Circular Waveguide Polarizer for Weather Radars and Satellite Information Systems

Abstract

This research presents the design and main electromagnetic characteristics of the novel compact microwave waveguide polarizer. The developed device's structure is based on a circular waveguide and anti-phase conducting posts located in it. The application of a circular waveguide instead of a square one allowed simple integration of a polarizer with corrugated horn antennas. The obtaining of required phase difference using a posts-based design provides the possibility of fine tuning of the developed circular waveguide polarizer after its manufacturing process. In addition, simultaneous adaptive operation at orthogonal circular and linear polarizations is available in the antenna system including a polarizer with posts. An automatic control of posts height must be applied in a waveguide in order to provide this option. Numerical simulation, optimization, manufacture and measurements of the polarizer's characteristics were carried out in the operating band 7.4-8.5 GHz. Measured characteristics proved that the suggested circular waveguide polarizer provides good matching and polarization performance. Developed circular waveguide polarizer can be integrated in corrugated horn antenna systems and applied in modern weather radars and satellite information systems.

Index Terms
Microwave devices; waveguide components; polarization; waveguide polarizer; weather radar; satellite information systems

I. INTRODUCTION

Electromagnetic waves can possess various types of polarizations [ ¹ ]. Elliptical polarization is the most common type and it is encountered most frequently in different radio links, systems and antennas. Peculiar types of the polarization are linear and circular ones. Signals, which are carried by the electromagnetic waves with orthogonal linear or circular polarizations, allow to double the volumes of transmitted information in telecommunication and other systems [ ² ]. In addition, the simultaneous analysis of signals with linear and circular polarizations in C- and X-bands is widely applied for weather forecasts, surveillance and radiolocation in modern airborne radars [ ³ ]–[ ⁷ ].

In order to receive, process and transmit to isolated channels the signals with orthogonal polarizations a specific types of modern antennas and microwave devices for their feeding are utilized [ ⁸ ]–[ ¹⁸ ]. The separation of signals with perpendicular linear polarizations is carried out using orthomode transducers [ ¹⁹ ]–[ ²³ ] in such antenna systems. Orthomode transducers are developed based on the waveguide turnstile junctions [ ¹⁹ ], [ ²⁰ ], on the ridged waveguides and structures [ ⁹ ]–[ ¹² ], [ ²¹ ], [ ²² ] and on the folded Boifot transitions [ ¹⁹ ], [ ²³ ]. If the developed dual-polarized antenna systems requires the possibility of simulation operation within two separate frequency bands, then one must apply an orthomode transducers based on sectoral coaxial ridged waveguides [ ²⁴ ]–[ ²⁹ ] and coaxial quad-ridged waveguides [ ³⁰ ]–[ ³² ].

The best antenna option for the reception/transmission of dual-polarized signals with low cross polarization distortions and effective radiation characteristics is the corrugated horn [ ⁸ ], [ ³³ ]–[ ⁴⁵ ]. Corrugated horns are commonly designed and manufactured based on the cylindrical conical structures. Consequently, their output waveguide is a circular cylindrical one. The simplest way of connection of a corrugated horn to the feeding network is to develop the polarization processing devices based on the same circular cylindrical waveguide. In this case we obtain more compact design without the need of application of additional circular-to-square waveguide transitions [ ¹³ ]–[ ¹⁵ ]. This is an advantageous solution for airborne and space systems, which always require low weight and dimensions of the applied devices.

