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Wide Band Stop Response Using Interdigital Capacitor/CSRR DGS in Elliptical Microstrip Low-Pass Filter

Abstract

In this paper, a compact elliptic-response microstrip low pass filter (LPF) is presented with a wide stop-band using stepped impedance resonators. With high attenuation in the stop-band, the overall size reduction of the proposed filter is achieved using a novel defected ground structure technique using an interdigital capacitor and complementary split ring resonator (CSRR). A 4.2 GHz LPF is designed and simulated on FR4 substrate and a stop band of 8.8 GHz is obtained by utilizing interdigital and complementary split ring resonator. Results further show that the use of U-shaped high impedance line on the top layer of filter enhances the stop-band bandwidth by 2.2 GHz. In the final design, the passband insertion loss is found below 0.5 dB, and –10 dB is obtained over a band from 5.06 GHz to 17.06 GHz between input and output ports. The normalized circuit size of the filter is 0.417× 0.202 and the figure of merit is calculated about 55 at the cut-off frequency. These proposed LPFs have promised significant advantages in the stop-band characteristics with an acceptable roll-off rate for spurious-free communications.

Index Terms
Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR); Defected Ground Structure (DGS); High impedance line; Microstrip filter; Mitering; Size reduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Microwave filter is designed to filter out undesired signals like outside band frequencies, harmonics, and spurious mixing products to reduce the system noise. Filters generally have frequency responses like low-pass, high-pass, band-pass and band-stop. Practically, it is difficult to obtain ideal characteristics of the filter such as zero insertion loss in the passband, infinite attenuation in stop-band with sharp transition region from passband to stop-band [1[1] D.M. Pozar: “Microwave Engineering,” John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2012.]. A stepped impedance or high-low (hi-lo) microstrip low-pass filter (LPF) is usually preferred due to properties like low insertion loss, easier design and fabrication. However, such microstrip filters have some disadvantages like gradual cut-off frequency (fC) response, larger size due to inductance realization, harmonics of higher order and poor stop-band characteristics [1[1] D.M. Pozar: “Microwave Engineering,” John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2012.]-[3[3] Y. Yang, X. Zhu and N. C. Karmakar, “A Novel Microstrip Lowpass Filter Using Compact Microstrip Resonant Cells and Uniquely Shaped Defected Bottom Structures,” Microwave Opt Technol Lett, vol. 54, pp. 2462–2464. 2010.]. To eliminate such disadvantages, many novel types of microstrip LPFs have been explored for improved stop-band performance. These LPFs involve modifications like folding the high impedance line into meandered line [4[4] M. A. Zhewang, K. Nomiyama and Y. Kobayashi, “Microstrip Lowpass Filters with Reduced Size and Improved Stop-band Characteristics,” IEICE Trans Electron, vol. E88–C, pp. 62-67, 2005.], U-shaped line [5[5] A. Rajput, K. Patel and A. Birwal, “Compact Microstrip Low-pass Filter Design Using U-Shaped Folded High-Impedance Line,” Microw Opt Technol Lett, vol. 60, pp. 1812–1815, 2018.], U-shaped resonator for gradual transition [6[6] M. Hayati, F. Shama, “Compact Microstrip Low-Pass Filter with Wide Stop-band Using Symmetrical U-Shaped Resonator,” IEICE Electronics Express, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 127–132, 2012.], spiral loaded tapered compact microstrip resonator cell [7[7] M. R. Khezeli, M. Hayati and A. Lotfi, “Compact Wide Stop-band Lowpass Filter Using Spiral Loaded Tapered Compact Microstrip Resonator Cell,” International Journal of Electronics, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 335–382, 2014.], stepped-impedance hairpin resonator [8[8] L. H. Hsieh and K. Chang, “Compact Elliptic-Function Low-Pass Filters Using Microstrip Stepped-Impedance Hairpin Resonators,” IEEE Trans on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 193–199, 2003.], novel patch resonator [9[9] J. L. Li, S. W. Qu and Q. Xue,”Compact Microstrip Lowpass Filter With Sharp Roll-Off And Wide Stop-Band,” Electronics Letters, vol. 45, no.2, pp. 110–111, 2009.], the composition of a circular hairpin resonator and a pair of coupled parallel stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) [10[10] M. Yang, J. Xu and Q. Zhao et al, “Compact Broad Stop-band Lowpass Filters Using SIRs-Loaded Circular Hairpin Resonators,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol. 102, pp. 95–106, 2010.], the stub-loaded coupled-line hairpin unit [11[11] V. K. Velid and S. Sanyal, “Sharp Roll-Off Lowpass Filter with Wide Stop-band Using Stub-Loaded Coupled-Line Hairpin Unit,” Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 21, no.6, pp. 301–303, 2011.], tapered resonator [12[12] M. Hayati, F. Shama and H. Abbasi, “Compact Microstrip Lowpass Filter with Wide Stop-band and Sharp Roll-Off Using Tapered Resonator,” International Journal of Electronics, vol. 100, no. 12, pp. 1751–1759, 2013.] etc.

