<i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> Essential Oil Incorporated into Fish Feed Shows Strong Antimicrobial Activity against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila,</i> an Opportunistic Bacterium of Aquaculture

Silva, Juliane M. S.; Vilar, Flávia C. R.; Lima, Gabriel A. B.; Souza, Elizangela M.; Dutra, Livia M.; Almeida, Jackson R. G. S.; Rolim, Larissa A.; Lopes, Norberto P.; Oliveira, Ana P.

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20230087

Juliane M. S. Silva

research

formal analysis and writing of the original manuscript

Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa de Plantas Medicinais, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, 56304-917 Petrolina-PE, Brazil

Flávia C. R. Vilar

cultivation

maintenance of the medicinal herb garden

monthly collections

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano, PE 647, 56302-970 Petrolina-PE, Brazil

Gabriel A. B. Lima

cultivation

maintenance of the medicinal herb garden

monthly collections

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano, PE 647, 56302-970 Petrolina-PE, Brazil

Elizangela M. Souza

planning

research

formal data analysis

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano, PE 647, 56302-970 Petrolina-PE, Brazil

Livia M. Dutra

research

formal data analysis and review of the manuscript

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano, PE 647, 56302-970 Petrolina-PE, Brazil

Jackson R. G. S. Almeida

research

formal data analysis and review of the manuscript

Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa de Plantas Medicinais, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, 56304-917 Petrolina-PE, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0867-1357

Larissa A. Rolim

research

formal data analysis and review of the manuscript

Central de Análise de Fármacos, Medicamentos e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, 56304-917 Petrolina-PE, Brazil

Norberto P. Lopes

research

formal data analysis and review of the manuscript

Instituto de Espectrometria de Massa de Micromoleculas Orgânicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8159-3658

Ana P. Oliveira ^** e-mail: paula.oliveira@ifsertao-pe.edu.br

research

formal data analysis

supervision

review of the manuscript

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano, 56380-000 Santa Maria da Boa Vista-PE, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9431-0883

* e-mail: paula.oliveira@ifsertao-pe.edu.br

Editor handled this article: Paulo Cezar Vieira

No.	Compound	Chemical composition / %
No.	Compound	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Jan
Monoterpenes
1	α-thujene	0.51	0.26	0.60	0.50	0.49	0.43	0.36	0.22	0.49	0.45	0.42
2	α-pinene	0.20	0.11	0.27	0.23	0.27	0.22	0.16	0.09	0.23	0.22	0.19
3	β-phellandrene	0.46	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.16	0.14	0.14
4	y-terpinene	7.17	5.74	8.04	2.90	6.16	5.70	4.09	2.45	6.64	4.13	4.30
5	α-terpinene	1.13	0.89	1.29	0.50	0.96	0.94	0.60	–	1.15	0.76	0.78
6	β-mircene	1.11	0.82	1.16	0.99	1.17	0.98	0.80	0.54	0.99	0.87	0.83
7	cymenederivatives	19.4	14.75	17.84	22.93	21.66	18.07	16.35	16.47	15.91	15.15	15.8
8	camphene	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.05	0.09	0.02
9	β-pinene	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.05	0.06	0.03
10	α-phellandrene	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.15	0.08	0.06
11	δ-3-carene	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.11	0.26	–
12	limonene	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.26	0.24	0.24	0.22
13	(E)-β-ocimene	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.04	0.02	0.02
14	terpinolene	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.06	0.05	0.05
Total		30.22	22.57	29.2	28.05	30.71	26.34	22.36	16.47	26.27	22.52	22.86
Oxygenated monoterpenes
15	terpinen-4-ol	1.40	1.24	1.22	1.21	1.25	1.17	0.97	1.16	1.17	1.42	1.47
16	thymol	0.20	0.22	0.19	0.18	0.19	0.21	0.20	0.22	0.33	0.45	0.45
17	carvacrol	52.96	64.12	56.27	58.13	51.13	60.16	63.29	65.36	57.4	58.65	60.66
18	linalool	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.06	0.07	0.08
19	trans-sabinenehydrate	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.03	0.03
20	+(–) borneol	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.21	0.08
21	α-terpineol	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.07	–
Total		54.56	65.58	57.68	59.66	52.57	61.54	64.46	66.74	58.96	60.9	62.77
Sesquiterpenes
22	E-caryophyllene	5.88	4.49	4.94	4.50	6.41	4.43	4.93	4.62	5.74	4.89	4.48
23	α-bergamotene	3.89	2.76	3.29	3.23	4.83	3.10	3.42	2.97	4.56	3.93	0.06
24	α-humulene	1.51	1.13	1.26	1.14	1.63	1.10	1.26	1.23	1.6	1.49	1.35
25	β-bisabolene	0.11	0.07	0.08	0.07	0.15	N.I.	0.09	0.07	0.23	0.19	0.14
Total		11.39	8.45	9.57	8.94	13.02	8.63	9.7	8.89	12.13	10.5	6.03
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes
26	caryophyllene oxide	1.68	1.47	1.65	1.50	1.66	1.48	1.85	2.30	2.65	2.95	2.50
27	humuleneepoxide II	0.22	0.19	0.21	0.20	0.20	0.18	0.26	0.33	0.51	0.58	0.46
28	E-sesquisabinene	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.14	0.14	–
Total		1.9	1.66	1.86	1.7	1.86	1.66	2.11	2.63	3.3	3.67	2.96
Others
29	2-hexenal	0.33	0.06	0.14	–	0.12	–	–	0.12	0.27	0.13	0.04
30	1-octen-3-ol	1.60	1.32	1.12	1.37	1.25	1.39	0.90	1.20	0.95	1.47	1.61
31	NI	–	0.34	0.44	–	0.49	0.39	0.35	–	–	–	–
	cis-3-hexenyl formate	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.13	0.08
32	cembrene	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.06	0.09	0.08
Total		1.93	1.72	1.7	1.37	1.86	1.78	1.25	1.32	1.28	1.82	1.81
Total identified		100	99.98	100.01	99.72	100.02	99.95	99.88	96.05	101.97	99.41	96.43