A waveguide polarizer is the essential device of the polarization processing unit of dual-polarized antenna systems [ ¹³ ]–[ ¹⁵ ]. It transforms the polarization type of waves from circular to linear one in the receiving mode or vice versa in the transmitting mode [ ⁴⁶ ]. The application of a circular waveguide makes the whole feed network design more compact, which results in more light and simple structure. There are three main types of the most commonly used discontinuities for the development of waveguide components, namely, there are irises [ ⁴⁶ ]–[ ⁵⁷ ] (or corrugations [ ⁵⁸ ]–[ ⁶² ]), metal posts [ ⁶³ ]–[ ⁷⁰ ] and septum plates [ ¹⁷ ]–[ ¹⁹ ], [ ⁷¹ ]–[ ⁷⁷ ]. Besides, a combination of the posts and irises in a single waveguide sections have been recently suggested for the development of new microwave devices [ ⁷⁸ ]–[ ⁸⁰ ]. Waveguide components based on mentioned types of discontinuities are well investigated in modern scientific articles and conference papers [ ⁴⁶ ]–[ ⁸⁰ ]. Main disadvantage of all types of fixed discontinuities is the absence of adjustment option. This results in the deviations of obtained in practice characteristics from the simulated and optimized ones. This effect can be improved or eliminated by the application of metal posts in the waveguide polarizers. Posts provide the possibility of fine tuning of a polarizer after its manufacturing and the option of simultaneous processing of signals with two orthogonal linear/circular polarizations.

Therefore, the development of new waveguide polarizer designs with the possibility of simultaneous simple integration into corrugated horn antennas and tuning of the characteristics after device's fabrication remains a relevant engineering problem. It is solved in the current research. In the following sections a new waveguide polarizer for the dual/single circular polarization radars and satellite information systems is developed based on a circular guide with metal posts. Technical requirements for the development are obtaining of voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) for the fundamental modes TE11 of both linear polarizations below 1.6 and cross polarization level greater than 30 dB in the whole operating frequency band 7.4-8.5 GHz. The polarizer satisfying all the requirements is simulated and optimized numerically. Besides, the fabrication of the physical design and experimental verification of the obtained results were performed and presented in the article.

II. DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE POLARIZER WITH POSTS

General design of the polarizer and its longitudinal section are shown in Fig. 1 . The polarizer consists of a circular waveguide, two flanges and three pairs of posts, which introduce required phase difference between perpendicular linear polarizations and provide acceptable matching.

Fig. 1
Design and longitudinal section of the compact polarizer based on a circular waveguide with 3 pairs of posts.

The flanges are needed for the circular waveguide polarizer's connection to a corrugated horn antenna from the one waveguide side and to an orthomode transducer from the other one. Suggested circular waveguide polarizer can be easily integrated in the structure of a corrugated horn antenna and can be manufactured with it as a single device. In this case only one flange for the connection to an orthomode transducer will be required.

For the realization of tuning option in the developed circular waveguide polarizer the posts must be manufactured as adjustable bolts or screws with lock nuts, which are demonstrated in Fig. 1 . The increase of the posts height will introduce greater phase difference between perpendicular linear polarizations. On the contrary, the decrease of all posts height will result in the increment of the introduced phase difference.

III. OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF THE WAVEGUIDE POLARIZER

In this section we consider the polarization transformation process, which occurs during the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the structure of a suggested circular waveguide polarizer with posts. Fig. 2 demonstrates the situation, when an electromagnetic wave with circular polarization enters the waveguide port of a polarizer. There are two possible types of circular polarization, namely: left hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right hand circular polarization (RHCP). Fundamental orthogonal circular waveguide modes TE11 with both these polarization types are shown in Fig. 2 at the left waveguide ports. Electric field vectors of the fundamental modes TE11 with LHCP and RHCP rotate counter-clockwise and clockwise, respectively.

Fig. 2
Polarizations transformation in a waveguide polarizer: (a) LHCP ↔ Linear vertical; (b) RHCP ↔ Linear horizontal.

