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Uso de anticoagulantes em pacientes com COVID-19: atualização de revisão sistemática “viva” e meta-análise

AO EDITOR,

Esta é uma atualização de uma revisão sistemática “viva” e meta-análise realizada por Batista et al.11 Batista DR, Floriano I, Silvinato A, Bacha HA, Barbosa AN, Tanni SE, et al. Use of anticoagulants in patients with COVID-19: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bras Pneumol. 2022;48(4):e20220041. https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20220041
https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e2022...
Realizamos uma busca de artigos publicados no período entre janeiro de 2020 e dezembro de 2022. Recuperamos 431 artigos, mas apenas 14 permaneceram. Desses 14 estudos, nove já haviam sido avaliados.11 Batista DR, Floriano I, Silvinato A, Bacha HA, Barbosa AN, Tanni SE, et al. Use of anticoagulants in patients with COVID-19: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bras Pneumol. 2022;48(4):e20220041. https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20220041
https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e2022...
Portanto, cinco estudos foram incluídos na presente atualização. Dos cinco estudos, dois incluíram pacientes adultos hospitalizados (um ensaio clínico randomizado (ECR) aberto com 186 pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 moderada e um ECR aberto com 159 pacientes admitidos na UTI) e três eram ECR com pacientes ambulatoriais com COVID-19 (um ECR duplo-cego e dois ECR abertos). Em virtude da heterogeneidade das intervenções, três ECR com pacientes ambulatoriais com COVID-19 não foram incluídos na presente atualização. Ramacciotti et al.22 Ramacciotti E, Barile Agati L, Calderaro D, Aguiar VCR, Spyropoulos AC, de Oliveira CCC, et al. Rivaroxaban versus no anticoagulation for post-discharge thromboprophylaxis after hospitalisation for COVID-19 (MICHELLE): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2022;399(10319):50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02392-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02...
investigaram a anticoagulação prolongada pós-alta para pacientes com COVID-19. Para a análise de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, oito ECR33 Lopes RD, de Barros E Silva PGM, Furtado RHM, Macedo AVS, Bronhara B, Damiani LP, et al. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10291):2253-2263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01203-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01...

4 Oliynyk O, Barg W, Slifirczyk A, Oliynyk Y, Dubrov S, Gurianov V, et al. Comparison of the Effect of Unfractionated Heparin and Enoxaparin Sodium at Different Doses on the Course of COVID-19-Associated Coagulopathy. Life (Basel). 2021;11(10):1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11101032
https://doi.org/10.3390/life11101032...

5 REMAP-CAP Investigators; ACTIV-4a Investigators; ATTACC Investigators; Goligher EC, Bradbury CA, McVerry BJ, et al. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):777-789. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417...

6 Sholzberg M, Tang GH, Rahhal H, AlHamzah M, Kreuziger LB, Áinle FN, et al. Effectiveness of therapeutic heparin versus prophylactic heparin on death, mechanical ventilation, or intensive care unit admission in moderately ill patients with covid-19 admitted to hospital: RAPID randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2021;375:n2400. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2400
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2400...

7 ATTACC Investigators; ACTIV-4a Investigators; REMAP-CAP Investigators; Lawler PR, Goligher EC, Berger JS, et al. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Noncritically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):790-802. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105911
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105911...

8 Spyropoulos AC, Goldin M, Giannis D, Diab W, Wang J, Khanijo S, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Therapeutic-Dose Heparin vs Standard Prophylactic or Intermediate-Dose Heparins for Thromboprophylaxis in High-risk Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: The HEP-COVID Randomized Clinical Trial [published correction appears in JAMA Intern Med. 2022 Feb 1;182(2):239]. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(12):1612-1620. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6203
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...