Sample	Month/Year	Carvacrol / %
EO 1	Mar/2019	50.02 ± 1.43
EO 2	Apr/2019	59.06 ± 2.32
EO 3	May/2019	51.60 ± 1.13
EO 4	Jun/2019	54.92 ± 3.85
EO 5	Jul/2019	46.04 ± 2.21
EO 6	Aug/2019	56.23 ± 2.97
EO 7	Sep/2019	59.51 ± 2.55
EO 8	Oct/2019	56.62 ± 2.45
EO 9	Nov/2019	56.00 ± 1.82
EO 10	Dec/2019	58.29 ± 2.93
EO 11	Jan/2020	61.42 ± 3.64
EO 1.21	Jan/2021	56.29 ± 1.14

Sample	Month/year	DPPH (IC₅₀) / (µg mL^-1)	β-Carotene (AA) / %	AAI
1	Mar/2019	552.20 ± 43.64	20.50	0.020
2	Apr/2019	422.80 ± 3.51	22.50	0.030
3	May/2019	533.40 ± 13.44	22.30	0.020
4	Jun/2019	483.20 ± 7.58	20.00	0.030
5	Jul/2019	638.60 ± 21.41	22.20	0.020
6	Aug/2019	460.70 ±11.81	19.20	0.030
7	Sep/2019	1943 ± 184.50	27.00	0.007
8	Oct/2019	737.10 ± 20.75	18.90	0.019
9	Nov/2019	4352 ± 1267	36.80	0.003
10	Dec/2019	3196 ± 326.40	22.60	0.004
11	Jan/2020	2463 ± 253.20	22.60	0.005
BHA		3.43 ± 0.05	69.70	4.160
Ascorbic acid		2.18 ± 0.03	25.30	6.540

Sample	Month/year	MIC / (µg mL^-1)	MBC / (µg mL^-1)
1	Mar/2019	125	125
2	Apr/2019	125	250
3	May/2019	125	125
4	Jun/2019	125	125
5	Jul/2019	62.5	125
6	Aug/2019	125	125
7	Sep/2019	62.5	125
8	Oct/2019	62.5	125
9	Nov/2019	125	125
10	Dec/2019	62.5	250
11	Jan/2020	62.5	125
1.21	Jan/2021	500	500
Carvacrol		500	500
Gentamicin		1.7	1.7
Chloramphenicol		250	250

Sample	Month/year	MIC / (µg mL^-1)		∑ FIC	Result
Sample	Month/year	Isolated	Combined	∑ FIC	Result
3	Mar/2019	125	31.25	0.50	synergic
3	chloramphenicol	250	62.5	0.50	synergic
5	Jul/2019	62.5	15.6	0.38	synergic
5	chloramphenicol	250	31.25	0.38	synergic
7	Sep/2019	62.5	15.6	0.38	synergic
7	chloramphenicol	250	31.25	0.38	synergic
10	Dec/2019	62.5	15.6	0.38	synergic
10	chloramphenicol	250	31.25	0.38	synergic

[1] * e-mail: paula.oliveira@ifsertao-pe.edu.br

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Plectranthus amboinicus Essential Oil Incorporated into Fish Feed Shows Strong Antimicrobial Activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, an Opportunistic Bacterium of Aquaculture