Most of these designs either suffer with low attenuation (<20 dB) range in the stop-band or have larger size. In addition, for better roll-off rate as well as compactness, an elliptical-function response is used in many LPFs which are based on several structures, such as stepped-impedance hairpin resonator [8[8] L. H. Hsieh and K. Chang, “Compact Elliptic-Function Low-Pass Filters Using Microstrip Stepped-Impedance Hairpin Resonators,” IEEE Trans on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 193–199, 2003.], tapered resonator [12[12] M. Hayati, F. Shama and H. Abbasi, “Compact Microstrip Lowpass Filter with Wide Stop-band and Sharp Roll-Off Using Tapered Resonator,” International Journal of Electronics, vol. 100, no. 12, pp. 1751–1759, 2013.], slit-loaded tapered compact microstrip resonator cell [13[13] M. Hayati and A. Lotfi, “Elliptic-Function Lowpass Filter with Sharp Cut-off Frequency Using Slit-Loaded Tapered Compact Microstrip Resonator Cell,” Electronics Letters,vol.46, no. 2, pp. 143–144, 2010.], symmetrically loaded radial-shape patches and meandered transmission line [14[14] J. Wang, L. J. Xu, S. Zhao, Y. X. Guo et al, “Compact Quasi-Elliptic Microstrip Lowpass Filter With Wide Stop-band,” Electronics Letters, vol. 46, no. 20, pp. 1384–1385, 2010.], triangular patch resonators and radial patch resonators [15[15] J. Wang, H. Cui and G. Zhang, “Design of Compact Microstrip Lowpass Filter with Ultra-Wide Stop-band,” Electronics Letters, vol. 48, no. 14, pp. 854–856, 2012.], symmetrically loaded triangular and high–low impedance resonators [16[16] J. P. Wang,L. Ge, Y. X. Guo and W. Wu, “Miniaturised Microstrip Lowpass Filter With Broad Stop-band And Sharp Roll-Off,” Electronics Letters, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 573–575, 2010.], P-shaped resonators [17[17] M. Hayati, M. Validi, F. Shama et al,”Compact Microstrip Low-pass Filter with Wide Stop-band Using P Shaped Resonator,”Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications,vol.15, no. 4, pp. 309-318, 2016.], novel asymmetric structures for resonator and suppressor [18[18] M. Hayati, F. Shama, “A Compact Lowpass Filter with Ultra Wide Stop-band Using Stepped Impedance Resonator,” Radioengineering, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 269-274, 2017.], wide stop-band using tri-section stepped impedance resonator [19[19] D. Packiaraja, K. J. Vinoy, M. Ramesh et al, “Design of Compact Low-pass Filter with Wide Stop-band Using Tri-Section Stepped Impedance Resonator,” Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ),vol. 65, pp. 1012– 1014, 2011.] etc.

