STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS AND ASSESSMENT: A LATIN AMERICAN REVIEW ON SWIMMING ATHLETES

Moreira, Caio Rosas; Aizava, Paulo Vitor Suto; Fiorese, Lenamar; Oliveira, Donizete Cícero Xavier de

doi:10.4025/jphyseduc.v32i1.3221

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Review Article • J. Phys. Educ. 32 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v32i1.3221 copy

STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS AND ASSESSMENT: A LATIN AMERICAN REVIEW ON SWIMMING ATHLETES

MEDIDAS E AVALIAÇÃO DA FORÇA: UMA REVISÃO LATINO-AMERICANA EM ATLETAS DE NATAÇÃO

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to analyze how strength is measurement and its use occurs in studies of Latin American magazines with swimming athletes. The review followed PRISMA principles, carrying out the research in Scielo and Lilacs databases, adopting as inclusion criteria: a) studies with swimming athletes samples; b) studies that involved some evaluation of strength in athletes. A total of 87 articles were found, where 23 remained for complete analysis for suit all the criteria. Data analysis will be performed by metassumarization and content analysis. The results indicated the main measuring instrument to evaluate the strength was the dynamometer (isokinetic, isometric, and portable). Two main groups of subjects involved in the studies were identified, being these, the analysis of the strength for a better performance, and the analysis of imbalance muscular strength, especially in the shoulder. The intervention method was little used, demonstrating that the use of parachute during training and strength training outside the pool under an undulatory periodization are both effective in the athlete's performance. It is concluded that the main method of strength assessment in swimming is with the use of dynamometer, swimmers have a shoulder with muscular imbalance and there are few proposals for intervention to improve muscular strength in swimming athletes.

