Urinary protein / creatinine ratio versus 24-hour proteinuria in the evaluation of lupus nephritis

INTRODUCTION: The urinary protein/creatinine ratio has been used instead of 24-hour proteinuria in Nephrology practice for the follow-up of glomerular diseases, considering the advantages of collection and the low cost. However, there are still doubts as to its applicability both for an isolated evaluation and for the follow-up of patients with lupus nephritis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 24-hour proteinuria determinations and random urine samples, performing urinary creatinine correction and urinary protein/creatinine ratio in subjects with lupus nephritis. METHODS: 24-hour proteinuria and urinary protein/creatinine ratio were determined by conventional methods (automated Pyrogallol for proteinuria and alkaline picrate for creatinine). RESULTS: Seventy-eight urine samples of 41 patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus, according to the American Rheumatology Association, with lupus nephritis, were analyzed, and a good correlation between 24-hour proteinuria and urinary protein/creatinine ratio (r = 0.9010 and r² = 0.813) was observed. However, a poor correlation between random proteinuria (without creatinine correction) versus 24-hour proteinuria (r = 0.635 and r² = 0.403) or versus urinary protein/creatinine ratio (r = 0.754 and r² = 0.569) was seen. CONCLUSION: 24-hour proteinuria and urinary protein/creatinine ratio were useful in the follow-up of each case. However, we observed that the absolute values were different, which did not allow the replacement of one for the other during follow-up, especially when this result is used to define the activity of the disease. Based on these results, we suggest a period of intersection from one to the other (two to three determinations by both methods), and the choice of one marker for proteinuria follow-up, if necessary.


Introduction:
The urinary protein/creatinine ratio has been used instead of 24hour proteinuria in Nephrology practice for the follow-up of glomerular diseases, considering the advantages of collection and the low cost.However, there are still doubts as to its applicability both for an isolated evaluation and for the followup of patients with lupus nephritis.Objective: To evaluate 24-hour proteinuria determinations and random urine samples, performing urinary creatinine correction and urinary protein/creatinine ratio in subjects with lupus nephritis.Methods: 24-hour proteinuria and urinary protein/creatinine ratio were determined by conventional methods (automated Pyrogallol for proteinuria and alkaline picrate for creatinine).Results: Seventy-eight urine samples of 41 patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus, according to the American Rheumatology Association, with lupus nephritis, were analyzed, and a good correlation between 24-hour proteinuria and urinary protein/creatinine ratio (r = 0.9010 and r² = 0.813) was observed.However, a poor correlation between random proteinuria (without creatinine correction) versus 24-hour proteinuria (r = 0.635 and r² = 0.403) or versus urinary protein/creatinine ratio (r = 0.754 and r² = 0.569) was seen.Conclusion: 24-hour proteinuria and urinary protein/creatinine ratio were useful in the follow-up of each case.However, we observed that the absolute values were different, which did not allow the replacement of one for the other during follow-up, especially when this result is used to define the activity of the disease.Based on these results, we suggest

Urinary protein/creatinine ratio versus 24-hour proteinuria in the evaluation of lupus nephritis
Relação proteína/creatinina na urina versus proteinúria de 24 horas na avaliação de nefrite lúpica Protein creatinine ratio in lupus nephritis

IntRoductIon
The quantification of proteinuria is a valuable test to analyze kidney diseases, thus being considered as a diagnostic and prognostic marker, besides being essential for the follow-up of treatments for glomerulopathy.
Gold standard is 24-hour proteinuria (24hP), due to the great variation in the concentration of urinary protein throughout the day -for different reasons -, which impedes the dosage in a random sample.
However, it is worth to mention that 24hP determination is associated with some difficulties, such as patient adherence and the adequate collection and handling of this material in the laboratory.
3][4][5][6] However, there are doubts as to the reliability to use this index both for the isolated evaluation and for the follow-up of patients with lupus nephritis.
In this study, 24hP determinations and random urine samples were analyzed with the urinary creatinine correction by the P/C ratio in patients with lupus nephritis.The objective was to evaluate the possibility that the second test can replace the first one for the follow-up of these patients.