Recently, a microstrip low-pass filter made using a rectangular resonator and high impedance elements is reported with a wide stop-band bandwidth of 18.7fC for fC = 1.01 GHz [20[20] S. H. Kazemi and M. A. Hayati “Compact Microstrip Lowpass Filter with Wide Stop-band,” International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 885-893, 2019.]. To increase the compactness of designed filter with better harmonic control, sometime a slot is made on the ground (bottom) conductor to create extra parasitic elements. Such structure is known as a defected ground structure (DGS) [21[21] A. O. Ertay and S. Simsek, “Design of Elliptic-Function Microstrip Filters with Defected Bottom Structures,” In: PIERs Proceedings, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 1838-1842, 2013.]. Various kinds of DGS designs are proposed for different filter types and explored the desired properties like compactness [2[2] H. J. Sheng, M. J. Lancaster, “Microstrip Filters For RF/Microwave Applications,” John Wiley And Sons Inc, pp 29-75, pp. 117-121, 2001.],[22[22] J. X. Chen, J. L. Li, K. C. Wan et al, “Compact Quasi-Elliptic Function Filter Based On Defected Bottom Structure,” In: IEE Proceedings: Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 320-324, Aug. 2006.], [23[23] A. B. Abdel-Rahman, A. K. Verma, A. Boutejdar et al, “Compact Stub Type Microstrip Bandpass Filter Using Defected Bottom Plane,”IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 136 – 138, 2014.], sharp rejection [24[24] W. H. Tu and K. Chang, “Compact Microstrip Low-Pass Filter with Sharp Rejection,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters,vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 404-406, 2005.], wide stop-band [25[25] M. Al Sharkawy, A. Boutejdar and E. G. Mahmoud,”Design of Ultra-Wide Stop-Band DGS Low-Pass Filter Using Meander- and Multilayer Techniques,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1276-1281, 2013.], multi-band response [26[26] C. Chang, W. Chen and Z. Zhang, “A Novel Dual-Mode Dual-Band Bandpass Fllter with DGS,” In: PIERS Proceedings. Marrakesh, Morocco, pp. 1723-1726, Mar. 2011.]. In some applications, sharp transition region plays a vital role for rejection of intermodulation products and so that the roll-off rate should be analyzed for these applications [27[27] A. B. Abdel-Rahman, A. K. Verma, A. Boutejdar et al, “Control Of Bandstop Response Of Hi-Lo Microstrip Low-Pass Fllter Using Slot In Bottom Plane,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1008-1013, 2004.], [28[28] A. Kumar, A. Sawant and M. V. Kartikeyan, “Investigation of Fractal DGS Microwave Fllters,” In: Proceedings of 2013 National Conference On Communications (NCC), pp.1-4, Feb. 2013.]. Also, the resonant frequency of the slot can be varied by changing the number of metal fingers which are incorporated in the slot instead of changing the size of slot [29[29] S. V. Makki Al-Din, A. Ahmadi, S. Majidifar et al, “Sharp Response Microstrip LPF Using Folded Stepped Impedance Open Stubs,” Radio Engineering, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 328-332,2013.]-[32[32] D. Gadvi and U. Shah, “Microstrip Low-pass Filter Designs Using Defected Bottom Structure,” International J of Research in Engg Tech, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 43-48, 2015.]. Also, a square-shaped complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) filtering can be used for isolation improvement [33[33] R. Selvaraju, M. H. Jamaluddin, M. R. Kamarudin et al,”Complementary Split Ring Resonator for Isolation Enhancement in 5G Communication Antenna Array,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, vol. 83, pp. 217-228, 2018.]. Such CSRR offers high filtering (band-rejection) capability which is generally required for coupling suppression along with compact size and ease of fabrication.In this way the search for compact filter design structure with smooth curve of group delay and wide stop-band can over to use in the extensively spread microwave and millimeter-wave systems. To achieve such ideal response, approach of combining the interdigital capacitor and CSRR DGS are used.

In the presented work, the interdigital capacitor is placed as a DGS at the bottom layer to increase the stop-band region for a fifth order elliptical low-pass filter accompanied with CSRR and a wide stop band is achieved. With optimization of interdigital/CSRR DGS on the bottom layer and U-shaped high impedance line on the top layer using in CST microwave studio, we obtained the maximum stop-band of about 12 GHz (relative to – 10 dB) on a physical size of only 22.22 mm × 9.5 mm including 50 Ω feed lines.

II. 5th ORDER HIGH LOW ELLIPTICAL LPF (HL-ELPF)

Design of a 5th order HL-ELPF is accomplished using two capacitive low-impedance elements and three inductive high-impedance elements. Filter specifications are chosen as a cut-off frequency (fC) of 4 GHz, maximum stop-band insertion loss of 30 dB, 100 Ω and 20 Ω as high and low impedances, respectively and a FR4 material is taken as a substrate which has a dielectric constant (εr) of 4.5 and thickness of 1.5 mm along with copper layer thickness of 35 μm.

For the 5th order LPF design, the values of inductance (Li) and capacitor (Ci) can be obtained from the immittance (gi) values using the following equations [2[2] H. J. Sheng, M. J. Lancaster, “Microstrip Filters For RF/Microwave Applications,” John Wiley And Sons Inc, pp 29-75, pp. 117-121, 2001.], [21[21] A. O. Ertay and S. Simsek, “Design of Elliptic-Function Microstrip Filters with Defected Bottom Structures,” In: PIERs Proceedings, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 1838-1842, 2013.].

(1) L i = 1 2 π f c Z o g L i

and

(2) C i = 1 2 π f c 1 Z o g C i

where

gLi & gci = normalized element values (gi) of the low-pass prototype filter

and, Zo = filter impedance (50 Ω)

These lumped elements are realized by high (Zh) and low (Zl) impedance lines, whose electrical lengths can be obtained by equations (3) & (4) [2[2] H. J. Sheng, M. J. Lancaster, “Microstrip Filters For RF/Microwave Applications,” John Wiley And Sons Inc, pp 29-75, pp. 117-121, 2001.], [21[21] A. O. Ertay and S. Simsek, “Design of Elliptic-Function Microstrip Filters with Defected Bottom Structures,” In: PIERs Proceedings, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 1838-1842, 2013.].