9 Morici N, Podda G, Birocchi S, Bonacchini L, Merli M, Trezzi M, et al. Enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: The X-COVID-19 Randomized Trial. Eur J Clin Invest. 2022;52(5):e13735. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13735
https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13735...
-1010 Blondon M, Cereghetti S, Pugin J, Marti C, Darbellay Farhoumand P, Reny JL, et al. Therapeutic anticoagulation to prevent thrombosis, coagulopathy, and mortality in severe COVID-19: The Swiss COVID-HEP randomized clinical trial. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2022;6(4):e12712. https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712
https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712...
foram incluídos na presente atualização, num total de 2.695 pacientes no grupo dose terapêutica (anticoagulação plena) e 2.553 no grupo tratamento padrão. Não houve redução significativa da taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias em pacientes com COVID-19 moderada a grave (diferença de risco (DR): −0,00; IC95%: −0,03 a 0,02; p = 0,77; I2 = 60%); a qualidade das evidências foi muito baixa. Quando os pacientes com COVID-19 moderada33 Lopes RD, de Barros E Silva PGM, Furtado RHM, Macedo AVS, Bronhara B, Damiani LP, et al. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10291):2253-2263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01203-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01...
,44 Oliynyk O, Barg W, Slifirczyk A, Oliynyk Y, Dubrov S, Gurianov V, et al. Comparison of the Effect of Unfractionated Heparin and Enoxaparin Sodium at Different Doses on the Course of COVID-19-Associated Coagulopathy. Life (Basel). 2021;11(10):1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11101032
https://doi.org/10.3390/life11101032...
,66 Sholzberg M, Tang GH, Rahhal H, AlHamzah M, Kreuziger LB, Áinle FN, et al. Effectiveness of therapeutic heparin versus prophylactic heparin on death, mechanical ventilation, or intensive care unit admission in moderately ill patients with covid-19 admitted to hospital: RAPID randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2021;375:n2400. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2400
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2400...
,77 ATTACC Investigators; ACTIV-4a Investigators; REMAP-CAP Investigators; Lawler PR, Goligher EC, Berger JS, et al. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Noncritically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):790-802. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105911
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105911...
,99 Morici N, Podda G, Birocchi S, Bonacchini L, Merli M, Trezzi M, et al. Enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: The X-COVID-19 Randomized Trial. Eur J Clin Invest. 2022;52(5):e13735. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13735
https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13735...
ou grave55 REMAP-CAP Investigators; ACTIV-4a Investigators; ATTACC Investigators; Goligher EC, Bradbury CA, McVerry BJ, et al. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):777-789. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417...
,1010 Blondon M, Cereghetti S, Pugin J, Marti C, Darbellay Farhoumand P, Reny JL, et al. Therapeutic anticoagulation to prevent thrombosis, coagulopathy, and mortality in severe COVID-19: The Swiss COVID-HEP randomized clinical trial. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2022;6(4):e12712. https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712
https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712...
foram analisados separadamente, não houve diferença significativa entre anticoagulação plena e tratamento padrão naqueles com COVID-19 moderada (DR: −0,01; IC95%: −0,05 a 0,03; p = 0,77; I2 = 76%); a qualidade das evidências foi muito baixa. Dois estudos avaliaram pacientes com COVID-19 grave,55 REMAP-CAP Investigators; ACTIV-4a Investigators; ATTACC Investigators; Goligher EC, Bradbury CA, McVerry BJ, et al. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):777-789. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417...
,1010 Blondon M, Cereghetti S, Pugin J, Marti C, Darbellay Farhoumand P, Reny JL, et al. Therapeutic anticoagulation to prevent thrombosis, coagulopathy, and mortality in severe COVID-19: The Swiss COVID-HEP randomized clinical trial. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2022;6(4):e12712. https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712
https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712...
sem diferença significativa entre os dois grupos quanto à taxa de mortalidade (DR: 0,01; IC95%: −0,04 a 0,06; p = 0,66; I2 = 0%); a qualidade das evidências foi muito baixa.

Eventos trombóticos foram avaliados em sete estudos,33 Lopes RD, de Barros E Silva PGM, Furtado RHM, Macedo AVS, Bronhara B, Damiani LP, et al. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10291):2253-2263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01203-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01...
,55 REMAP-CAP Investigators; ACTIV-4a Investigators; ATTACC Investigators; Goligher EC, Bradbury CA, McVerry BJ, et al. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):777-789. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417...

