Cytotoxic Activities Against Ehrlich Carcinoma and Human K 562 Leukaemia of Alkaloids and Flavonoid from Two Solanum Species

Diversas espécies do gênero Solanum apresentam glicoalcalóides e flavonóides com grande variedade de atividades biológicas. O flavonóide tiliroside (1), uma fração rica em glicoalcalóides denominada GB e o glicoalcalóide solasonina (2) foram obtidos dos tricomas de galhos jovens e frutos de Solanum crinitum Lam e o alcalóide estereoidal solasodina (3), extraído das partes aéreas de S. jabrense Agra & M. Nee, tiveram sua atividade citotóxica avaliada frente a células do carcinoma de Ehrlich e da leucemia humana K562. O efeito antiproliferativo destas substâncias mostrou comportamento dose-dependente após avaliação através do método do MTT, para ambos os casos. Os resultados indicaram atividade citotóxica para 1, GB e 2, com IC 50 = 69,50 μM, 19,5 μg mL e 74,20 μM, respectivamente, quando ensaiadas frente ao carcinoma de Ehrlich, e IC 50 = 118,40 μM, 13,65 μg mL, 60,35 μM e 76,92 μM para 1, GB, 2 e 2a (derivado peracetilado da solasonina) frente a leucemia K562. A baixa atividade da aglicona solasodina (3) indicou a importância da presença dos açúcares na estrutura do glicoalcalóide e permitiu postular a substância 2, presente na fração rica em glicoalcalóides (GB), como um dos principios ativos. Além disso, os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de biomonitoramento através do ensaio do MTT na busca de metabólitos com atividade citotóxica.


Introduction
Pharmacological and chemical investigations of medicinal plants have provided important advances in the therapeutic approach to several pathologies, as well as extremely useful tools for the theoretical study of physiology and pharmacology. 1A number of medicinal plants containing flavonoids and alkaloids are used in natural medicine and are known to contain important therapeutic agents.For example, Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgoaceae family, used to prevent coronary artery disease, 2 Garcinia kola, Guttiferae family, component of Kolaviron for the treatment of various diseases, including hepatitis and laryngitis, 3 and several Leguminosae plants containing isoflavonoids with potent estrogenic activity. 4any plants in the Solanaceae family accumulate steroidal alkaloids based on a C 27 cholestane skeleton, e.g.solasodine and tomatidine.These compounds are essentially nitrogen analogues of steroidal saponins, and they are usually present as glycosides which have surface activity and hemolytic properties as do the saponins. 5teroidal alkaloids and their glycosides occurring in numerous species of Solanum genus are known to possess a variety of biological activities, including antifungal, 6,7 molluscicidal, 8 teratogenic, and embryotoxic. 9Preparations containing solasodine glycosides are currently employed for the treatment of certain skin cancers. 10lavonoids are special plant metabolites, present in all terrestrial vascular plants.Flavonoids are chemically defined as substances composed of a common C 6 -C 3 -C 6 skeleton, with one or more hydroxyl groups and others substituents.A high proportion of flavonoids occur naturally as water-soluble glycosides.Considerable quantities of flavonoids are consumed daily in our vegetable diet, and some are particularly beneficial, acting as antioxidants and giving protection against cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. 5The pharmacological effects of flavonoids in animals are diverse: antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antihepatotoxic. 11,12][19] Focusing on the anti-cancer properties of chemical constituents from Brazilian plants we have assayed the cytotoxic activities against Ehrlich carcinoma and human K562 leukaemia cells of a glicoalkaloid fraction (GB), the flavonoid tiliroside (1), solasonine (2) and peracethyl solasonine (2a) from Solanum crinitum Lam and the aglicone solasodine (3) from S. jabrense.We report here our latest results.

Experimental
Plant material, extraction and isolation Tiriloside (1).Aerial parts of Solanum crinitum Lam were collected in Seropédica (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and a voucher specimen (Sarmento s. n., JPB-28000), was deposited in the Lauro Pires Xavier Herbarium of Universidade Federal da Paraíba (Paraíba, Brazil).The trichomes of S. crinitum (9.7 g) were isolated by mildly scratching the young leaves with a glass slide and subsequent extraction with CHCl 3 in an ultrasound bath.
The extract was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was submitted to precipitation with MeOH.The filtrate extract was separated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography using MeOH as eluent to furnish tiriloside (1, 30 mg, 0.31% yield).The structure of tiriloside (1) was identified on the basis of NMR data, including 1D and 2D experiments.
Glycoalkaloid fraction (GB).The fresh fruits of S. crinitum (2600 g) were collected in the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).The extraction was realized by maceration with EtOH-H 2 O-AcOH (90:8:2) and filtration.The process was repeated several times, and the combined filtrates, after concentration in vacuum, were dissolved in H 2 O-AcOH (9:1), filtered over Celite, treated with NH 4 OH to pH 9-10 and an enriched total glycoalkaloid fraction was precipitated (96 g, 3.7% yield), and collected by filtration.
Solasonine (2).A part of the enriched total glycoalkaloid fraction (92g) was chromatographed over Sephadex LH-20 column using methanol as eluent, and various fractions were collected.After crystallization with acetone, glycoalkaloid 2 (300 mg, 0.33 % yield) was isolated and its structure established on the basis of NMR data.
Peracetyl solasonine (2a).Solasonine 2 (80 mg), was dissolved in pyridine (2 mL) and treated overnight with acetic anhydride (2 mL) at room temperature.Ice was added to the reaction mixture and it was immediately extracted with ethyl acetate.The ethyl acetate layer was dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated to afford 2a in quantitative yield.The structure of 2a was established using NMR data.

