Application of Disposable Pipette Extraction for Determination of Yb by High-Resolution Continuum Source Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using Lanthanum as a Chemical Modifier

Betiolo, Diogo M.; Cadorim, Heloisa R.; Carasek, Eduardo; Maranhão, Tatiane A.

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20230021

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Article • J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 34 (8) • Aug 2023 • https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20230021 copy

Application of Disposable Pipette Extraction for Determination of Yb by High-Resolution Continuum Source Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using Lanthanum as a Chemical Modifier

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The use of extraction technique with disposable tips (DPX) was applied for the first time for the extraction and preconcentration of Yb in samples of liquid waste from the petrochemical industry and environmental water using bioabsorbent cork. The use of cork as an extracting phase in the determination of Yb by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF AAS) was evaluated. The pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were optimized at 1400 and 2400 °C, respectively. H₂SO₄, HNO₃ and HCl acids were compared in the steps of cleaning the extraction phase and desorption of the analyte by DPX. The best extraction in the selected conditions was obtained with pH 8.0 and 5% v/v HCl. The recoveries were close to 100% for residual water and drinking water, 33 to 77% for produced water and 64 to 93% for river water. Tests with interfering ions in different concentrations were performed. The relative limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were estimated at 0.03 and 0.01 µg L^-1, respectively. The total time for the preparation of the samples by DPX was close to 1 min per sample. Extraction and pre-concentration were observed using DPX with a pre-enrichment factor of approximately 4 times.

Keywords:
ytterbium; residual water; environmental samples; sample preparation; DPX HR-CS GF AAS

Parameter
Wavelength / nm	398.799
Background correction mode	IBC
Scanned spectral range (wavelength) / nm	398.554-399.051
Scanned spectral range / pixel	200
Evaluation pixels	3
Read time / s	5
Integration mode	area
Sample volume / µL	20

Step	Temperature / °C	Ramp / (°C s^-1)	Hold / s	Purge
Drying	90	6	20	max
Drying	110	5	10	max
Pyrolysis	1400	300	10	max
Gas adaptation	1400	0	5	stop
Atomization	2400	FP	5	stop
Cleaning	2500	500	4	max

Extractor phase cleaning	Analyte desorption	Average (Abs_int)	SD	RSD / %
HNO₃	HNO₃	0.1645	0.0037	2.28
HNO₃	HCl	0.2349	0.0153	6.53
HCl	HNO₃	0.1089	0.0028	2.64
HCl	HCl	0.2211	0.0079	3.60
HNO₃	H₂SO₄	0.0843	0.0024	2.84

Added salt	Yb
Added salt	Maximum concentration / (mg L^-1)	Ratio [ion]/[Yb]	Recovery / %
NaCl	10	2000	99.8
KCl	10	2000	94.2
CaCl₂	10	2000	105.1
Mg(NO₃)₂	10	2000	105.2
Al(NO₃)₃	0.5	100	86.6
NaNO₃	5	1000	80.7
C₂H₃NaO₂	15	3000	88.1
Na₂SO₄	0.5	100	< 80
Na₂C₂O₄	0.5	100	95.3

Parameter	Value
LOD relative / (µg L^-1)	0.03
LOQ relative / (µg L^-1)	0.01
LOD absolute / pg	0.072
LOQ absolute / pg	0.021
Characteristic mass / pg	0.6
R²	0.9961
Curve equation	$y = 0.1467 x + 0.0014$
Linear range / (µg L^-1)	0.5-5
Enrichment factor	4

Analyte	Sample	Technique	Method	Extraction phase	Modifier	Reagents	Limits of detection and quantification	Reference
Yb	road dust	HR-CS GF AAS	sonication	HNO₃	W	HNO₃ 0.24 mol L^-1	LOD 0.11 µg L^-1	20
Gd, La, Tb, Tm, Yb and Y	geological and catalyst	ETV-ICP-MS	DLLME	CHCl₃ and 8-hydroxyquinoline	Pd	HNO₃, HCl, H₂O₂, HF and H₃BO₃	LOD 0.1 ng g^-1	41
Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu	environmental water and sediment	ETV-ICP-MS	D-SPE-DLLME	Chelex 100, CCl₄	PMBP	0.1 mol L^-1 HNO₃ / 125 mmol L^-1 Tris	LOD 0.008 ng L^-1	42
La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu	mineral water, from river and from reference	ICP-OES	CPE	Triton X-114 and TTA			LOD 0.002 µg L^-1	43
Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb, Lu and Ce	water	ICP-OES	SPE	functionalized Amberlite XAD-4 resin		HNO₃ 0.24 mol L^-1	LOD 0.006 µg L^-1	44
Yb	natural, potable, produced water and liquid waste	HR-CS GF AAS	DPX	cork	La	HCl 5%	LOQ 0.03 µg L^-1 LOD 0.01 µg L^-1	this work

Sample	Yb
Sample	Found ICP-MS / (µg g^-1)	Found HR-CS GF AAS DPX-cork / (µg g^-1)	t ^a	Reference / (µg g^-1)	t ^b
NCSDC 73349	0.065 ± 0.010	0.060 ± 0.004	0.804	0.063 ± 0.009^c	1.299
CTA-VTL-2	0.083 ± 0.005	0.075 ± 0.005	1.960	0.080^d	1.732
IAEA-336	0.041 ± 0.002	0.034 ± 0.003	3.363	0.037^d	1.732
Residual water	< LOQ^e	< LOQ^f
Produced water	< LOQ^e	< LOQ^f
Drinking water	< LOQ^e	< LOQ^f
River water	< LOQ^e	< LOQ^f

Sample	Yb / (µg L^-1)	Average (Abs_int)	SD	RSD / %	Value obtained	REC / %
Residual water	1	0.15701	0.00485	3.1	1.1	108.2
	3	0.46863	0.02217	4.7	3.2	107.1
	5	0.71591	0.01404	2.0	4.9	98.0
Produced water	1	0.11118	0.01538	13.8	0.8	76.9
	3	0.16922	0.01525	9.0	1.2	38.8
	5	0.24182	0.01059	4.4	1.7	33.2
Drinking water	1	0.16060	0.00855	5.3	1.1	110.6
	3	0.42956	0.00223	0.5	2.9	98.2
	5	0.61845	0.02104	3.4	4.2	84.7
River water	1	0.13511	0.00596	4.4	0.9	93.2
	3	0.31587	0.00341	1.1	2.2	72.3
	5	0.47148	0.02715	5.8	3.2	64.6

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[1] * e-mail: eduardo.carasek@ufsc.br