6 Sholzberg M, Tang GH, Rahhal H, AlHamzah M, Kreuziger LB, Áinle FN, et al. Effectiveness of therapeutic heparin versus prophylactic heparin on death, mechanical ventilation, or intensive care unit admission in moderately ill patients with covid-19 admitted to hospital: RAPID randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2021;375:n2400. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2400
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2400...

7 ATTACC Investigators; ACTIV-4a Investigators; REMAP-CAP Investigators; Lawler PR, Goligher EC, Berger JS, et al. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Noncritically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):790-802. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105911
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105911...

8 Spyropoulos AC, Goldin M, Giannis D, Diab W, Wang J, Khanijo S, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Therapeutic-Dose Heparin vs Standard Prophylactic or Intermediate-Dose Heparins for Thromboprophylaxis in High-risk Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: The HEP-COVID Randomized Clinical Trial [published correction appears in JAMA Intern Med. 2022 Feb 1;182(2):239]. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(12):1612-1620. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6203
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...

9 Morici N, Podda G, Birocchi S, Bonacchini L, Merli M, Trezzi M, et al. Enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: The X-COVID-19 Randomized Trial. Eur J Clin Invest. 2022;52(5):e13735. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13735
https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13735...
-1010 Blondon M, Cereghetti S, Pugin J, Marti C, Darbellay Farhoumand P, Reny JL, et al. Therapeutic anticoagulation to prevent thrombosis, coagulopathy, and mortality in severe COVID-19: The Swiss COVID-HEP randomized clinical trial. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2022;6(4):e12712. https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712
https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712...
num total de 2.621 pacientes no grupo dose terapêutica e 2.511 no grupo tratamento padrão. Houve uma redução significativa (de 3%) nos eventos trombóticos em 30 dias no grupo dose terapêutica em comparação com o grupo tratamento padrão (DR: −0,03; IC95%: −0,05 a −0,01; p = 0,009; I2 = 73 %); o número necessário para tratar (NNT) foi = 33, e a qualidade das evidências foi baixa. Esse resultado permaneceu significativo quando a gravidade da COVID-19 foi avaliada. Em pacientes com COVID-19 moderada, três estudos66 Sholzberg M, Tang GH, Rahhal H, AlHamzah M, Kreuziger LB, Áinle FN, et al. Effectiveness of therapeutic heparin versus prophylactic heparin on death, mechanical ventilation, or intensive care unit admission in moderately ill patients with covid-19 admitted to hospital: RAPID randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2021;375:n2400. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2400
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2400...
,77 ATTACC Investigators; ACTIV-4a Investigators; REMAP-CAP Investigators; Lawler PR, Goligher EC, Berger JS, et al. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Noncritically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):790-802. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105911
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105911...
,99 Morici N, Podda G, Birocchi S, Bonacchini L, Merli M, Trezzi M, et al. Enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: The X-COVID-19 Randomized Trial. Eur J Clin Invest. 2022;52(5):e13735. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13735
https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13735...
demonstraram uma redução de 2% na DR (IC95%: −0,04 a −0,00; p = 0,06; I2 = 55%); o NNT foi = 50, e a qualidade das evidências foi baixa. Em pacientes com COVID-19 grave, dois estudos55 REMAP-CAP Investigators; ACTIV-4a Investigators; ATTACC Investigators; Goligher EC, Bradbury CA, McVerry BJ, et al. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):777-789. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417...
,1010 Blondon M, Cereghetti S, Pugin J, Marti C, Darbellay Farhoumand P, Reny JL, et al. Therapeutic anticoagulation to prevent thrombosis, coagulopathy, and mortality in severe COVID-19: The Swiss COVID-HEP randomized clinical trial. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2022;6(4):e12712. https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712
https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712...
demonstraram uma redução significativa (de 3%) nos eventos trombóticos após 30 dias (IC95%: −0,06 a −0,01; p = 0,02; I2 = 33%); o NNT foi = 33, e a qualidade das evidências foi moderada.