NMR data
in CDCl 3 or DMSO-d 6 solutions, using TMS as internal standard.

Cytotoxic assays
Cell culture.Ehrlich carcinoma cell cultures were started from mice ascites with at least one passage in vitro prior to use.Dilution series of cytotoxic drugs in DMSO at final concentration of 0.3% (v/v) were prepared in triplicate steps in 96-culture well plates, and 1 x 10 6 tumour cells (Ehrlich carcinoma or K562 leukaemia) were added to cultures in RPMI 1640 complete medium, supplemented with 5% heat inactivated foetal calf serum, and 0.1% streptomycin/penicillin, and incubated at 37 o C, in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 for 48 h. 17TT assay.Cell viability were also assayed under the same conditions as above in the absence or presence of 1, 2, 2a and 3 at 200, 100, 50 and 25 µM, and GB at 25, 12, 6 and 3 µg mL -1 , using the Mossman assay. 20Drug effects were observed after 48h of culture incubation.MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,4-dipheniltetrazolium bromide] was added to samples and the absorbance was measured after 3h.The concentration required to reduce the absorbance by 50% (IC 50 ) in comparison with control were determined.The IC 50 values were determined as means of three independent experiments in µM or µg mL -1 with standard deviation in the range of 10-15%.

Isolation and identification of constituents
The trichomes of the young branches of the Solanum crinitum were extracted with CHCl 3 in an ultrasound bath.The solvent was removed under vacuum to yield the residue that was treated with methanol.The filtrate obtained from this treatment was chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 to provide the glycosilated flavonoid tiliroside (1) in 0.31% yield.The green fruits of S. crinitum were extracted with EtOH-H 2 O-AcOH (90:8:2) and the extract was basified with ammonia.The basic residue (GB) on chromatography in a Sephadex LH-20 columm (methanol elution) afforded the glycoalkaloid solasonine (2).The aerial parts from S. jabrense were extracted with ethanol and partitioned with hexane, chloroform and methanol.Column chromatography on silica gel of the methanol fraction afforded the alkaloid solasodine (3).
No previous work has been reported on this species.Comparative analysis of HBBD and DEPT 13 C NMR spectra of each natural product (1 to 3) was used to identify signals corresponding to quaternary methine, methylene and methyl carbon atoms.The structural identification of these compounds was based on their spectral data, including one bond and multibond 1 H and 13 C correlations which were obtained by 2D NMR using HMQC ( 1 J CH 140 Hz) and HMBC ( n J CH 9 Hz) pulse sequences, together with comparison with literature values of 1 H and 13 C NMR. [21][22][23] The comparison of 1 H and 13 C NMR spectral data of 1 and 6'"-coumarol kaempferol-3-O-glycoside (tiliroside) described in the literature 21 was used to recognize both as the same compound.This is the first register of flavonoid tiliroside (1) in the Solanum genus.
The structures of the steroidal alkaloids 2 and 3 were confirmed by comparison of their 13 C NMR spectral data with those reported in the literature for solasonine (2) 22,23 and solasodine (3), 23 both isolated previously from Solanum khasianum. 23The 1 H NMR data of the peracetyl derivative 2a were also used during our structural elucidation of 2.

Cytotoxic activities
In this work we present the cytotoxic activities of the flavonoid tiliroside (1), the glycoalkaloid rich total fraction GB, the glycoalkaloid solasonine (2) and its acetylated derivative 2a, extracted from Solanum crinitum, and of the aglycone solasodine (3), obtained from S. jabrense, against murine Ehrlich carcinoma and human K562 leukaemia cultured cells.
The glycoalkaloid rich fraction GB also presented an antiproliferative effect against Ehrlich carcinoma cells, on 48 h culture using the Mossman assay, 20 with IC 50 = (19.5 ± 2.1) µg mL -1 .Later, the principal glycoalkaloid of this fraction was isolated and characterized as solasonine (2), which after acetylation furnished 2a.These alkaloids were assayed against Ehrlich carcinoma cells, and the IC 50 value was (74.20 ± 6.26) µM for 2, while 2a was inactive.Furthermore, the aglycone solasodine (3) was tested, under the same conditions showing a small antiproliferative effect (5% at 200 mM) against Ehrlich carcinoma cells.
The low activity of the aglycone indicates that the role of the sugar moiety is very important.Thus, these results suggested 2 as the possible active metabolite in the glycoalkaloid fraction.An increase of lipophylicity in 2a, afforded a reduction of the antiproliferative effect.
Compounds 1, 2, 2a, 3 and GB were also tested for their cytotoxicities against human K562 leukaemia cell line using the Mossman assay, 20 after 48 h of cell culture.Among the natural products assayed, 1, 2, 2a and GB showed concentration-dependent growth inhibiting activities on cultured K562 leukaemia cells.The IC 50 values were (186.50 ± 15.45), (60.35 ± 16.63), (76.92 ± 11.17) µM for 1, 2 and 2a, respectively, and (13.65 ± 5.51) µg mL -1 for GB.Alkaloid 3 was inactive, under the test conditions, indicating again the importance of the sugar moiety when compared with glycoalkaloid 2. The comparison of significant results obtained for Ehrlich carcinoma and human K562 leukaemia, in 48h cell cultures, is indicated in Figure 1.

Conclusion
The results showed that the MTT assay is a useful tool for biomonitoring in phytochemical studies, conveniently providing drug sensitivity information.The genus Solanum includes many native Brazilian species, such as S. crinitum Lam and S. jabrense, which are used in popular medicine and contain flavonoids and glycoalkaloids with potential as leads to new chemotherapeutic agents.