Frequency of indeterminate results from an interferon-gamma release assay among HIV-infected individuals

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To evaluate the frequency of and factors associated with indeterminate interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) results in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).

Methods:

We tested 81 PLWHA in the central-west region of Brazil, using the tuberculin skin test and an IGRA. Information on sociodemographic and clinical variables was gathered through the use of questionnaires and from medical records. The association of those variables with indeterminate results was analyzed by calculating the adjusted ORs in a multivariate logistic regression model. Concordance was evaluated by determining the kappa statistic.

Results:

Among the 81 patients evaluated, the tuberculin skin test results were positive in 18 (22.2%) of the patients, and the IGRA results were positive in 10 (12.3%), with a kappa of 0.62. The IGRA results were indeterminate in 22 (27.1%) of the patients (95% CI: 17.8-38.1%). The odds of obtaining indeterminate results were significantly higher in smokers (adjusted OR = 6.0; 95% CI: 1.4-26.7) and in samples stored for less than 35 days (adjusted OR = 14.0; 95% CI: 3.1-64.2). Patients with advanced immunosuppression (CD4+ T-cell count < 200 cells/mm³) were at a higher risk for indeterminate results (OR adjusted for smoking and inadequate duration of sample storage = 4.7; 95% CI: 0.91-24.0), although the difference was not significant.

Conclusions:

The high prevalence of indeterminate results can be a major limitation for the routine use of IGRAs in PLWHA. The need to repeat the test increases its costs and should be taken into account in cost-effectiveness studies. The processing of samples can significantly alter the results.

Keywords:
Interferon-gamma release tests; Interferon-gamma; Tuberculosis; HIV; Latent tuberculosis; Tuberculin test

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Avaliar a frequência de resultados indeterminados de um interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA, ensaio de liberação de interferon-gama) e os fatores relacionados com esses resultados em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS (PVHA).

Métodos:

Foram avaliadas 81 PVHA na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, por meio do teste tuberculínico e de um IGRA. Informações a respeito de variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas foram obtidas por meio de questionários e prontuários médicos. A relação entre essas variáveis e os resultados indeterminados foi avaliada por meio do cálculo da OR ajustada em um modelo de regressão logística multivariada. A concordância foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente kappa.

Resultados:

Os resultados do teste tuberculínico e do IGRA foram positivos em 18 (22,2%) e 10 (12,3%), respectivamente, dos 81 pacientes avaliados (κ = 0,62). O resultado do IGRA foi indeterminado em 22 (27,1%) dos pacientes (IC95%: 17,8-38,1%). A chance de resultados indeterminados foi significativamente maior em fumantes (OR ajustada = 6,0; IC95%: 1,4-26,7) e em amostras armazenadas durante menos de 35 dias (OR ajustada = 14,0; IC95%: 3,1-64,2). Pacientes com imunossupressão avançada (contagem de células T CD4+ < 200 células/mm³) apresentaram maior risco de resultados indeterminados (OR ajustada para tabagismo e tempo inadequado de armazenamento das amostras = 4,7; IC95%: 0,91-24,0), embora a diferença não tenha sido significativa.

Conclusões:

A alta prevalência de resultados indeterminados pode ser um grande obstáculo ao uso rotineiro de IGRAs em PVHA. A necessidade de repetir o teste aumenta seu custo e deve ser levada em conta em estudos da relação entre custo e eficácia. O processamento das amostras pode alterar significativamente os resultados.

Descritores:
Testes de liberação de interferon-gama; Interferon gama; Tuberculose; HIV; Tuberculose latente; Teste tuberculínico

INTRODUCTION

In people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality.¹ Therefore, the identification and appropriate treatment of LTBI in PLWHA is a priority. Currently, there are two classes of tests for detecting LTBI²: the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs). Two commercially available IGRAs have been widely studied: the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) assay (Cellestis, Carnegie, Australia), and the T-SPOT.TB assay (Oxford Immunotec, Abingdon, UK). IGRAs have replaced or been added to the TST in many high-income countries.² However, the World Health Organization does not recommend these tests for detecting LTBI in low- and medium-income countries. The TST and IGRAs both show lower sensitivity in PLWHA, because both evaluate the T-cell response to mycobacterial antigens.³ Although high rates of indeterminate QFT-GIT results have been reported in countries with high HIV burdens, those rates can vary according to the geographic region and the severity of immunosuppression.^4,5 In the presence of indeterminate results, repeating the test once is recommended.⁶

The recent temporary discontinuation of the most widely used PPD (RT23; Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark) has resulted in market shortage of tuberculin, which has impeded the identification of LTBI in PLWHA in several countries. Replacing the TST with the QFT-GIT assay could be an option, even in low-income countries. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of and factors associated with indeterminate QFT-GIT results in a sample of PLWHA.