A ocorrência de sangramento maior em 30 dias foi relatada em sete estudos,33 Lopes RD, de Barros E Silva PGM, Furtado RHM, Macedo AVS, Bronhara B, Damiani LP, et al. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10291):2253-2263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01203-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01...
,55 REMAP-CAP Investigators; ACTIV-4a Investigators; ATTACC Investigators; Goligher EC, Bradbury CA, McVerry BJ, et al. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):777-789. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417...

6 Sholzberg M, Tang GH, Rahhal H, AlHamzah M, Kreuziger LB, Áinle FN, et al. Effectiveness of therapeutic heparin versus prophylactic heparin on death, mechanical ventilation, or intensive care unit admission in moderately ill patients with covid-19 admitted to hospital: RAPID randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2021;375:n2400. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2400
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2400...

7 ATTACC Investigators; ACTIV-4a Investigators; REMAP-CAP Investigators; Lawler PR, Goligher EC, Berger JS, et al. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Noncritically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):790-802. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105911
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105911...

8 Spyropoulos AC, Goldin M, Giannis D, Diab W, Wang J, Khanijo S, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Therapeutic-Dose Heparin vs Standard Prophylactic or Intermediate-Dose Heparins for Thromboprophylaxis in High-risk Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: The HEP-COVID Randomized Clinical Trial [published correction appears in JAMA Intern Med. 2022 Feb 1;182(2):239]. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(12):1612-1620. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6203
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...

9 Morici N, Podda G, Birocchi S, Bonacchini L, Merli M, Trezzi M, et al. Enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: The X-COVID-19 Randomized Trial. Eur J Clin Invest. 2022;52(5):e13735. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13735
https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13735...
-1010 Blondon M, Cereghetti S, Pugin J, Marti C, Darbellay Farhoumand P, Reny JL, et al. Therapeutic anticoagulation to prevent thrombosis, coagulopathy, and mortality in severe COVID-19: The Swiss COVID-HEP randomized clinical trial. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2022;6(4):e12712. https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712
https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712...
num total de 5.132 pacientes. Não houve diferença significativa entre os pacientes que receberam coagulação plena e aqueles que receberam tratamento padrão quanto à ocorrência de sangramento maior (DR: 0,01; IC95%: −0,01 a 0,03; p = 0,2; I2 = 61%); a qualidade das evidências foi muito baixa. A análise dos pacientes com COVID-19 moderada mostrou que não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos (DR: 0,01; IC95%: −0,01 a 0,03; p = 0,45; I2 = 71%); a qualidade das evidências foi muito baixa. Em pacientes com COVID-19 grave, três ECR55 REMAP-CAP Investigators; ACTIV-4a Investigators; ATTACC Investigators; Goligher EC, Bradbury CA, McVerry BJ, et al. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):777-789. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103417...
,88 Spyropoulos AC, Goldin M, Giannis D, Diab W, Wang J, Khanijo S, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Therapeutic-Dose Heparin vs Standard Prophylactic or Intermediate-Dose Heparins for Thromboprophylaxis in High-risk Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: The HEP-COVID Randomized Clinical Trial [published correction appears in JAMA Intern Med. 2022 Feb 1;182(2):239]. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(12):1612-1620. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6203
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
,1010 Blondon M, Cereghetti S, Pugin J, Marti C, Darbellay Farhoumand P, Reny JL, et al. Therapeutic anticoagulation to prevent thrombosis, coagulopathy, and mortality in severe COVID-19: The Swiss COVID-HEP randomized clinical trial. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2022;6(4):e12712. https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712
https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12712...
mostraram que não houve diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos quanto à ocorrência de sangramento maior (DR: 0,01; IC95%: −0,02 a 0,05; p = 0,46; I2 = 51%); a qualidade das evidências foi muito baixa.

Um total de 1.023 pacientes ambulatoriais com COVID-19 foram analisados em três ECR,1111 Barco S, Voci D, Held U, Sebastian T, Bingisser R, Colucci G, et al. Enoxaparin for primary thromboprophylaxis in symptomatic outpatients with COVID-19 (OVID): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2022;9(8):e585-e593. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00175-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00...

