A Simple Transformation of Improved WLAN Band Pass to Low Pass Filter Using Defected Ground Structure ( DGS ) , Defected Microstrip Structure ( DMS ) and Multilayer-Technique

A novel transformation of band passto low pass filter is introduced in this paper. First a compact microstrip band pass filter designed, optimized and realized by combining a simple multilayer method with magnetically coupled microstrip U-shaped DGS resonators is proposed. The DGSand DMS-techniques demonstrated the ability to suppress the undesired harmonic response. The proposed band pass filter is transformed to a new structure with low pass characteristics using a simple strip connection between the neighboring microstrip resonators. The designed compact filters have low insertion loss, sharp transition regions due to the presence of two-transmission zeros at both edges of the pass bands. The measured resonance frequency, bandwidth and insertion loss are 3.4 GHz, 40%, and 0.5 dB respectively. The compact transformed low pass filter offers a wide stop band with a rejection higher than 20 dB up to more than 10 GHz. The undesired harmonic has been successfully suppressed. The simulated and measured results show good agreement and validate the proposed approach.


I. INTRODUCTION
Planar and coplanar structures have found useful various applications of microwave technology, thus the compact and high-performance microstrip devices as filters [1][2][3][4][5], antennas and couplers are in high demand for modern microwave engineering and mobile communication systems.One of the very successful solutions to achieve significant size reduction is to use DGS components which also A Simple Transformation of Improved WLAN Band Pass to Low Pass Filter Using Defected Ground Structure (DGS), Defected Microstrip Structure (DMS) and Multilayer-Technique have the capability of suppressing undesired periodicity effect [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17].Multilayer-technique can be applied effectively to microwave circuits to minimize the structure size [15], thus the DGS adds an extra degree of freedom in microwave circuit design and opens the door to a wide range of application.The DGS can be designed in different geometries, depending on the application and on the desired frequency characteristics.The DGS structure similar to the one shown in Fig. 1, can be either a periodic or non-periodic cascaded configuration etched in the back side of a metallic ground plane of a planar transmission line.The introduction of the DGS structures, with similar frequency behavior as DMS, perturbs the current distribution in the ground plane.This disturbance leads to an important change in the electrical characteristics of the structure (capacitance and inductance).DGS (DMS) has a simple structure, which corresponds to an equivalent LC circuit model, such topology can be widely and potentially applicable in order to design compact RF circuit.To meet the requirements in modern wireless communication, much effort and publications have been made in other papers to develop a variety of compact band-and low pass filters with sharp and deep rejection outside the pass band region by generating transmission zeros or attenuation poles.The slot channel corresponds to an inductance as shown in Fig. 2 (a).The circuit parameters can be extracted from an electromagnetic simulation by matching to a one pole Butterworth band stop filter response, as discussed in [18].The width (w = 1.9 mm) of the feed strip line (50 Ω), placed on the top layer, has been calculated using TX-line program.All components are supported by a thin metalbacked substrate (Rogers RO3210) with a thickness of h = 0.813 mm, ε r = 3.38, and tanδ = 0.0023.
The U-resonator (see Fig. 2 (a), (b)) can be also modeled using a parallel LC circuit as shown in Fig. 3 . The values of L and C are computed using, The values of the cut-off and resonance frequency f c and f p , respectively can be found from the transmission characteristics of the U-slot.As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, several experiments have been carried out in order to demonstrate the dependence of the DGS dimensions on the frequency positions.
Two different DGS dimensions are first introduced for fine tuning of the resonance and cutoff frequency and precise realization of the circuit configuration.The tuning is realized only through a simple modification in the structure's size.To investigate this resonator size, the width of the DGS cell has been characterized with b and g and these values are set to 3 mm and 1 mm, respectively.The length l is adjusted from 2 mm to 11 mm.This led the |S 21 | characteristics of the resonance pole and the cutoff frequency to vary from 4.5 GHz to 8.2 GHz and from 3 GHz to 7.5 GHz, respectively as shown in Fig. 3.When the length l of the DGS arm is increased, both frequency positions will be shifted to lower frequencies range, where the frequencies are changing fast.The effect of changing the width g for the DGS unit while keeping l constant causes a slight relocation in the resonance frequency.On the other hand, during this modification the cutoff frequency remains nearly constant [19].This means that the change of the width g has no effect on the cutoff frequency.The effect of the width g on the resonance frequency position is shown in Fig. 4.
Thus, the width, the resonance pole, and the cutoff frequency values vary from 200 µm to 1 mm, from 2.6 GHz to 4.5 GHz, and from 2.8 GHz to 3 GHz, respectively.The gap (g), which increases the attenuation pole, is shifted to higher frequencies indicating that g controls the effective capacitance.
By employing the preview curves, it will be easy to design the required filters with desired resonance and cutoff characteristics.The DGS cell is simulated using Microwave Office.Simulation results are depicted in Fig. 4, which shows the characteristics of a one-pole band stop filter.Thus, one can get the attenuation pole frequency f 0 at 4.5 GHz and the 3 dB cutoff frequency f c at 3 GHz for an arm length of 11 mm.

III. DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PLANAR CASCADED BAND PASS FILTER USING IDENTICAL U-DGS CELLS
In order to obtain WLAN three-pole microstrip band pass filter with two transmission zeros, low insertion loss in the pass band, and high selectivity, several structures were proposed.The included configurations use end-coupled slow-wave resonators and slow-wave open stub-tapped resonator filters.Two other techniques involve employing cross coupling and quasi-elliptic function filters, which are able to place the transmission zeros near the cutoff frequencies where higher selectivity with fewer resonators can be noticed.In all the previous works, the compactness factor was not satisfactory.One of the very successful topologies to achieve significant size reduction is to use coupled U-DGS components as shown in Fig. 1.As shown in Fig. 6, the insertion loss and return loss of the simulated results need further enhancement.Thus, in order to minimize the structure size and to also be able to improve the frequency characteristics of this band pass filter, another procedure so-called multilayer-technique will be used [20][21][22].
IV. DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED COMPACT BAND PASS FILTER The multilayer-technique is used to improve the performance of the previous band pass filter.The new structure is similar to the original filter with simple modification; that involves removing the central microstrip resonator to be etched as a DGS-resonator in the ground plane, as shown in Fig. 7.
Using this approach, the total area of this 3.4 GHz filter is reduced to 33% of its size.The compact band pass filter has the same bandwith (40%) but with improved pass band and stop band characteristics.In order to calculate the optimal coupling distances between both neighbored resonators on the top layer, a coupling matrix method has been used.To be able to obtain the coupling matrix of the new topology, the specifications of the filter are defined and then the desired parameters are extracted using an optimization-based scheme [23].The coupling coefficient and quality factor curves [24] are then used to realize the obtained coupling coefficients.In our case the third order filter is required to be designed to have a bandwidth BW = 1.5 GHz, return loss RL = 20 dB, and center frequency f 0 = 3.7 GHz.The obtained coupling matrix from the optimization scheme is, and the external quality factors are q in = q out = 9.315.The required fractional bandwidth FBW = BW/f 0 = 0.405 is employed to realize the normalized coupling matrix and quality factors.The actual (denormalized) coupling matrix becomes M = 0.049 0.709 −0.627 0.709 0.086 0.709 −0.627 0.709 0.049 ൩ (3) and Q 1 = Q 2 = 23, where M = FBW × m, and Q = q/ FBW.The calculated m-coupling coefficients will be inserted in the experimental curve [25] in order to get the optimal distance between the microstrip resonators.

V. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF THE IMPROVED BAND PASS FILTER
The proposed BPF with two U-DGS unit in the metallic ground plane and a U-microstrip resonator on the top layer with size of (20 × 15) mm 2 is fabricated and measured using an HP8722D network analyzer as shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 10 shows the measured and the simulated results.A very good agreement between the simulated and measured results is observed.In the pass band, the measured insertion and return loss were less than 0.7 dB and 20 dB, respectively.The results shows significantly improved performance over the filters previously presented in [26][27].The slight declination between the simulated and experimental results may most probably be caused by the usual connectors and manufacturing errors or by the undesired DGS radiations.From the measured results (see Fig. 10), it is seen that the fabricated WLAN-DGS BPF has a -3 dB cutoff frequency at 2.95 GHz, an insertion loss lower than 0.7 dB in the filter pass-band and, two transmission zeros appear close to the pass band at 2 GHz and 6 GHz.It can be seen from Fig. 10, that the fabricated filter (see Fig. 9) provides good performance in the stop band rejection and the passband insertion loss and smaller in size than those reported in literature.

VI. HARMONIC SUPPRESSION USING DGS AND DMS
In order to avoid undesired characteristics in the previous filter, two procedures are proposed: 1-DGS technique.

2-DMS technique.
Using such technique [6] causes the slow wave effect property [7] and eliminates the undesired response in the determined frequency range.Based on our previous work [5][6][7][8], in our case, the rectangular-DGS unit is advantageous in comparison with dumbbell -or arrow-DGS shapes to solve this problem.It is shown in Fig. 11 with the following dimensions: x 1 = 0.6 mm, x 2 = 5 mm, y 1 = 2.5 mm, y 2 = 5 mm, w = 1.9 mm.The values were chosen to achieve resonance frequency around 2.75f 0 as shown in Fig. 12.By using the DGS technique in the band pass filter as shown in Fig. 13, the center frequency of the new filter is compatible with the previous designed one as shown in Fig. 14.An improvement appears in the pass band attenuation (-30 dB).The second harmonic around 2.75f 0 is suppressed.The coupling distance (ξ = 10.5 mm) between the DGS-units is computed in this work using the empirical method instead of coupling matrix method.The disadvantage in this method is a little distortion that appears in the left stop band.The dimensions of the used DGS-unit in the filter structure have been slightly modified compared to the proposed previous one in order to optimize the filter frequency response.The topology of the new DMS filter as shown in Fig. 17 was easily designed and controlled with neglecting the coupling that can negatively affect filter response.As shown in Fig. 18, the symmetry of the filter's behavior was improved with highly accepted pass band losses and stop band attenuations.On the other hand, the magnetic field can be shown at the frequency of 5 GHz, because of the microstrip capacitors, with a high concentration around port 1 and no energy flow around port 2. This asymmetric filed distribution along the U slots presents the stop-band behavior.

TECHNIQUE
In order to minimize the size of the proposed prototype LPF, the multilayer technique was induced [21].A size reduction was achieved by placing one of the U-shaped cells on the top layer of the substrate to be etched in the ground plane.A total size reduction of 33 % was gained, and the new total dimension of the dielectric substrate became (20 × 15) mm 2 , as described in Fig. 22. Fig. 22 shows the schematic diagram of the multilayer LPF, representing the dimensions of both, top and bottom layers.The results of the proposed multilayer LPF generated using Microwave Office TM [28] were compared to those generated using Ansoft HFSS TM [29].The scattering parameters frequency response results are shown in Fig. 23.Good agreement between both results can be observed.Based on the simulated results one can realize that the proposed multilayer LPF has better performance in the pass band region; having less than 20 dB through the entire region when compared to the conventional LPF shown in Fig. 20.shown how to produce a desired compact low pass filter using a simple microstrip modification on the band pass structure.Using this approach, the total area of this 3.4 GHz filter is reduced to 67% of its size.The paper also demonstrated the importance of the previous techniques and its positive influence on the filter characteristics.The effective improvements can be seen clearly at the frequency characteristics of the investigated filters.In order to show the validity of the proposed new procedure, the filter have been designed, optimized and two different numerical techniques were used to compute and compare the S-parameters' results.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Three-dimensional view of the U-cells.In this paper, a novel WLAN band pass filter with the help of microstrip coupled U-DGS-resonators has been designed using the coupling matrix technique.The experimental results of the proposed band pass filter show compact size, good selectivity, high quality factor, and two transmission zeros above and below the pass band.The proposed filter is fabricated and measured.The measured results exhibit good agreement with the simulations.Another technique is introduced that involves employing structure layers (multilayer) and adding simple microstrip line between the resonators, which ease the transformation of the frequency characteristics along the frequency range.This will lead to a simple transformation of low pass to band pass behaviors.The results of the carried out simulation show the efficacy and validity of the new used technique.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Comparison of resonance-and cut-off frequency of U-DGS cell versus the length l.