METHODS

From January to December of 2011, we conducted a cross-sectional study at the Infectious Disease Clinic of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. Mato Grosso do Sul is a state with a moderate incidence of tuberculosis (38.8/100,000 population), located in the central-west region of Brazil. The Brazilian National Tuberculosis Guidelines recommend that all PLWHA undergo the TST at least every six months.⁷ In this study, we included HIV-infected subjects ≥ 18 years of age, all of whom gave written informed consent for additional QFT-GIT testing. Patients with active tuberculosis were excluded, as were those under treatment for LTBI. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (Protocol no. 1060/2008).

Information was gathered through the use of a questionnaire and from medical records. Each TST was performed using two units of PPD RT23 (Statens Serum Institut) on the volar aspect of the left forearm. After 48-72 h, a trained nurse measured the induration. An induration ≥ 5 mm in diameter was considered indicative of a positive reaction.⁷ The QFT-GIT assay was performed in accordance with the manufacturer’s protocol. In brief, whole blood samples were collected directly into 1-mL heparinized tubes containing either Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens (early secretory antigenic target 6, culture filtrate protein 10, and TB7.7); dextrose and PHA (positive control); or no antigens (negative control). Tubes were incubated for 24 h at 37°C and centrifuged at 2,000 g for 10 min, after which the serum supernatant was harvested. The median time from blood collection to incubation was 144 min (range, 10-294 min). All supernatants were stored at −70°C for up to 8 weeks, until ELISA was performed to quantify the amount of secreted IFN-γ. The assay was run in batches of 24-44 samples of the same lot. Software provided by the manufacturer was used in order to analyze the results. The QFT-GIT result was considered positive if the IFN-γ level after stimulation with M. tuberculosis antigens minus the negative control was ≥ 0.35 IU/mL and 25% higher than the IFN-γ concentration in the unstimulated control sample, whereas it was considered negative if the IFN-γ level was < 0.35 IU/mL. The result was considered indeterminate if the IFN-γ production in the unstimulated sample was ≥ 8.0 IU/mL or the PHA minus the IFN-γ concentration in the unstimulated sample was < 0.5 IU/mL. When the first QFT-GIT assay produced an indeterminate result, we did not perform a second assay, the clinical decision being based on the TST.⁷ Concordance between the QFT-GIT and TST was assessed using the kappa statistic. Agreement was considered excellent if the kappa was > 0.75, fair if it was 0.4-0.75, and poor if it was < 0.4. For the concordance calculation, only positive and negative results were included. Proportions were compared using the adjusted OR (aOR) and its 95% confidence interval in a multivariate regression model. Analyses were carried out with the SPSS Statistics software package, version 20.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

Eighty-one PLWHA were enrolled in the study. The median age was 41 years (range, 34-48 years); the median CD4+ T-cell count was 422 cells/mm³ (interquartile range [IQR], 221-646 cells/mm³). Among the 81 subjects, the TST and QFT-GIT results were positive in 18 (22.2%) and 10 (12.3%), respectively. Indeterminate QFT-GIT results were obtained in 22 (27.1%) of the subjects (95% CI: 17.8-38.1%). The concordance between the two tests (among valid results) was categorized as fair (κ = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.37-0.87), mainly due to a higher number of negative results on the TST (Table 1).

Table 1
Factors associated with indeterminate QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube results in 81 HIV-infected patients.