12 Connors JM, Brooks MM, Sciurba FC, Krishnan JA, Bledsoe JR, Kindzelski A, et al. Effect of Antithrombotic Therapy on Clinical Outcomes in Outpatients With Clinically Stable Symptomatic COVID-19: The ACTIV-4B Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;326(17):1703-1712. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.17272
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.17272...
-1313 Cools F, Virdone S, Sawhney J, Lopes RD, Jacobson B, Arcelus JI, et al. Thromboprophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin versus standard of care in unvaccinated, at-risk outpatients with COVID-19 (ETHIC): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3b trial. Lancet Haematol. 2022;9(8):e594-e604. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00173-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00...
num total de 506 pacientes ambulatoriais no grupo dose profilática e 517 no grupo tratamento padrão. Como se pode observar na Figura 1A, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias (DR: 0,00; IC95%: −0,01 a 0,01; p = 0,61; I2 = 0%); a qualidade das evidências foi muito baixa. Como se pode observar na Figura 1B, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto aos eventos trombóticos (DR: 0,00; IC95%: −0,01 a 0,01; p = 0,51; I2 = 0%); a qualidade das evidências foi moderada. Como se pode observar na Figura 1C, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à hospitalização por qualquer causa (DR: 0,00; IC95%: −0,02 a 0,03; p = 0,86; I2 = 0%); a qualidade das evidências foi muito baixa. A ocorrência de sangramento maior foi avaliada em dois estudos,1111 Barco S, Voci D, Held U, Sebastian T, Bingisser R, Colucci G, et al. Enoxaparin for primary thromboprophylaxis in symptomatic outpatients with COVID-19 (OVID): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2022;9(8):e585-e593. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00175-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00...
,1212 Connors JM, Brooks MM, Sciurba FC, Krishnan JA, Bledsoe JR, Kindzelski A, et al. Effect of Antithrombotic Therapy on Clinical Outcomes in Outpatients With Clinically Stable Symptomatic COVID-19: The ACTIV-4B Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;326(17):1703-1712. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.17272
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.17272...
num total de 401 pacientes no grupo dose profilática e 403 no grupo tratamento padrão. Como se pode observar na Figura 1D, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à ocorrência de sangramento maior (DR: 0,00; IC95%: −0,01 a 0,01; p = 1,0; I2 = 0%); a qualidade das evidências foi baixa.

Figura 1
Gráfico de floresta de comparação: Anticoagulação profilática vs. tratamento padrão/placebo - ensaios clínicos randomizados, desfecho: A: mortalidade em 30 dias, B: tromboembolismo venoso em 30 dias, C: hospitalização por qualquer causa, D: sangramento maior em 30 dias. M-H: (método de) Mantel-Haenszel; e df: degrees of freedom (graus de liberdade).

Em conclusão, novas evidências provenientes de ECR com pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 mostram que a anticoagulação plena pode reduzir o risco de eventos trombóticos e com baixo risco de sangramento maior. No entanto, como são altamente heterogêneas e de baixa ou muito baixa qualidade, essas evidências não devem ser usadas para todos os pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19. A respeito de pacientes ambulatoriais com COVID-19, nossos achados atuais são consistentes com nossos resultados anteriores: não há evidências que apoiem o uso de anticoagulação profilática nessa população.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Batista DR, Floriano I, Silvinato A, Bacha HA, Barbosa AN, Tanni SE, et al. Use of anticoagulants in patients with COVID-19: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bras Pneumol. 2022;48(4):e20220041. https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20220041
    » https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20220041
  • 2
    Ramacciotti E, Barile Agati L, Calderaro D, Aguiar VCR, Spyropoulos AC, de Oliveira CCC, et al. Rivaroxaban versus no anticoagulation for post-discharge thromboprophylaxis after hospitalisation for COVID-19 (MICHELLE): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2022;399(10319):50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02392-8
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02392-8
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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    05 Jun 2023
  • Data do Fascículo
    2023
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