BowTie Methodology for the Risk Management of the Spin Maneuver During Flight Training in Brazil

Leitão, Ivan Resende; Andrade, Donizeti de; Leão, Marcelo Soares; Sarkis, Pedro Allan Giglio

doi:10.1590/jatm.v14.1268

Ivan Resende Leitão ^**Correspondence author: ivanresende@yahoo.com.br

Conceptualization

Methodology

Writing - Original Draft

Writing - Review & Editing

Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial – Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica – Divisão de Engenharia Aeronáutica – São José dos Campos/SP – Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6370-8477

Donizeti de Andrade

Conceptualization

Methodology

Writing - Review & Editing

Supervision

Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial – Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica – Divisão de Engenharia Aeronáutica – São José dos Campos/SP – Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7058-656X

Marcelo Soares Leão

Conceptualization

Methodology

Writing - Review & Editing

Supervision

Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial – Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica – Divisão de Engenharia Aeronáutica – São José dos Campos/SP – Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4311-8928

Pedro Allan Giglio Sarkis

Conceptualization

Methodology

Writing - Review & Editing

Supervision

Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial – Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica – Divisão de Engenharia Aeronáutica – São José dos Campos/SP – Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6613-5237

*Correspondence author: ivanresende@yahoo.com.br

Section editor: Joana Ribeiro

	ICAO	FAA	EASA	CASA	ANAC
UPRT in PrivatePilot Training	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Partially required	Not mentioned	Recommended
UPRT in Commercial Pilot Training	Recommended	Not mentioned	Required	Not mentioned	Required
UPRT in Flight Instructor Training	Not mentioned	Required	Required	Required	Required
UPRT in simulators	Only on simulators with validatedflight data	Only on Level C simulatorsor above	Only on simulators with validatedflight data	Training must be conducted onthe aircraft	Training must be conducted onthe aircraft
Spinning training in initial courses	Includes in UPRT	Includes separate from UPRT	Includes in UPRT	Includes in UPRT	Includes separate from UPRT

RBAC 141 approved course	Spin maneuver training requirements
Airplane private pilot	Stage: The spin must be performed only in the incipient stage (stall with excessive wing drop, about 45°). Minimum height: not specified Number of turns: not specified Minimum training time: Not specified Optimal duration of each training: Not specified
RBAC 141 approved course	Spin maneuver training requirements
Airplane commercial pilot	Stage: The spin should be performed in the incipient stage (stall with excessive wing drop, about 45°) and in the developed stage. Minimum height: not specified Number of turns: 1 (when developed) Minimum training time: 1 h Optimal duration of each training: 45 min
Airplane flight instructor	Stage: The spin should be performed in the incipient stage (stall with excessive wing drop, about 45°) and in the developed stage. Minimum height: not specified Number of turns: 1 (when developed) Minimum training time: 1 h Optimal duration of each training: 45 min

Adverse onboard conditions
Vehicle impairment	System faults, failures and errors	Inapropriate crew action/ inaction
Inapropriate vehicle configurationContamination airfoilImproper loadingVehicle damage to airframe and engines	Control componentEngineSensor systemFlight-deck instrumentationNoncontrol component	Loss of aircraft attitudeEnergy or system state awarenessAggressive maneuverAbnormal control inputIneffective recovery Improper procedure Crew fatigue Impairment
External hazards and disturbances
Inclement weather and atmospheric disturbances	Poor visibility	Obstacle
Wind shearTurbulanceRain/thunderstormsSnow/icingWake vortices	Fog/hazeNight	Fixed or moving
Abnormal dynamics and vehicle upsets
Abnormal vehicle dynamics and control response Abnormal attitude, airspeed, angular rates, asymmetric forces or flight trajectory Uncontrolled descent (including spiral dive) Stall/departure from controlled flight

Contributing Factors	Incidences
Application of Commands	16
Piloting Judgment	14
Pilot's Low Experience	10
Managerial Supervision	10
Instruction	9
Organizational Processes	6
Flight Planning	6

Contributing Factors	Decription
Application of commands	Inadequacy of the pilot’s use of the aircraft flight controls
Pilot Judgment	"Inadequate assessment of certainparameters related to the operation of theaircraft, being qualified to operate it."
Pilot’s Low Experience	"Condition presented by the pilot, resultingfrom low experience in the air activity, in theaircraft or specifically in the type orcircumstances of the operation."

Escalation Factor	Description
Lack of familiarization with aircraft type	It is not effective to map all appropriate controls for a piston engine aircraft operation and the company starts operating with turboprop engines
The crew cannot adapt to systems automation	Crew members cannot adapt to major system changes, such as upgrading avionics on a previously analog aircraft

Control	Control Description	Associated Recovery Measures	Brazilian Regulation
Limitation on the Number of Turns	The number of turns allowed in each execution of a developed-stage spin	UPRT Training; Instructor Interference; Stall Alarm; Parachute deployment (Individual and Aircraft) Seat belt airbag inflation	Limiting the number of turns is a partially present requirement
Recovery Time Limitation	Maximum time in which actuation on the controls for the recovery of the maneuver must be initiated		Time limitation for recovery is a missing requirement
Minimum Altitude for Starting the Maneuver	Minimum safe altitude or height for the start of the maneuver, where there may be a greater chance of recovery		The minimum altitude for the start of the maneuver is a missing requirement
Maximum Altitude Loss	Maximum vertical altimetry variation during the execution of the maneuver		Maximum altitude loss is an absent requirement
Mission time limit	Ideal or optimal time to perform a missionwith the maneuver		Mission time limit is a partially present requirement
Flight with a More Experienced Instructor	Availability of a more experienced and proficient Instructor to train other Instructors who are not so proficient in the execution and recovery of the maneuver		Flight with a more experienced Instructor is a missing requirement

Parameter	Private pilot – airplane	Commercial pilot – airplane	Flight instructor – airplane
Initial instructor training	3 flight hours	5 flight hours	6 flight hours
Minimum height to start the maneuver	Incipient Stage: 3,000 ft AGL	Developed: 5,000 ft AGL	Developed: 5,000 ft AGL
Limitation on the number of turns	½ turn	1 turn	1 turn
Maximum altitude loss	1,000 ft	2,000 ft	2,000 ft
Time to start maneuver recovery	5 s	10 s	10 s
Use of parachutes (individual)	Recommended	Recommended	Recommended
Use of ballistic parachute (aircraft)	Recommended	Recommended	Recommended
Annual instructor training	1 h	1 h	1 h

[1] *Correspondence author: ivanresende@yahoo.com.br

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BowTie Methodology for the Risk Management of the Spin Maneuver During Flight Training in Brazil

ABSTRACT