For high-impedance line,

(3) For high-impedance line, β l L i = L i * Z o Z h

For low-impedance line,

(4) For low-impedance line, β l C i = C i * Z l Z o

So, the physical lengths of these lines are obtained as follows [2[2] H. J. Sheng, M. J. Lancaster, “Microstrip Filters For RF/Microwave Applications,” John Wiley And Sons Inc, pp 29-75, pp. 117-121, 2001.], [21[21] A. O. Ertay and S. Simsek, “Design of Elliptic-Function Microstrip Filters with Defected Bottom Structures,” In: PIERs Proceedings, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 1838-1842, 2013.],

For high-impedance transmission line length,

(5) l L i = λ g L ( f c ) 2 π sin 1 ( 2 π f c L i Z h )

For low-impedance transmission line length,

(6) l C i = λ g c ( f c ) 2 π sin 1 ( 2 π f c Z l C i )

The schematic of the HL-ELPF is shown in Figure 1 and details with dimensions are given in Table I for filter designed using FR4 substrate, where g0 and g6 represent the source and load sections included for matching purpose.

Fig. 1
Schematic of fifth order HL-ELPF.
Table I
Details of the fifth order HL-ELPF.

As we can see from Table I, a combination of high and low-impedance lines can be used to realized L2/C1 and L4/C2 resonators [1[1] D.M. Pozar: “Microwave Engineering,” John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2012.],[2[2] H. J. Sheng, M. J. Lancaster, “Microstrip Filters For RF/Microwave Applications,” John Wiley And Sons Inc, pp 29-75, pp. 117-121, 2001.], which offers high reflections due to unwanted reactance and susceptance at their junctions, respectively. In addition, these combinations will have a large size [2[2] H. J. Sheng, M. J. Lancaster, “Microstrip Filters For RF/Microwave Applications,” John Wiley And Sons Inc, pp 29-75, pp. 117-121, 2001.]. To realize the shunt connected series L-C for a three-pole symmetric stepped impedance LPF with the elliptic reponse, the low impedance lines (C’s) are connected in series with high impedance CPW line (L’s) as DGS to ground plane [34[34] M. C. Velazquez-Ahumada, J. Martel, and F. Medina, “Low-pass Elliptic Filters Using Mixed Microstrip-CPW Technologies,” PIERS Online, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 997-999, 2007.].In order to make a symmetrical structure, initially the following approximation formula is used to estimate a single transmission line for L2/C1 and L4/C2 resonators [2[2] H. J. Sheng, M. J. Lancaster, “Microstrip Filters For RF/Microwave Applications,” John Wiley And Sons Inc, pp 29-75, pp. 117-121, 2001.].

(7) 1 ( 2 π f L 2 ) 1 / ( 2 π f C 1 ) = B 2 ( f ) + Δ B 123 ( f )

where B2(f) represents a “compensated” susceptance formed by the line elements L2 and C1, and ΔB123(f) represents an unwanted total equivalent susceptance due to the first three inductive line elements (L1, L2 and L3) [2[2] H. J. Sheng, M. J. Lancaster, “Microstrip Filters For RF/Microwave Applications,” John Wiley And Sons Inc, pp 29-75, pp. 117-121, 2001.].

We estimated the dimensions of low impedance lines (C’s) to represent the shunt connected series L-C using equation (7) Similar approach has been applied for the line elements L4 and C2 to be realized with a single transmission line. The approximate lengths of all sections are given in Table I. An HL-ELPF with these dimensions is designed on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software as shown in Figure 2(a) where top layer is synthesized for the symmetrical filter. The optimized dimensions (width W’s and length L’s) are given in Table I. This complete LPF design has dimensions of 25.59 mm × 11.6 mm.

Fig. 2
(a) Fifth order HL-ELPF on CST (Design 1); (b) Simulated S-Parameter response of HL-ELPF.

As can be seen in Figure 2(b), the cut-off frequency (fC) is obtained as 4.22 GHz and in the passband centered at 2 GHz, the maximum return loss (RL) is 18 dB and the insertion loss (IL) is 0.41 dB. The bandwidth of stop-band is obtained from 5.1 to 11.2 GHz i.e. 6.1 GHz corresponding to 10 dB attenuation.

III. HL-ELPF WITH DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE

A. Simulation of HL-ELPF with slot and interdigital capacitor DGS

For an improvement in the stop-band, we introduced a simple rectangular shape slot as a defected ground structure (DGS) just below the three high-impedance lines of top layer [3[3] Y. Yang, X. Zhu and N. C. Karmakar, “A Novel Microstrip Lowpass Filter Using Compact Microstrip Resonant Cells and Uniquely Shaped Defected Bottom Structures,” Microwave Opt Technol Lett, vol. 54, pp. 2462–2464. 2010.]. On the bottom layer, the two side slots are made of size of 4.90 mm width × 3.70 mm length whereas the center slot has the size of 4.90 mm width × 5.60 mm as illustrated in Figure 3(b) [32[32] D. Gadvi and U. Shah, “Microstrip Low-pass Filter Designs Using Defected Bottom Structure,” International J of Research in Engg Tech, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 43-48, 2015.]. The etched rectangular slots individually act as a shunt LC resonator, in which the etched area size is controlling the inductance and capacitance is controlled by the distance between the edges. On increment of the etched area series inductance is enhanced with corresponding decrease in the shunt capacitance due to increment in between the edges. Due to the introduction of slots, additional shunt LC resonators are developed shown in Figure 3(c), which alters the current distribution on the bottom layer and so the frequency response also varied with slightly change in the attenuation poles.