Let us represent complex amplitude ${\dot{\overrightarrow{E}}}_{\text{CP}}$ of electric field vector of the fundamental mode TE11 with circular polarization as the superposition of two electric field vectors of orthogonal fundamental modes TE11 with linear polarizations:

(1) $${\dot{\overrightarrow{E}}}_{\text{CP}}={\dot{\overrightarrow{E}}}_{\Vert }+{\dot{\overrightarrow{E}}}_{\perp }={\dot{E}}_{\Vert }{\overrightarrow{e}}_{\Vert }+{\dot{E}}_{\perp }{\overrightarrow{e}}_{\perp }=E_{\Vert }{e}^{i{\text{φ}}_{\Vert }}{\overrightarrow{e}}_{\Vert }+E_{\perp }{e}^{i{\text{φ}}_{\perp }}{\overrightarrow{e}}_{\perp },$$

where ${\dot{E}}_{\Vert }=E_{\Vert }{e}^{i{\text{φ}}_{\Vert }}$ and ${\dot{E}}_{\perp }=E_{\perp }{e}^{i{\text{φ}}_{\perp }}$ designate complex amplitudes of electric field components with maximum field vectors parallel and perpendicular to the plane of posts axes, respectively; ${\overrightarrow{e}}_{\Vert }$ and ${\overrightarrow{e}}_{\perp }$ are the unit vectors oriented along and orthogonal to the plane of posts axes, respectively. The fact that superposition of these components forms the mode with circular polarization means that the phase difference between them is equal to 90° and their amplitudes are equal. Let us designate their amplitudes as A . In the complex domain 90° phase difference between the complex amplitudes is equivalent to the factor e ^{± i ×90°} = ± i . Consequently, we can rewrite formula ( 1 ) as follows:

(2) $${\dot{\overrightarrow{E}}}_{\text{CP}}=A{e}^{i{\text{φ}}_{\Vert }}{\overrightarrow{e}}_{\Vert }+A{e}^{i\left({\text{φ}}_{\Vert }\pm {90}^{°}\right)}{\overrightarrow{e}}_{\perp }=A{e}^{i{\text{φ}}_{\Vert }}\left({\overrightarrow{e}}_{\Vert }\pm i\cdot {\overrightarrow{e}}_{\perp }\right).$$

Correctly developed and optimized polarizer introduces additional phase difference, that is close to 90° in the whole operating frequency band, to the component of electromagnetic mode with electric field vector ${\dot{\overrightarrow{E}}}_{\Vert }$ , which is parallel to the plane of posts axes. Therefore, at the output of a waveguide polarizer the resulting electric field vector is as follows:

(3) $${\dot{\overrightarrow{E}}}_{\text{out}}=A{e}^{i{\text{φ}}_{\Vert }}\left({\overrightarrow{e}}_{\Vert }\cdot e^{-i\cdot {90}^{°}}\pm i\cdot {\overrightarrow{e}}_{\perp }\right)=-iA{e}^{i{\text{φ}}_{\Vert }}\left({\overrightarrow{e}}_{\Vert }\mp {\overrightarrow{e}}_{\perp }\right)=-iA{e}^{i{\text{φ}}_{\Vert }}{\overrightarrow{e}}_{\text{vert, hor}},$$

where ${\overrightarrow{e}}_{\text{vert, hor}}$ designates unit vectors, which lie in the transversal plane and are oriented in vertical or horizontal directions, respectively (violet vectors at the right port of a waveguide polarizer in Fig. 2 ).

Output port of the waveguide polarizer is connected to an orthomode transducer, which carries out the separation of input electromagnetic waves with perpendicular vertical and horizontal polarizations and their direction to two isolated ports. This completes the polarization processing in the receiving antenna system with dual circular polarizations [ ¹³ ]–[ ¹⁵ ].

IV. RESULTS OF THE OPTIMIZATION OF WAVEGUIDE POLARIZER CHARACTERISTICS

This section presents the optimized for operating X-band design of a circular waveguide polarizer with 3 antiphase posts. Numerical simulation and optimization were performed using finite elements method in the frequency domain. It allows to perform calculations more accurately than the finite difference time domain method, because it applies a tetrahedral mesh, which provides better conformance to the cylindrical geometry of a circular waveguide and posts. Besides, finite elements method in the frequency domain provides faster convergence than the finite difference time domain method, which was demonstrated in [ ⁸¹ ], [ ⁸² ]. The matching, phase and polarization characteristics of a circular waveguide polarizer were simulated and optimized simultaneously. The detailed inner structure of the obtained optimized design of a circular waveguide polarizer and its dimensions, which are indicated in millimeters, are presented in Fig. 3 .

