes of 13-15 ommatidia.Pereonite 1 without schisma or ventral lobes; pereonites 1-4 with posterior margin straight, 5-7 gradually more concave (Figs 51, 55).Pleon (Figs 56, 57) continuous with pereon, epimera 3-5 well developed, directed backwards with acute apex.Telson (Fig. 56) triangular, short, twice as broad as long, with slightly concave sides, rounded apex.Antennula (Fig. 58) of three articles, third article about three times as long as second, bearing five rows of two aesthetascs each and apically pointed.Antenna (Fig. 59) reaching posterior margin of second pereonite when extended back, fifth article of peduncle twice as long as flagellum, flagellum with two articles subequal in length, distal article with two rows of two aesthetascs each, apical organ as long as second article of flagellum with simple and short free sensilla.Mandible (Figs 60, 61) with molar penicil