Fig. 3
(a) Top and (b) bottom layers of HL-ELPF (Design 2) and (c) equivalent lumped prototype of bottom layer.

In respect to the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 3(c), the input impedance Zin of the bottom layer is modeled using the lumped elements [35[35] M. M. Rehaman, M. S. Islam, H. Y. Yong, T. Alam, M. T. Islam, “Performance Analysis of a Defected Ground-Structured Antenna Loaded with Stub-Slot for 5G Communication,” Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, vol. 19, no. 11, 2634, Sept. 2019., 36[36] M. K. Khandelwal, B. K. Kanaujia, S. Kumar, “Defected Ground Structure: Fundamentals, Analysis, and Applications in Modern Wireless Trends,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2017, Article ID 2018527, 22, 2017.] as given in the equation (8),

(8) Z i n = j ω L 1 1 ω 2 L 1 C 1 + j ω L 2 + j ω L 3 1 ω 2 L 3 C 2 + j ω L 4 + j ω L 5 1 ω 2 L 5 C 3

The values of equivalent lumped elements are obtained as: L1=L2=L4=L5= 6.12 nH, L3=9.26 nH, C1=C3= 0.0297 pF, C2=0.0196 pF. These lumped values provide the resonant frequencies of 11.8 GHz and 11.814 GHz, respectively due to first (and third) and second resonators. So, as the slot dimensions generated the resonant frequencies of about 11.8 GHz, the reflections are found to increase at 11.2 GHz and beyond. So, in 11.8 to 14.25 GHz range, the S21 response is flattened to about -7dB. Consequently, stop-band BW increases to 6.8 GHz, as shown in Figure 4. In addition, a maximum insertion loss (IL) of 0.53 dB is found in passband. At fC = 4.25 GHz, the phase delay and group delay are obtained as 0.107 ns and 0.179 ns, respectively. In such slot DGS, changing the slot dimensions can shift the frequency however further reduction in transmission loss is less expected. To further improve the stop-band BW, the DGS can be modified with incorporation of a band stop filter with sufficient bandwidth at the bottom layer.

Fig. 4
Simulated S-Parameter response of HL-ELPF with DGS (Design 2).

In the next modification, an interdigital capacitor (IDC) is used as a DGS in place of the rectangular slot resonator as shown in Figure 5(a) and (b) [32[32] D. Gadvi and U. Shah, “Microstrip Low-pass Filter Designs Using Defected Bottom Structure,” International J of Research in Engg Tech, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 43-48, 2015.]. Here, the metal finger has a dimension of 0.49 mm × 3.2 mm for targeting high reflection near 12.5 GHz and beyond. First, we placed IDC at the center i.e. in place of the second slot of Design 2 whereas in the second modification on the bottom layer as in Figure 5(b), IDC of same dimensions is placed on two side slots by 90° rotation and center rectangular slot is kept same [32[32] D. Gadvi and U. Shah, “Microstrip Low-pass Filter Designs Using Defected Bottom Structure,” International J of Research in Engg Tech, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 43-48, 2015.]. The equivalent circuits of bottom layer with such modifications are shown in Figure 5(c) and (d), respectively. Here, IDC is presented by a series RLC resonator with two shunt capacitor.

Fig. 5
Interdigital capacitor on the bottom layer of filter (a) first modification (Design 3), (b) second modification (Design 4), (c) equivalent circuit of bottom layer (Design 3), (d) equivalent lumped prototype of bottom layer (Design 4).

As the width of the metal finger is directly related to the capacitance of the IDC so, the increment of width of the capacitor leads to decrease in the equivalent capacitance. If the number of fingers is increased with keeping width of the fingers and space between fingers constant, then capacitance of IDC increases with corresponding decrease in the quality factor. With increasing space between the fingers, then the capacitive effect of the IDC is increased. The similar effect can also be observed on the equivalent inductance of the bottom layer. Equivalent circuit of IDC suggested the extension of stop-band by higher capacitance or reduced inductance as IDC is a multi-conductor structure with passband and stop-bands [37[37] F. P. Casares-Miranda, P. Otero, E. Márquez-Segura et al, “Wire Bonded Interdigital Capacitor,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 700-702, 2005.]. With the equivalent circuit model as shown in Figure 5(c) [35[35] M. M. Rehaman, M. S. Islam, H. Y. Yong, T. Alam, M. T. Islam, “Performance Analysis of a Defected Ground-Structured Antenna Loaded with Stub-Slot for 5G Communication,” Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, vol. 19, no. 11, 2634, Sept. 2019., 36[36] M. K. Khandelwal, B. K. Kanaujia, S. Kumar, “Defected Ground Structure: Fundamentals, Analysis, and Applications in Modern Wireless Trends,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2017, Article ID 2018527, 22, 2017., 38[38] R. S. Beeresha, A. M. Khan, M. Reddy H V, “Design And Optimization Of Interdigital Capacitor,” International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, no. 21, pp. 73-78, Nov. 2016.], the input impedance formula as shown in equation (9) is obtained as,