Fig. 3
Inner structure and dimensions (in mm) of the optimized X-band circular waveguide polarizer with 3 pairs of posts.

Now let us consider the results of numerical simulations of the obtained optimal design of a circular waveguide polarizer. Fig. 4 presents the VSWR frequency dependences on frequency in the operating X-band for the fundamental modes TE11 of both perpendicular linear polarizations. The dashed green curve corresponds to the fundamental mode TE11 with electric field vector ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{\Vert }$ oriented parallel to the posts axes plane. In Fig. 4 the solid red curve demonstrates VSWR of the fundamental mode TE11 with electric field vector ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{\perp }$ oriented perpendicularly to the posts axes plane.

Fig. 4
Dependences of VSWR on frequency for the optimized X-band circular waveguide polarizer with 3 pairs of posts.

Having analyzed solid red curve in Fig. 4 , we can conclude that the maximal level of VSWR of the fundamental mode TE11 with electric field vector ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{\perp }$ oriented perpendicularly to the posts axes plane is equal to 1.53. It is reached at the lowest frequency of the operating X-band, that equals 7.4 GHz. VSWR for this polarization type decreases with increasing frequency in the sub range from 7.4 GHz to 8.09 GHz. This phenomenon can be explained from the physical point of view. At these lower frequencies all 6 posts have heights less than 1/8 part of the wavelength in a circular waveguide.

Consequently, each pair of oppositely located posts has total height of less than quarter wavelength in the guide. Posts of such height, which are located perpendicularly to the electric field vectors, are equivalent to inductances. Reactance of this type shunts the waveguide at lower frequencies. On the contrary, at higher frequencies of the operating X-band (from 8.09 GHz to 8.5 GHz) posts, which are located perpendicularly to the electric field vectors, are equivalent to capacitances. In this case the posts shunt the waveguide at higher frequencies. Frequency of 8.09 GHz corresponds to the resonance of equivalent input impedance of the polarizer, which results in perfect matching of the structure.

Analysis of the dashed green curve in Fig. 4 reveals that the maximal level of VSWR of the fundamental mode TE₁₁ with electric field vector ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{\Vert }$ oriented parallel to the posts axes plane is also equal to 1.53. It is reached at the highest frequency of the operating X-band equal to 8.5 GHz. Therefore, the quality of the matching of the polarizer's structure is limited by the highest level of VSWR of the fundamental mode TE11 with electric field vector ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{\perp }$ oriented perpendicularly to the posts axes plane at the lowest frequency and by the highest level of VSWR of the fundamental mode TE11 with electric field vector ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{\Vert }$ oriented parallel to the posts axes plane at the highest frequency.

Fig. 5 demonstrates simulated frequency dependence of the phase difference between perpendicular linear polarizations of an optimized for X-band design of a circular waveguide polarizer with 3 pairs of antiphase cylindrical posts.

Fig. 5
Phase difference between perpendicular linear polarizations of the optimized circular waveguide polarizer.

In Fig. 5 we observe that the phase difference between perpendicular linear polarizations, which is introduced by the optimized circular waveguide polarizer, has quasi-parabolic frequency dependence that is typical for polarizer structures based on transmission lines loaded by reactive discontinuities [ ¹³ ], [ ¹⁵ ], [ ⁴⁰ ]–[ ⁴² ]. Phase difference between perpendicular linear polarizations of the optimized polarizer is equal to the required in ideal case value of 90° only at two frequencies of 7.54 GHz and 8.46 GHz. Within the whole operating X-band 7.4-8.5 GHz phase difference between perpendicular linear polarizations is in the range of 90°±3.5°. Its maximal deviation from 90° is observed in the minimum of the shown quasi-parabolic dependence at the frequency of 8 GHz, which is approximately equal to the central frequency of the operating band.

