EFFECTS OF A TEACHER TRAINING INTERVENTION ON TEACHERS’ AND STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION TO PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASS

Tenório, Maria Cecilia Marinho; Tassitano, Rafael Miranda; Weaver, Robert Glenn; Lima, Marilia de Carvalho

doi:10.4025/jphyseduc.v32i1.3208

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Journal of Physical Education

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Original Article • J. Phys. Educ. 32 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v32i1.3208 copy

EFFECTS OF A TEACHER TRAINING INTERVENTION ON TEACHERS’ AND STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION TO PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASS

EFEITOS DE UMA INTERVENÇÃO DE FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES NA MOTIVAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES E ALUNOS PARA A AULA DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The present study evaluated the effects of a teacher training intervention, based on Self-Determination Theory, on teachers’ and students’ motivation in physical education class. This is a pre-post quasi-experimental study with 4 physical education teachers and 611 students from four public schools. A handbook was developed and teacher training sessions were conducted. Statistical analysis consisted of paired t-tests and general linear model repeated measures to assess teachers’ self-determined motivation and linear mixed effect regression to evaluate students’ motivation. A significant increase in teachers’ and students’ motivation score was observed after the intervention. Among teacher, we verified an increase in self-determined motivation. Among students there were significant interaction time by group in Extrinsic Motivation Identified Regulation (F=5.6), Extrinsic Motivation External Regulation (F=7.41), Amotivation (F=5.32) and Self-determined Motivation (F=4.87). Also, Intrinsic Motivation significantly declined with age for boys (β= -0.151) and girls (β= -0.121) as well as Extrinsic Motivation Introjected Regulation for girls β= (-0.141). Training sessions can support teachers in planning lessons resulting in increasing teacher and students' motivation in physical education classes. However, this strategy was not enough to improve intrinsic motivation during the investigated period.

Keywords:
Physical Education; Motivation; Intervention

	School 1	School 2	School 3	School 4
Teachers (n=4)	n=1	n=1	n=1	n=1
Age (years)	46	34	32	51
Gender	M	M	M	F
Degree completed (year)	1993	2005	2006	1985
Highest degree received	Specialist	Specialist	Specialist	Specialist
Continuing education course	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Marital status	Married	Married	Married	Married
Economic level	B2	B2	B2	B2
Students (n=611)	n=171	n=100	n=143	n=197
Age (years)*	16.4 (1.3)	17.0 (1.7)	16.4 (1.1)	16.4 (1.1)
Gender	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Male	82 (48.0)	53 (53.0)	44 (30.8)	87 (44.2)
Female	89 (52.0)	47(47.0)	99 (69.2)	110 (55.8)
Parents’ cohabitation
With mother	58 (33.9)	43 (43)	59 (41.2)	87 (44.2)
With father	13 (7.6)	9 (9)	4 (2.8)	9 (4.5)
With mother and father	100 (58.5)	48 (48)	80 (60)	101 (51.3)
Mother’s education (years)
≤ 3	49 (28.6)	44 (44)	53 (37.1)	74 (37.6)
4 - 8	48 (28.1)	32 (32)	46 (32.2)	67 (34.0)
≥ 9	74 (43.3)	24 (24)	44 (30.7)	56 (28.4)
Family income (USD)**
3,041 to 2,051 (A1+A2)	4 (2.3)	0 (0)	2 (1.4)	5 (2.5)
1,087 to 629 (B1+B2)	28 (16.4)	14 (14)	19 (13.3)	19 (9.6)
373 to 223 (C1+C2)	93 (54.4)	39 (39)	63 (44.1)	100 (50.8)
151 to 86 (D+E)	46 (26.9)	47 (47)	59 (41.2)	73 (37.1)

Teacher self-determined motivation scores	Baseline	Post-test	Difference
Teacher self-determined motivation scores	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
School 1	8.98 (1.6)	10.35 (1.4)	+1.37
School 2	7.23 (1.2)	9.78 (1.3)	+2.55
School 3	7.95 (1.4)	10.14 (1.2)	+2.19
School 4	8.50 (1.7)	10.73 (1.4)	+2.23
All teachers	8.16 (0.8)	10.25 (0.4)	+2.09

Student self-determined motivation scores	School 1	School 2	School 3	School 4	Time		Time X Group
Student self-determined motivation scores	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	F	p	F	P
Intrinsic Motivation
Baseline	5.4 (1.5)	4.8 (1.6)	3.8 (1.5)	4.0 (1.7)	3.25	0.07	1.16	0.32
Post-test	5.6 (1.2)	5.0 (1.4)	4.8 (1.4)^*	5.1 (1.5)^*
EM Identified Regulation
Baseline	5.3 (1.4)	4.9 (1.7)	4.0 (1.5)	4.1 (1.5)	10.1	<0.01	5.6	<0.01
Post-test	5.5 (1.3)	5.1 (1.3)	5.0 (1.4)^*	5.3 (1.4)^*
EM Introjected Regulation
Baseline	3.5 (1.5)	3.6 (1.7)	3.3 (1.3)	3.3 (1.3)	2.15	0.14	0.73	0.53
Post-test	3.7 (1.4)	3.6 (1.6)	3.4 (1.4)	3.7 (1.4)^*
EM External Regulation
Baseline	2.1 (1.2)	2.5 (1.4)	3.3 (1.4)	3.4 (1.4)	0.82	0.36	7.41	<0.01
Post-test	2.3 (1.2)	2.8 (1.3)	2.6 (1.2)^*	3.2 (1.4)^*
Amotivation
Baseline	1.9 (1.2)	2.5 (1.6)	3.0 (1.4)	3.0 (1.4)	0.09	0.76	5.32	<0.01
Post-test	2.1 (1.2)	2.7 (1.6)	2.5 (1.4)^*	2.6 (1.5)^*
Self Determinant Motivation
Baseline	8.3 (5.1)	6.8 (3.9)	1.1 (4.9)	2.0 (5.7)	12.3	<0.01	4.87	0.03
Post-test	8.7 (4.6)	6.6 (4.6)	5.9 (4.6)^*	5.5 (5.4)^*
d (Cohen)	0.08	0.04	1.01	0.63