(9) Z i n = j ω L 1 1 ω 2 L 1 C 1 + 1 j ω ( C p 1 + C p 2 ) + j ω L s + 1 j ω C s + R s + j ω L 2 1 ω 2 L 2 C 2

The values of equivalent lumped elements of bottom layer (Design 3) are found as: L1=L2= 6.122 nH, C1=C2= 0.0297 pF, Rs=0.7003 Ω, Ls=0.8796 nH, Cs= 28.9821 pF, Cp1=Cp2= 0.17593 pF. From these lumped element values, the resonant frequencies are obtained as 11.8 GHz (passed) and 9.1 GHz (stopped) for the shunt and series/shunt LC resonators, respectively due to the end slots and IDC, with the given dimensions on the bottom layer (Figure 5a).

For the equivalent circuit with 90° rotation in the side slots shown in Figure 5(d), Zin is written as [35[35] M. M. Rehaman, M. S. Islam, H. Y. Yong, T. Alam, M. T. Islam, “Performance Analysis of a Defected Ground-Structured Antenna Loaded with Stub-Slot for 5G Communication,” Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, vol. 19, no. 11, 2634, Sept. 2019., 36[36] M. K. Khandelwal, B. K. Kanaujia, S. Kumar, “Defected Ground Structure: Fundamentals, Analysis, and Applications in Modern Wireless Trends,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2017, Article ID 2018527, 22, 2017., 38[38] R. S. Beeresha, A. M. Khan, M. Reddy H V, “Design And Optimization Of Interdigital Capacitor,” International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, no. 21, pp. 73-78, Nov. 2016.],

(10) Z i n = 1 j ω ( C p 1 + C p 2 ) + j ω L s 1 + 1 j ω C s 1 + R s 1 + j ω L 1 1 ω 2 L 1 C 1 + 1 j ω ( C p 3 + C p 4 ) + j ω L s 2 + 1 j ω C s 2 + R s 2

The lumped element values are obtained for the bottom layer as: L1= 9.348 nH, C1= 0.0194 pF, Rs1=Rs2=1.7429 Ω, Ls1=Ls2= 1.117 nH, Cs1=Cs2= 13.546 pF, Cp1=Cp2= Cp3= Cp4= 0.17593 pF. With these values the small transmission at 11.8 GHz is possible due to the center (second) slot and beyond it, the side IDCs support the non-transmission of higher frequency. The simulated responses of Design 3 and Design 4 are given in Figure 6(a) and (b), respectively.

Figure 6
(a) simulated S-parameter response of HL-ELPF with Design 3 (Figure 5a), and (b) simulated S-parameter response of HL-ELPF with Design 4 (Figure 5b).

As the values of inductance and capacitance generated in the side slots have offered a passband around 11.8 GHz and afterwards the stop-band with minor change in fC (4.255 GHz), IL and RL in pass band as can be seen in Figure 6(a). This modification has slightly decreased the BW of stop-band to 6.5 GHz due to a transmission peak of -7 dB at 11.8 GHz due to first and third slots. For the second modification on the bottom layer as in Figure 5(b), the stop-band BW is further reduced to 6.1 GHz with a resonance peak at 11.5 GHz (shown in Figure 6b). However, the reflections are higher beyond this frequency due to two side IDCs till the negative reflection peak at 13.9 GHz. Miniaturization of IDC beyond above mentioned dimensions is difficult, which restricts shifting of passband and stop-band towards higher frequency. So, if the peak at 11.8 GHz can be addressed by other means, the increase in stop-band BW is possible.

B. Simulation of HL-ELPF with IDC/CSRR

To achieve stop frequency as 11.8 GHz, we have incorporated a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) arranged in a mirror orientation and IDC, respectively on the place of the side slots and on the centre slot with slight change in dimensions. The physical dimensions of CSRR are taken as follows: width and length of fingers are 0.49 mm and 4.9 mm, respectively with a gap of 0.4 mm. The top layer, bottom layer and equivalent circuit of bottom layer are shown in Figure 7.