Consequently, in the whole operating X-band 7.4-8.5 GHz optimized structure of the developed circular waveguide polarizer with 3 anti-phase posts provides effective phase difference between perpendicular linear polarizations, which allows to perform the required transformation of polarization from circular to linear type or vice versa.

The simulated dependence of polarization ellipticity of the optimized circular waveguide polarizer on the frequency in the operating X-band is presented in Fig. 6 .

Fig. 6
Polarization ellipticity versus frequency for the optimized design ofthe circular waveguide polarizer.

In Fig. 6 it is seen that the frequency dependence of polarization ellipticity has two local minima at the frequencies of 7.54 GHz and 8.44 GHz. The frequencies corresponding to these minima are almost equal to the frequencies, at which the phase difference between perpendicular linear polarizations is equal to 90°. Small deviation of the second frequency corresponding to minimum is caused by the imperfect matching of the waveguide polarizer, which leads to inequality of the amplitudes of electric field components E _|| and E _⊥. In the whole operating X-band maximal level of the polarization ellipticity of an optimized circular waveguide polarizer design is 0.53 dB. It is observed at the frequency of 8 GHz, which exactly coincides with the frequency of maximal deviation of phase difference between perpendicular linear polarizations from 90°. The difference in these frequencies is absent due to good matching of the structure in the central part of the operating band, where VSWR is below 1.2 (see Fig. 4 ).

Fig. 7 presents the dependence of simulated numerically cross polarization level on frequency for the optimized design of a circular waveguide polarizer with 3 pairs of anti-phase posts in the operating X-band 7.4-8.5 GHz.

Fig. 7
Dependence of cross polarization level on frequency for the optimized circular waveguide polarizer.

In Fig. 7 it is seen that the optimized design of a circular waveguide polarizer with antiphase posts provides cross polarization level greater than 30 db in the whole operating band. The extreme levels of cross polarization level are observed at the frequencies of 7.54 GHz (cross polarization level greater than 52 dB) and 8.44 GHz (cross polarization level greater than 41 dB). On the whole, developed circular waveguide polarizer provides excellent polarization performance and high isolation between the signals with orthogonal circular polarizations, which is an important requirement in modern radar, telecommunication and other radio engineering systems.

V. PHYSICAL DESIGN AND MEASURED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAVEGUIDE POLARIZER

In order to verify the electromagnetic performance of a suggested circular waveguide polarizer an experimental prototype was fabricated and measured. Fig. 8 demonstrates the polarizer with 3 pairs of tunable anti-phase posts in the structure of complete antenna feed for dual-polarization satellite communication systems. The designed antenna system is applied for the simultaneous reception of information signals at two orthogonal circular polarizations.

Fig. 8
Design of a circular waveguide polarizer integrated into dual-circular polarization antenna feed system.

First, the antenna, which is presented in Fig. 8 , was tested in the transmission mode in order to measure its matching performance. Rectangular waveguides were connected to a scalar network analyzer, that allowed to measure VSWR for the fundamental modes with both polarizations with electric field vectors ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{\Vert }$ and ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{\perp }$ oriented parallel and perpendicularly to the posts axes plane. In this case the orthomode transducer was connected in such a way that its probes were located in the plane of polarizer's posts and in the orthogonal plane. The results of the VSWR measurements are presented in Fig. 9 . The solid red curve shows the frequency dependence of VSWR of the fundamental mode TE11 with electric field vector ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{\perp }$ oriented perpendicularly to the posts axes plane. The dashed green curve corresponds to the mode TE11 with electric field ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{\Vert }$ oriented parallel to the posts axes plane.

Fig. 9
Measured VSWR of the fabricated antenna feed system with integrated circular waveguide polarizer.

