From Protection to Pollution: The Impact of Mask Use on Micro(nano)plastic Release

Abstract

This study presents a bibliographic review compiling data on global masks consumption during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, disposal practices, the release of microplastic and nanoplastic (MNPs) from masks, and their environmental consequences. Global demand for masks increased dramatically compared to pre-pandemic levels, with estimates ranging from 21 billion to 2,555 billion single-use masks per month, underscoring the essential role of personal protective equipment (PPE) in infection control. Asia was identified as the largest consumer and generator of mask waste, followed by the Americas (North and South). This study also demonstrates that disposable masks release MNPs into different environmental matrices, with ultraviolet radiation (UV) and mechanical stress acting as drivers of this process. However, the reviewed studies employed several measurement units, making comparisons challenging hindering direct comparisons, a challenge that highlights the need for standardized methodologies and units. Polypropylene was the predominant constituent of the released particles, as expected due to its widespread use in mask manufacturing. This review also emphasizes the adverse effects of discarded masks on biota and the documented impacts of MNPs released during simulated weathering on model organisms. Overall, there is an urgent need for research focused on standardizing units, improving exposure realism, and strengthening waste-management strategies during health crises. Such efforts are essential to balance infection control with minimizing the environmental burden of single-use plastics and to inform future pandemic preparedness and policy.

Keywords:
microplastic and nanoplastic; disposable masks; polypropylene; environmental degradation; waste management strategies