Fig. 7
(a) Top layer, (b) bottom layer of HL-ELPF with IDC/CSRR (Design 5), and (c) equivalent lumped prototype of bottom layer.

After the insertion of CSRR, the lumped element values of inductor and capacitor decrease significantly in order to increase the stop band frequency from previous designs where only IDC and rectangular slot DGS have been placed. Thus, the characteristic impedance of the bottom layer for such filter structure is increased. From Figure 7(b), an equivalent lumped element circuit of the bottom layer can be designed as shown in Figure 7(c) [33[33] R. Selvaraju, M. H. Jamaluddin, M. R. Kamarudin et al,”Complementary Split Ring Resonator for Isolation Enhancement in 5G Communication Antenna Array,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, vol. 83, pp. 217-228, 2018., 38[38] R. S. Beeresha, A. M. Khan, M. Reddy H V, “Design And Optimization Of Interdigital Capacitor,” International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, no. 21, pp. 73-78, Nov. 2016.], where IDC is presented by a series RLC resonator with two shunt capacitors and mirrored CSRR is by two shunt LC resonators. The equivalent input impedance formula as shown in equation (11).

(11) Z i n = j ω L 1 1 ω 2 L 1 C 1 + j ω L 2 1 ω 2 L 2 C 2 + 1 j ω ( C p 1 + C p 2 ) + j ω L s + 1 j ω C s + R s + j ω L 3 1 ω 2 L 3 C 3 + j ω L 4 1 ω 2 L 4 C 4

The values of lumped elements are obtained as: L1=L2=L3=L4= 1.13nH, C1=C2=C3=C4= 1.33pF, Cp1=Cp2= 0.22pF, Ls= 1.114nH, Cs= 13.546 pF, Rs= 0.34Ω. These values suggested 4.4 GHz as a resonant stop frequency due to CSRR/IDC and so, its harmonics are stopped which will lead to the wide stop band.

In the simulation response of this design shown in Figure 8, the maximum RL of 16 dB and IL of 0.42 dB are obtained at 2.9 GHz i.e. ripples in passband are shifted. Although fC increases to 4.34 GHz due to CSRR, significant increase in stop-band BW is also noticed from 6.5 GHz to 8.8 GHz (i.e. 5.2 - 14 GHz). This happened due to increment of characteristic impedance by insertion of CSRR which slightly changes the resonant frequency of the overall filter structure as discussed above and the quality factor is also observed to reduce. The further rejection of band from 11.8 GHz to 14 GHz is observed due to CSRRs on the both side slots, which resulted in the wide stopband.

Fig. 8
Simulated S-Parameter response of HL-ELPF with IDC/CSRR.

IV. SIMULATION OF HL-ELPF WITH U-SHAPED LINE AND IDC/CSRR

In order to address the compactness of filter, top layer is modified by inserting a U- shaped high-impedance line in place of the straight line as reported in [5[5] A. Rajput, K. Patel and A. Birwal, “Compact Microstrip Low-pass Filter Design Using U-Shaped Folded High-Impedance Line,” Microw Opt Technol Lett, vol. 60, pp. 1812–1815, 2018.]. On top layer of this filter, dimensions of low-impedance line are kept unchanged and on the bottom layer, IDC/CSRR DGS of Figure 7(b) is placed as shown in Figure 9(a). Also to mitigate the problems of parasitic capacitance due to reflections and accumulation of charges at the corners of U-shaped lines, a 50% mittering is performed with the dimension of 0.42 mm at the corners in all three U-shaped lines, which is shown in Figure 9(b) keeping the same bottom layer (as in Figure 7b). Lumped equivalent model of its bottom layer is same as mentioned in Figure 7(c), there is no significant change is expected in lumped element values due to U-shaped line in the top layer of the structure. However, the physical length of the filter is reduced. The initial simulated responses of such two designs showed a 3-dB fC close to 4 GHz, but with harmonics at the stop-band. Harmonics at the stop-band occurred due to the different L values (sizes), so such modifications on top layer deteriorate the flatness of stop band, although the BW of stop-band increased beyond frequency of 16 GHz as reason is mentioned in previous design description. Harmonic reduction achieved by increasing IDC capacitance and shifting the CSRR resonance, which regained flatness in stop-band. Thus, the final optimized bottom layer with dimensions is shown in Figure 9(c).

Fig. 9
(a) Top layer of HL-ELPF with U-shaped line (Design 6) and (b) top layer with mitered U-shaped line (Design 7), and (c) optimized bottom layer with IDC/CSRR DGS.

