Glycolipids |
composed of carbohydrates (monosaccharides-glucose, xylose, rhamnose; oligosaccharides-sophorose) and lipids (fatty acids: β-hydroxydecanoic acid (C10), hydroxy-hexadecanoic acids (C16:0, C16:1 and C16:2), hydroxy-octadecanoic acids (C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2);120120 Kurtzman, C. P.; Price, N. P.; Ray, K. J.; Kuo, T. M.; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2010, 311, 140.
121 Ma, X. J.; Li, H.; Shao, L. J.; Shen, J.; Song, X.; Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021, 91, 1623.-122122 Cortés-Sánchez, A. J.; Hernández-Sánchez, H.; Jaramillo-Flores, M. E.; Microbiol. Res. 2013, 168, 22. the glycidic and lipidic portions are connected by ether or ester bonds; CMC between 20 and 366 mg L-1;123123 Siñeriz, F.; Hommel, R. K.; Kleber, R. K. In Biotechnology: Fundamentals in Biotechnology, 1st ed.; Doelle, H. W.; Rokem, J. S.; Berovic, M., eds.; EOLSS Publications: Abu Sultan, Egypt, 2009.,124124 Kulakovskaya, E.; Kulakovskaya, T.; Extracellular Glycolipids of Yeasts: Biodiversity, Biochemistry, and Prospects, 1st ed.; Oxford: Academic Press: Oxford, England, 2014. reduce water surface tension from 72 to 20 mN m-1; HLB: 6-24 (mannosylerythritol lipids 6-12; sophorolipids 12-15; rhamnolipids 22-24)125125 Casas, J. A.; Ochoa, F. G.; J. Biosci. Bioeng. 1999, 988, 488.
126 Das, K.; Mukherjee, A. K.; Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2005, 69, 192.-127127 Arutchelvi, J. I.; Bhaduri, S.; Uppara, P. V.; Doble, M.; J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 35, 1559.
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antimicrobial action; pesticide action predominantly produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, cellobiose lipids, mannosylerythritol lipids, trehalose lipids, and liamocins (polyol lipids) |
Lipopeptides/lipoproteins |
composed of peptides or proteins (y L-glutamine, L-leucine, D-leucine, L-valine, L-asparagine, D-leucine, and L-leucine residues linked by peptide bonds) and lipids (fatty acid); exhibit higher molecular mass (≥ 1000 Da); CMC around 10 μmol L-1 or 23 mg L-1; water surface tension reduction from 72 to 20 mN m-1;2121 Wu, Y. S.; Ngai, S. C.; Goh, B. H.; Chan, K. G.; Lee, L. H.; Chuah, L. H.; Front. Pharmacol. 2017, 8, 761. HLB: 10-12 (surfactin);128128 Chandankere, R.; Yao, J.; Cai, M.; Masakorala, K.; Jain, A. K.; Choi, M. M. F.; Fuel 2014, 122, 140.
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antimicrobial action; produced main by bacteria Bacillus subtilis
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iturin, surfactin, fengycin, viscosin, and amphisin |
Polymerics |
composed by complex mixture with varied structures (heteropolysacharides); exhibit higher molecular mass (≥ 1000 Da); reduction of water surface tension from 72 to 30 mN m-1;129129 Amoabediny, G. H.; Rezvani, M.; Rashedi, H.; Jokari, S.; Chamanrokh, P.; Mazaheri, M.; Ghavami, M.; Yazdian, F.; Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 9758.,130130 Shekhar, S.; Sundaramanickam, A.; Balasubramanian, T.; Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 45, 1522.
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produced by yeast, for example, Yarrowia lipolytic133133 Amaral, P. F.; Coelho, M. A. Z.; Marrucho, I. M.; Coutinho, J. A. In Biosurfactants, 1st ed.; Sem, R., ed.; Springer: New York, United States, 2006.
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alasan, liposan, lipomannan, emulsan, and other polysaccharide-protein complexes |
Particulates |
vesicles of proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharides with size between 20 and 50 nm131131 Käppeli, O.; Finnerty, W. R.; J. Bacteriol. 1979, 140, 707.,132132 Santos, D. K. F.; Rufino, R. D.; Luna, J. M.; Santos, V. A.; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 401.
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extracellular membrane vesicles |