mAteRIAl And methods
Forty-one patients in the outclinic patient of glomerulopathies at Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) with systemic erythematosus lupus were evaluated according to the criteria of the American Association of Rheumatology.They all had clinical and laboratory diagnosis of lupus nephritis; eight did not have a biopsy (six patients) or the material was not adequate (two patients); the others had lupus nephritis classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) in classes III (3), IV (18), V (11) and VI (1).One patient underwent two renal biopsies during follow-up (the first showed class V, and the second, class IV, but here we considered class V).Other characteristics of the studied population are demonstrated in Table 1.
Patients collected 24-hour urine samples for examinations and, when delivering this material to the laboratory, they collected an additional random urine sample.
In order to determine 24hP and proteinuria in a random urine sample, the automated Pyrogallol method was used; urinary creatinine was measured by the alkaline picrate method.Besides the tests in this protocol, patients underwent the examinations for the routine evaluation of their disease.se um período de intersecção (duas a três determinações pelos dois métodos) para mudança de um para outro e escolha de um único marcador preferencial para seguimento da proteinúria.Palavras-chave: Nefrite Lúpica.Proteinúria.Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico.Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina.a period of intersection from one to the other (two to three determinations by both methods) and the choice of one marker for proteinuria follow-up, if necessary.Keywords: Lupus Nephritis.Proteinuria.Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic.Diagnostic Tests, Routine.

dIscussIon
It is important to consider that 24hP remains as gold standard to diagnose proteinuric diseases, and it is the most used parameter for syndromic definitions concerning glomerular diseases.The P/C ratio in a random urine sample is a simple test, which is low-cost and easy to perform.It does not require timed collection of urine, since it can be collected any time of the day, although there are some controversies as to the quality of the sample.Some problems were found concerning the use of this examination: the lack of knowledge on its applicability and, from the practical point of view, the frequent inexistence of specific codes in clinical laboratories to facilitate its performance, when ordered by the doctors.
Even though it is hard for nephrologists to understand how difficult it is to provide an examination that depends only on dividing the result of protein dosage in a urine sample by the result of creatinine in the same sample, using the same measurement, apparently it is not possible to charge for such examination in most national laboratories, since it is not part of the list of examinations performed by health insurance companies.
Since this argument is frequently used as a reason, it is possible to display its importance together with some simple measures that can facilitate the   Proteinuria -random sample (g/L) P/C ratio (g/g) Graph 3. Correlation between proteinuria in a random sample and protein/creatinine ratio in a random urine sample (n = 78, r = 0.754).

Results
Patients with lupus nephritis presented with mean serum creatinine of 1.0 mg/dL (minimum: 0.7; maximum: 4.7 mg/dL).Proteinuria values are presented in Table 2.
Seventy eight urine samples of patients with lupus nephritis were compared, showing a good correlation between 24hP and P/C ratio (r = 0.901 and r 2 = 0.813, Graph 1).When comparing values of proteinuria in a random sample with 24hP (r = 0.635 and r 2 = 0.403, Graph 2), and with the P/C ratio (r = 0.754 and r 2 = 0.569, Graph 3), the correlation between variables was lower.Protein creatinine ratio in lupus nephritis availability of this examination with time.The authors believe that some factors can contribute with the inclusion of this test in the laboratories: the personal contact between the assistant doctor and the clinical pathologist; the repetition of requirements to determine protein/creatinine ratio due to the need to count on this examination; and, in the first stage, the additional requirement of separate doses of protein and creatinine in the random urine sample (together with the order for protein/creatinine ratio, emphasizing the need to insert the calculation of this ratio), as collaboration, to facilitate charging for these examinations.In order to interpret the results, it is worth to mention the values in this marker, which are used to define response to treatment, for example, are similar to the ones used for 24hP; results between zero and 0.2, or 0.3 g/g 2 are normal.
[4]6 For instance, Khan et al. 6 noticed an excellent correlation (r = 0.96, p < 0.001) between both parameters among patients with kidney diseases, and not such a good one with proteinuria in a random sample without urinary creatinine correction (0.52), whose use may define errors of interpretation of proteinuria in the clinical context.
In the group of lupus nephritis, it is possible to say that every marker, alone, was useful to determine proteinuria.However, absolute values of both exams were different in each case, which did not enable the replacement of one for the other during follow-up, especially when this result should be used to define the activity of the disease, particularly such polymorph glomerular disease lupus nephritis.
Because of that, if it is necessary to replace one test for the other during follow-up of a specific patient, the suggestion is a period of intersection (two to three determination by both methods) before any change is defined.
Finally, it is important to say that the isolated collection of the random urine sample to determine the P/C ratio has some advantages concerning facility, reliability, accuracy, and diagnostic speed; it could also be used as the preferential marker in subgroups of subjects with more difficult to properly collect urine in 24 hours, such as children, elderly patients and those with intellectual disabilities; or when the collection is incompatible with the professional activities of the patient, in case of refusing to do this examination or at the suspicion of lack of adherence.

Table 1
DemOgraphic characteristics, DiagnOstic criteria fOr lupus anD cOmOrbiDities Of patients with

Table 2
minimum, maximum, meDian anD mean values Of prOteinuria (in a ranDOm urine sample, with anD withOut creatinine cOrrectiOn, anD 24 hOurs) in 78 examinatiOns