In the simulation response of HL-ELPF with U-shaped line and optimized IDC/CSRR (Figure 10a), the values are obtained as follows: minimum RL in the pass band as 15 dB @ 2 GHz with IL of 0.54 dB, phase delay and group delay as 0.161 ns and 0.244 ns, respectively at fC = 4.07 GHz and bandwidth of stop-band as 11.01 GHz (5.07 – 16.98 GHz). Increment in insertion loss is observed due to conductor loss of metal and dielectric loss of dielectric material used in CSRR instead of a slot, which basically depends on loss tangent of the material. Roll-off factor of the filter is also found to be increased upto 6.145 dB/GHz due to insertion of DGS elements as more number of elements increases the order of the overall filter i. e. sharpness as noticed after simulation. Here two attenuation poles are obtained at 8.484 GHz and 12.51 GHz due to variation of inductance lengths. Also, one resonance peak of -7.85 dB in S11 is observed at 14.82 GHz. The overall dimension of the filter is reduced to 22.22 mm × 9.5 mm i.e. by 28.89% compared to the original design of Figure 2(a). Similar response is observed for HL-ELPF with mitered U-shaped line, which is shown in Figure 10(b) except a peak of -8.35 dB in S11 at 14.88 GHz. However, the advantage of this Design 7 is BW of 12.0 GHz for stop-band corresponding to 10 dB attenuation.

Fig.10
Simulated S-parameter response of (a) HL-ELPF with U-shaped line and (b) HL-ELPF with mitered U-shaped line.

The characteristics of low-pass filter designs reported in this work are summarized in Table II as discussed in this section and previous section. The LPF performance parameters like, roll-off rate (β), relative stop-band (RSB) bandwidth for -20 dB return loss, normalized circuit size (NCS), and figure-of-merit (FOM) are calculated from the known relations [9[9] J. L. Li, S. W. Qu and Q. Xue,”Compact Microstrip Lowpass Filter With Sharp Roll-Off And Wide Stop-Band,” Electronics Letters, vol. 45, no.2, pp. 110–111, 2009., 18[18] M. Hayati, F. Shama, “A Compact Lowpass Filter with Ultra Wide Stop-band Using Stepped Impedance Resonator,” Radioengineering, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 269-274, 2017.] and comparison of last three designs is given in Table III.As given in Table III, the performances of Design 6 and Design 7 are comparable to the earlier reported filters [8[8] L. H. Hsieh and K. Chang, “Compact Elliptic-Function Low-Pass Filters Using Microstrip Stepped-Impedance Hairpin Resonators,” IEEE Trans on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 193–199, 2003., 19[19] D. Packiaraja, K. J. Vinoy, M. Ramesh et al, “Design of Compact Low-pass Filter with Wide Stop-band Using Tri-Section Stepped Impedance Resonator,” Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ),vol. 65, pp. 1012– 1014, 2011., 21[21] A. O. Ertay and S. Simsek, “Design of Elliptic-Function Microstrip Filters with Defected Bottom Structures,” In: PIERs Proceedings, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 1838-1842, 2013., 31[31] A. Tirado-Mendez, H. Jardon-Aguilar, R. Flores-Leal et al.”Improving Frequency Response Of Microstrip Filters Using Defected Bottom and Defected Microstrip Structures,” Progress in Electromagnetic Research C, vol. 13, pp. 77-90, 2010.]. In addition, the proposed filters in this work achieved wide stop-band of 8.15 GHz with high attenuation (> -20 dB) in the stop-band with the compact circuit size.

Table II
characteristics summary of HL-ELPF designs reported in this work.
Table III
Performance comparisons among proposed designs of ELPF.

V. CONCLUSION

A fifth order hi-lo elliptic LPF was simulated for the cut-off frequency of 4.2 GHz on FR4 substrate for a wide band stop response. The results showed that the insertion loss in the low frequency passband is less than 0.5 dB from DC to 4 GHz and the stop-band of 6.1 GHz BW is obtained corresponding to the 10 dB attenuation for the initial filter design. On improvisation using various DGSs like slot, interdigital capacitor and CSRR, the stop-band BW increases to 8.8 GHz without affecting other parameters of this filter. Further replacing high impedance line on top layer by U-shaped line with mitering leads to compactness of filter by about 29% and offered the wide stop-band BW of 12 GHz with attenuation level higher than -10 dBas well, which equals to 3fc. The final compact proposed filter has the dimensions of 22.22 mm × 9.5 mm, in which RL, IL, roll-off rate and stop band BW are improved by about 9.7%, 26.5%, 42% and 80%, respectively. In future, modifications on the top layer like use of “S” or “C” shaped line for compact filter can be applied and to improve the stop-band response, slot on capacitive line of top layer or different shapes of slots in bottom plane such as elliptic, semicircular, triangular, pi-shaped can be incorporated.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The work was supported by the Research & Development Scheme 2015-16 of the University of Delhi (RC/2015/9677 dated 15/10/2015).

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    11 Nov 2020
  • Date of issue
    Dec 2020

History

  • Received
    07 July 2020
  • Reviewed
    09 July 2020
  • Accepted
    13 Oct 2020
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