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Comparison of resonance-and cutoff frequency of U-DGS cell versus the width g.

Fig. 6 .
Fig.6.The simulation results of the conventional cascaded BPF.

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7. Three-dimensional view of the new U-Band pass filter.The required distance s is 0.5 mm (see Fig.5).The proposed WLAN-Band pass filter was simulated on a Rogers RO4003 substrate with the same properties as before.Simulation is performed using Microwave Office TM and CST Microwave Studio TM .The dimensions of the each U-resonator are g = 1 mm, b = 3 mm and d = 11 mm.In order to optimize the results, slight dimension modifications are introduced to the DGS-U-resonator.The simulation results of the band pass filter are shown in Fig. 8.Although the filter consists of three resonators, only two poles exist in the pass band, what explain

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8.The simulation results of the new proposed filter structure.

Fig. 10 .
Fig. 10.Measured and simulated S-parameters of the proposed BPF.

Fig. 13 .
Fig. 13.3D-view of the proposed band pass filter with DGS-units.

Fig. 14 .
Fig. 14.The S-parameter results of the DGS-band pass filter.

Fig. 15 .
Fig. 15.Layout of the DMS unit.The DMS dimensions were chosen to obtain a resonance frequency in the region of the undesired harmonic as shown in Fig. 16.The values of the dimensions are as follows: x 1 = 1 mm, x 2 = 11 mm, y 1 = 0.6 mm, y 2 = 0.4 mm.To apply this technique, two identical defects are etched into microstrip feed lines near from the input and output of the structure.

Fig. 17 .
Fig. 17. 3D-view of the new band pass filter with DMS-units.

Fig. 19 .Fig. 20 .
Fig. 19.Layout of the Low pass filter.The filter was simulated for a Rogers RO4003 substrate with a relative dielectric constant of ε r = 3.38 and a thickness of h = 0.813 mm.The simulation results of the lowpass filter are shown in Fig.20.

Fig. 21 .
Fig. 21.Electromagnetic field distribution results in the classical LPF.(a) Pass-band at 1.5 GHz and (b) reject band at 5GHz.

Fig. 23 .
Fig. 23.Comparison between the simulation results of the compact low pass filter using Microwave Office TM and HFSS TM .X. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION ALONG ON THE PROPOSED LOW PASS FILTERAlong the transmitting region (2 GHz), the magnetic coupling is the dominant (see Fig.24(a)), this advantage can be used in order to improve the response in the pass-band area by changing the arm length of the neighbored top U-resonators.Contrariwise, at 5 GHz, the maximal RF current concentrates near the first resonator, thus no energy flows can transmit from the input to output of the filter.As one can realize from Fig. 24 (b), at high frequency range, the microstrip capacitor shows high impedance, which causes a block of current and ultimately leads to a reject band behavior.

Fig. 24 .
Fig. 24.Electromagnetic field distribution results in the LPF.(a) pass-band at 2 GHz and (b) reject band at 6 GHz.