Characteristic	QFT-GIT result			OR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)
	Positive	Negative	Indeterminate
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Overall	10 (12)	49 (60)	22 (27)	--	--
Gender
Female (n = 41)	5 (12)	23 (56)	13 (31)	1.6 (0.50-4.3)	--
Male (n = 40)	5 (12)	26 (65)	9 (22)	1.0 (reference)
Age group
42-84 years (n = 40)	7 (17)	23 (57)	10 (25)	0.81 (0.30-2.2)	--
18-41 years (n = 41)	3 (7)	26 (63)	12 (27)	1.0 (reference)
Using HAART
No (n = 10)	1 (10)	6 (60)	3 (30)	1.2 (0.28-5.1)	--
Yes (n = 64)	8 (13)	39 (61)	17 (27)	1.0 (reference)
Unknown (n = 7)	1 (14)	4 (57)	2 (28)
Smoking
Yes (n = 51)	8 (15)	24 (47)	19 (37)	5.3 (1.4-20.0)	6.0 (1.4-26.7)
No (n = 30)	2 (16)	25 (83)	3 (10)	1.0 (reference)
Alcohol abuse (CAGE)
Yes (n = 3)	1 (33)	1 (33)	1 (33)	1.4 (0.12-15.9)	--
No (n = 76)	9 (12)	46 (62)	21 (27)	1.0 (reference)
BCG scar
No (n = 22)	3 (14)	14 (64)	5 (23)	1.2 (0.40-3.9)
Yes (n = 53)	6 (11)	33 (62)	14 (26)	1.0 (reference)	--
Unknown (n = 6)	1 (16)	2 (33)	3 (50)
TST
≥ 5 mm (n = 18)	8 (44)	5 (28)	5 (28)	1.04 (0.32-3.4)	--
< 5 mm (n = 63)	2 (3)	44 (70)	17 (27)	1.0 (reference)
CD4+ T-cell count
< 200/mm3 (n = 13)	1 (8)	5 (39)	7 (54)	4.0 (1.2-13.9)	4.7 (0.91-24.0)
≥ 200/mm3 (n = 62)	9 (15)	39 (63)	14 (23)	1.0 (reference)
Unknown (n = 6)	--	5 (84)	1 (16)
HIV viral load
Undetectable (n = 44)	10 (23)	29 (66)	10 (23)	1.8 (0.65-4.9)
≥ 50 copies/mm3 (n = 62)	11 (34)	16 (50)	11 (34)	1.0 (reference)	--
Unknown (n = 5)	--	4 (80)	1 (20)
Duration of sample storage
≤ 35 days (n = 41)	2 (5)	19 (48)	19 (48)	11.5 (3.0-43.3)	14.2 (3.1-64.2)
> 35 days (n = 40)	8 (20)	30 (73)	3 (7)	1.0 (reference)
Incubation delay
> 144 min (n = 40)	6 (15)	29 (73)	5 (13)	5.0 (1.6-15.3)	--
≤ 144 min (n = 41)	4 (10)	20 (49)	17 (42)	1.0 (reference)
Years since HIV/AIDS diagnosis	-
≥ 7 (n = 39)	6 (15)	23 (59)	10 (26)	0.91 (0.34-2.5)	--
< 7 (n = 40)	4 (10)	25 (63)	11 (28)	1.0 (reference)
Unknown (n = 2)	--	2 (67)	1 (33)

• QFT-GIT: QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube; aOR: adjusted OR (adjusted for CD4+ T-cell count, smoking, and sample storage duration); HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy; CAGE: Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener (questionnaire); and TST: tuberculin skin test.

Among the subjects for whom an indeterminate result was obtained, the median CD4+ T-cell count was 329 cells/mm³ (IQR, 156-575 cells/mm³), compared with 494 cells/mm³ (IQR, 235-696 cells/mm³) among those for whom a valid result was obtained (p = 0.237). The odds of obtaining an indeterminate result were 6.0 times higher if the subject was a smoker, 14.2 times higher if the duration of sample storage was < 35 days, and 4.7 times higher if the subject had advanced immunosuppression (CD4+ T-cell count < 200 cells/mm³), although the last was not statistically significant, even after adjustment for storage duration and smoking (Table 1).

DISCUSSION

The frequency of indeterminate QFT-GIT results has been reported to range from 0% to 19.8%.^8-12 Many variables have been associated with indeterminate results: HIV infection,⁹ advanced immunosuppression,⁹ previous BCG vaccination,¹⁰ immunosuppression therapy,¹¹ underlying diseases,¹¹ bedridden status,⁸ hypoalbuminemia,⁸ and active tuberculosis.¹³ Technical aspects also result in a significant increase in the proportion of indeterminate results^6,9,11: manufacturing defects; analytical errors; incubation or processing delay; incorrect tube shaking technique; and inappropriate blood volume. In our study, we found the proportion of indeterminate QFT-GIT results to be higher than that reported in the literature. Different than in previous reports, that proportion was not significantly associated with the CD4+ T-cell count or BCG status, although few of our subjects had CD4+ T-cell counts lower than 200 cells/mm³, which reduced the power of our analysis. In contrast, smoking and shorter serum storage before processing for ELISA were found to strongly increase the odds of indeterminate results. Smoking can induce immunosuppression through mechanisms other than lowering the CD4+ T-cell count, such as reducing the proliferative response to mitogens.¹⁴ We know of no reports of freezer storage time affecting QFT-GIT results, and we can offer no reasonable explanation for our finding that shorter serum storage increased the odds of indeterminate results. Regardless of the reasons for indeterminate results, a second test is recommended when the first produces such a result, and repeating tests will significantly increase laboratory costs.⁵ Despite the small size of our study sample, we do not believe that there was a selection bias.

In summary, we found that a high proportion of QFT-GIT assays produced indeterminate results, which represents a major limitation to the use of such assays in PLWHA in Brazil. This finding has relevant implications for the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of adopting the use of QFT-GIT assays in low and medium-income countries.

References

• ¹
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• 1
  Study carried out in the Clínica de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande (MS) Brasil.

• Financial support:

  This study received financial support from the Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia/Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (FUNDECT/CAPES, [Mato Grosso do Sul] Foundation for the Development of Education, Science, and Technology/[Brazilian] Office for the Advancement of Higher Education; Project N.44/2014-PAPOS-MS: Grant no. 23/200.646/2014) and from Fundação Oswaldo Cruz.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  May-Jun 2017

History

• Received
  01 May 2016
• Accepted
  01 Sept 2016