Barbiturates |
Complex I inhibition |
3333 Chance, B, Williams, GR, Hollunger, G. Inhibition of electron and energy transfer in mitochondria. I. Effects of Amytal, thiopental, rotenone, progesterone, and methylene glycol. J Biol Chem. 1963;238:418–431.
|
Etomidate |
Complex I inhibition, mild inhibition complex III |
3232 Devin, A, Nogueira, V, Averet, N, Leverve, X, Rigoulet, M. Profound effects of the general anesthetic etomidate on oxidative phosphorylation without effects on their yield. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2006;38(2):137–142.
|
Propofol |
Acylcarnitine transferase, complexes I/II/IV inhibition |
2525 Wolf, A, Weir, P, Segar, P, Stone, J, Shield, J. Impaired fatty acid oxidation in propofol infusion syndrome. Lancet. 2001;357(9256):606–607.,3737 Bergamini, C, Moruzzi, N, Volta, F. Role of mitochondrial complex I and protective effect of CoQ10 supplementation in propofol induced cytotoxicity. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2016;48(4):413–423.,3838 Wu, GJ, Tai, YT, Chen, TL, Lin, LL, Ueng, YF, Chen, RM. Propofol specifically inhibits mitochondrial membrane potential but not complex I NADH dehydrogenase activity, thus reducing cellular ATP biosynthesis and migration of macrophages. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1042:168–176.
|
Benzodiazepines |
Complex I/M/IM inhibition |
3434 Colleoni, M, Costa, B, Gori, E, Santagostino, A. Biochemical characterization of the effects of the benzodiazepine, midazolam, on mitochondrial electron transfer. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1996;78(2):69–76.
|
Ketamine |
Increase energy consumption +/− reports of complex I |
3535 Ito, H, Uchida, T, Makita, K. Ketamine causes mitochondrial dysfunction in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0128445.,3636 Venancio, C, Felix, L, Almeida, V. Acute ketamine impairs mitochondrial function and promotes superoxide dismutase activity in the rat brain. Anesth Analg. 2015;120(2):320–328.
|
Dexmedetomidine |
None reported |
None |
Fentanyl/remifentanil |
Minimal |
3939 Mastronicola, D, Arcuri, E, Arese, M. Morphine but not fentanyl and methadone affects mitochondrial membrane potential by inducing nitric oxide release in glioma cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004;61(23):2991–2997.
|
Morphine |
Mild complex I inhibition |
3939 Mastronicola, D, Arcuri, E, Arese, M. Morphine but not fentanyl and methadone affects mitochondrial membrane potential by inducing nitric oxide release in glioma cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004;61(23):2991–2997.,4040 Cunha-Oliveira, T, Silva, L, Silva, AM, Moreno, AJ, Oliveira, CR, Santos, MS. Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction induced by cocaine and cocaine plus morphine in brain and liver mitochondria. Toxicol Lett. 2013;219(3):298–306.
|
Volatile Anesthetics |
Complex I inhibition |
2020 Harris, RA., Munroe, J., Farmer, B., Kim, KC., Jenkins, P. Action of halothane upon mitochondrial respiration. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1971;142(2):435–444.,2121 Cohen, PJ . Effect of anesthetics on mitochondrial function. Anesthesiology. 1973;39(2):153–164.,2727 Kayser, EB, Sedensky, MM, Morgan, PG, Hoppel, CL. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is defective in the long-lived mutant clk-1. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(52):54479–54486.
|
Bupivacaine |
Acylcarnitine translocase |
2424 Weinberg, GL, Palmer, JW, VadeBoncouer, TR, Zuechner, MB, Edelman, G, Hoppel, CL. Bupivacaine inhibits acylcarnitine exchange in cardiac mitochondria. Anesthesiology. 2000;92(2):523–528.
|
|
(Etidocaine) |
Mild complex I |
|