As one can observe in Fig. 9 , the general behavior of the VSWR for the mode with electric field vector ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{\perp }$ matches well with the theoretical curve, which was shown hereinbefore in Fig. 4 . For this polarization perfect matching of the antenna feed system occurs at the frequency of 8.2 GHz. For the orthogonal polarization with electric field ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{\Vert }$ the matching improves compared to the theoretical results. The peak level of VSWR is less than 1.23, which is better than the simulated peak level of 1.53. Differences between the results occur due to the inaccuracies of the fabrication and to the influence on the matching of reflections in a corrugated horn and in an orthomode transducer. Consequently, in the whole operating frequency band 7.4-8.5 GHz developed antenna feed system with integrated circular waveguide polarizer provides good matching with VSWR less than 1.7.

The simplest way to test the polarization performance of the polarizer and of the complete dual-circular polarization antenna feed system is to measure its polarization ellipticity. Experimental measurement of the polarization ellipticity is performed using the designed antenna feed system in the transmission mode with the polarizer posts’ plane oriented at the angle 45° respectively to the orthomode transducer's probes. The reception of the radiated electromagnetic waves was made by the pyramidal horn antenna, which mostly receives only the signal transmitted by the electromagnetic waves with electric field vectors oriented perpendicularly to the waveguide and horn broad walls. In order to measure the polarization ellipticity (as the ratio between great and small half-axes of the polarization ellipse), the receiving pyramidal horn must have the possibility of rotation in the plane perpendicular to the wave's propagation direction. Measured by the described procedure axial ratio was expressed in dB and presented in Fig. 10 .

Fig. 10
Polarization ellipticity of the fabricated antenna feed system with integrated circular waveguide polarizer.

Comparison of Fig. 6 and Fig. 10 reveals that the behavior of polarization ellipticities, which were modeled theoretically and measured experimentally, is similar. Peak levels of the polarization ellipticity match well. In the most part of the operating frequency band 7.4-8.5 GHz measured ellipticity is less than 0.54 dB. The worst measured polarization ellipticity is observed at the lowest frequency of 7.4 GHz. It is equal to 0.68 dB. The deterioration of the poalrization ellipticity and its frequency shift within the operating band are caused by the inaccuracies of the manufacturing and by the influence of cross polarization discrimination of the corrugated horn and orthomode transducer.

VI. CONCLUSIONS

A new circular waveguide polarizer with posts was developed, investigated and optimized for the operating X-band 7.4-8.5 GHz. The design of a polarizer is based on a circular waveguide. In order to provide required phase difference between perpendicular linear polarizations close to 90° three pairs of antiphase posts were applied in the structure of a suggested circular waveguide polarizer.

Developed circular waveguide polarizer has flanges diameter equal to 46 mm. The total length of the optimized structure is 50 mm. The application of cylindrical posts in the design allows to perform fine tuning of electromagnetic characteristics of a waveguide polarizer after its manufacturing.

Within the frequency band 7.4-8.5 GHz an optimized circular waveguide polarizer with posts provides simulated VSWR below 1.55. Simulated phase difference between fundamental modes with perpendicular linear polarizations of the developed polarizer is in the range 90°±3.5°. Calculated polarization ellipticity of the optimized circular waveguide polarizer design is below 0.55 dB. Modeled cross polarization level of the developed waveguide polarizer is greater than 30 dB.

Experimental measurements of a dual-circular polarization antenna feed system with integrated polarizer showed that its VSWR is less than 1.7 and the polarization ellipticity is less than 0.7 dB. Measured experimentally and simulated theoretically results are in good agreement.

Therefore, suggested circular waveguide polarizer with posts simultaneously provides efficient matching and polarization characteristics. Developed new circular waveguide polarizer can be effectively applied in modern weather radars and satellite information systems.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  29 Sept 2021
• Date of issue
  Sept 2021

History

• Received
  02 Jan 2021
• Reviewed
  24 Jan 2021
• Accepted
  18 May 2021