	Coef β.	SE	z	P>z	95% CI
Self Determinant Motivation
Time	0.302	0.287	1.05	0.293	-0.261	0.865
Socioeconomic status	0.116	0.080	1.45	0.146	-0.040	0.273
Age	-0.397	0.211	-1.890	0.059	-0.810	0.016
Constant	7.179	0.608	11.800	0.000	5.987	8.372
Intrinsic Motivation
Time	0.240	0.090	2.67	0.008	0.064	0.416
Socioeconomic status	0.003	0.022	0.12	0.902	-0.040	0.045
Age	-0.151	0.058	-2.63	0.008	-0.264	-0.039
Constant	5.304	0.149	35.51	0.000	5.012	5.597
Extrinsic Motivation Identified Regulation
Time	0.240	0.079	3.02	0.002	0.084	0.395
Socioeconomic status	0.015	0.022	0.68	0.499	-0.029	0.059
Age	-0.082	0.060	-1.38	0.168	-0.199	0.035
Constant	5.266	0.089	58.85	0.000	5.091	5.442
Extrinsic Motivation Introjected Regulation
Time	0.080	0.086	0.93	0.351	-0.088	0.248
Socioeconomic status	-0.029	0.025	-1.18	0.237	-0.078	0.019
Age	-0.072	0.066	-1.1	0.273	-0.202	0.057
Constant	3.774	0.092	41.01	0.000	3.594	3.954
Extrinsic Motivation External Regulation
Time	0.217	0.088	2.47	0.014	0.045	0.390
Socioeconomic status	-0.030	0.021	-1.42	0.157	-0.070	0.011
Age	0.054	0.055	0.99	0.322	-0.053	0.162
Constant	2.439	0.154	15.82	0.000	2.137	2.741
Amotivation
Time	0.120	0.096	1.25	0.211	-0.068	0.308
Socioeconomic status	-0.042	0.021	-2.01	0.045	-0.084	-0.001
Age	0.089	0.056	1.6	0.110	-0.020	0.198
Constant	2.211	0.123	17.91	0.000	1.969	2.453

	Coef. β	SE	z	P>z	95% CI
Self-Determinant Motivation
Time	3.765	0.356	10.56	0.000	3.066	4.463
Socioeconomic status	0.006	0.040	0.14	0.885	-0.073	0.085
Age	-0.166	0.168	-0.99	0.321	-0.495	0.162
Constant	2.360	1.228	1.92	0.055	-0.047	4.767
Intrinsic Motivation
Time	1.035	0.108	9.62	0.000	0.824	1.246
Socioeconomic status	-0.005	0.013	-0.36	0.715	-0.029	0.020
Age	-0.121	0.052	-2.32	0.020	-0.223	-0.019
Constant	3.925	0.280	14	0.000	3.375	4.474
Extrinsic Motivation Identified Regulation
Time	1.040	0.104	10.02	0.000	0.836	1.243
Socioeconomic status	0.007	0.012	0.61	0.542	-0.016	0.030
Age	-0.093	0.048	-1.92	0.055	-0.187	0.002
Constant	4.030	0.228	17.65	0.000	3.582	4.478
Extrinsic Motivation Introjected Regulation
Time	0.259	0.098	2.65	0.008	0.067	0.450
Socioeconomic status	-0.011	0.011	-1.03	0.305	-0.033	0.010
Age	-0.141	0.044	-3.18	0.001	-0.227	-0.054
Constant	3.178	0.071	44.67	0.000	3.038	3.317
Extrinsic Motivation External Regulation
Time	-0.486	0.094	-5.17	0.000	-0.670	-0.302
Socioeconomic status	0.006	0.011	0.5	0.614	-0.016	0.028
Age	-0.019	0.046	-0.4	0.689	-0.109	0.072
Constant	3.191	0.263	12.13	0.000	2.676	3.707
Amotivation
Time	-0.399	0.103	-3.86	0.000	-0.602	-0.197
Socioeconomic status	0.008	0.012	0.64	0.52	-0.016	0.032
Age	-0.097	0.051	-1.91	0.056	-0.196	0.003
Constant	2.941	0.188	15.68	0.000	2.573	3.308

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[1] Address for correspondence: Maria Cecília Marinho Tenório. Adress: Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, Recife - PE, 52171-900E-mail: mariaceciliatenorio@gmail.com