Keywords:
Strength; Swimming; Evaluation

	Sample size and age	Procedures	Sex	Competitive level	Intervention	Assessment method
Andrade et al.¹⁴14. Andrade RM, Figueira Júnior AJ, Metz V, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. Interpretation of propulsive force in tethered swimming through principal component analysis. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2018;24(3):178-181. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220182403175155 https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-86922018240...	N = 16 (18.6 ± 1.3 years)	Indirect strength tests, load cell and 10' swim test	Males	National	No	Impulse generation during the front crawl stroke
Souza, Gomes, Loss¹⁵15. Souza C, Gomes LE, Loss JF. Características da curva de força propulsiva durante palmateio em nada amarrado com tubo elástico e com cabo de aço. R Bras Ciên Mov 2018;26(4):27-34. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18511/RBCM.V26I4.7119 https://doi.org/10.18511/RBCM.V26I4.7119...	N = 10 (21.3 ± 6 years)	Load cells, vídeo	Males and females	Not disclosed	No	Propulsive strength while tied
Candeia et al.¹⁶16. Candeia A., dos Santos H.H., Moreira L, Carvalho LC, Felipe A, Viktor C, de Almeida, JJ. A natação aumenta a amplitude de movimento e a força dos músculos rotadores mediais do ombro sem alterar o espaço subacromial. Fisioter Bras 2017;18(5):571-579. Doi: https://doi.org/10.33233/fb.v18i5.1556 https://doi.org/10.33233/fb.v18i5.1556...	N = 52 (14.0 ± 1.7 years)	Portable dynamometer (DD-300, Instrutherm)	Males and females	National	No	Medial and lateral shoulder rotation strength
Correia et al.¹⁷17. Correia RA, Prado A, Teixeira C, Franken M. Relação entre força isométrica de extensão de joelhos e quadris e o desempenho na virada do nado livre. Rev Bras Ciên Mov 2017;25(2):13-22. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18511/rbcm.v25i2.6577 https://doi.org/10.18511/rbcm.v25i2.6577...	N = 9 (23.11 ± 4.2 years)	Strength transductor, videogametry	Males	College	No	Knee extension strength and turn performance
Meliscki et al.¹⁸18. Meliscki GA, Monteiro LZ, Furumoto MA, Lopes GHR, Carneseca EC, Vasconcelos EE. Alteração da força dos rotadores do ombro em jovens nadadores de elite. Fisioter Mov 2017;30(1):11-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.030.001.ao01 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.030.00...	N = 15 (20 ± 2 years)	Isometric dynamometer Globus Ergo System®	Males	Elite/national	No	Internal and external shoulder rotator muscle
Pires et al.¹⁹19. Pires GP, Pires KC, Figueira Junior AJ. Efeitos de 14 semanas de treinamento de força com periodização linear e ondulatória diária nas variáveis cinemáticas de jovens atletas de natação competitiva. Rev Bras Ciênc Esp 2017;39(3):291-298. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbce.2017.02.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbce.2017.02.0...	N = 17 (15.18 ± 2.31 years)	Stroke frequency, length, average speed and index	Males and females	Not disclosed	Yes 14 weeks	Positive effect of strength training with linear (long-distance) and non-linear (short-distance) periodization
Fortes et al.²⁰20. Fortes LS, Moraes EM, Teixeira ALS, Dias I, Simão R. Influência do ciclo menstrual na força muscular e percepção subjetiva do esforço em atletas de natação que utilizam contraceptivos. Rev Bras Ciên Mov 2015;23(3):81-87. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18511/rbcm.v23i3.5168 https://doi.org/10.18511/rbcm.v23i3.5168...	N = 10 (18.7 ± 1.6 years)	10-MR test (Leg press 45º, front lat pulldowns, squats and bench press)	Females	National	No	Strength in different phases of the menstrual cycle
Secchi, Brech, Greve²¹21. Secchi LLB, Brech GC, Greve JMD. Isokinetic dynamometry on the internal rotator and adductor muscles of the swimmers ’ shoulders: no differences between asymmetrical and symmetrical swimming strokes. MedicalExpress2015;2(2):1-5. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5935/MedicalExpress.2015.02.02 https://doi.org/10.5935/MedicalExpress.2...	N = 81 (17 to 33 years)*	Isokinetic dynamometer Biodex®	Males and females	Competitive, non-competitive and sedentary	No	Internal and external shoulder rotator muscle
Pereira et al.²²22. Pereira GS, Schutz GR, Ruschel C, Roesler H, Pereira SM. Propulsive force symmetry generated during butterfly swimming. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2015;17(6):704-12. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2015v17n6p704 https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2015v1...	N = 14 (18.4 ± 4.9 years)	Pressure sensors of the Aquanex system	Males and females	Not disclosed	No	Symmetry of Upper limbs’ strength during the butterfly style
Batalha et al.²³23. Batalha NMP, Raimundo AMM, Tomas-Carus P, Fernandes OJSM, Marinho DA, Silva AJRM. Perfil de força isocinetica dos rotadores dos ombros em jovens nadadores. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum2012;14(5):545-53. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2012v14n5p545 https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2012v1...	N = 60 swimmers (14.55 ± 0.5 years) N = 60 non-swimmers (14.62 ± 0.49 years)	Isokinetic dynamometer Biodex System 3	Males	Competitive and non-competitive	No	Internal and external shoulder rotator muscle
Barbosa et al.²⁴24. Barbosa AC, Andrade RM, Moreira A, Serrão JC, Andries Júnior O. Reprodutibilidade da curva força-tempo do estilo “Crawl” em protocolo de curta duração. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esp 2012;26(1):37-45. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092012000100005 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5509201200...	N = 16 (20.4 ± 4.0 years)	Load cell "Strain Gage"	Males	National	No	Biomechanical parameters of the strength-time curve
Detanico et al.²⁵25. Detanico D, Heidorn SI, Schutz GR, Santos SG. Aspectos cinemáticos e neuromusculares relacionados com o desempenho da saída do bloco na natação. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esp 2011;25(4):559-66. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092011000400002 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5509201100...	N = 10 (26.4 ± 6.6 years)	Camera (30Hz) and "Squat Jump" Kistler®	Males	State	No	Angles during diving and variables associated to vertical jump
Silveira et al.²⁶26. Silveira GA, Araujo LG, Freitas EDS, Schütz GR, Souza TG, Pereira SM, et al. Proposta de padronização para a distância de análise do desempenho da virada no nado crawl. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum2011;13(3):177-82. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2011v13n3p177 https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2011v1...	N = 11 (16 ± 3 years)	Strength plataform (peak strength and contact duration)	Males and females	Not disclosed	No	Standardization for the turn distance analysis of performance in swimming
Bocalini et al.²⁷27. Bocalini D, Rica RL, Triviño RN, Serra AJ. Efeitos do treinamento de força específico do desempenho de nadadores velocistas treinados com parachute. Rev Bras Ciên do Esp 2010;32(1):217-27. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-32892010000400015 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-3289201000...	N = 20 (24 ± 2 years)	Explosive strength of lower-body muscles, speed, strength and timing of swimming	Males	Federate athletes	Yes 12 weeks	Positive effects of parachute training over muscle strength and 50m test
Castro et al.²⁸28. Castro FAS, Oliveira TS Moré FC, Mota CB. Relações entre desempenho em 200m nado crawl e variáveis cinéticas do teste de nado estacionário. Rev Bras Ciên do Esp 2010;31(3):161-76. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-32892010000300011 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-3289201000...	N = 12 (18.3 ± 2.9 years)	Load cell, chronometer	-	National	No	Relate the 200m freestyle performance with stationary swimming kinetic variables
Secchi et al.²⁹29. Secchi LLB, Muratt MD, Andrade NVS, Greve JMD. Dinamometria isocinética de tronco em nadadores de diferentes estilos. Acta Ortop Bras 2010;18(5):295-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-78522010000500010 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-7852201000...	N = 14 (symmetric 21.3±5.5 years; asymmetric 20.5±3 years)	Isokinetic dynamometer Cybex 6000	-	Elite	No	Trunk traction strength
Pessôa Filho³⁰30. Pessôa Filho DM. Parâmetros mecânicos e metabólicos do desempenho em intensidade supra-máxima no nado crawl. Motriz Rev Educ Fís2007;13(3):188-202. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5016/773 https://doi.org/10.5016/773...	N = 11 (15.45 ± 1.75 years)	Video	-	Not disclosed	No	Mechanical and metabolic parameters of performance in max-intensity freestyle swimming
Barbosa, Moraes, Andries Jr.³¹31. Barbosa A, Moraes RC, Andries Júnior O. Efeito do treinamento de força na relação força muscular-desempenho aeróbio de nadadores competitivos. Rev Bras Cieantropom Desempenho Hum 2007;9(4):380-5. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/%25x https://doi.org/10.1590/%25x...	N = 16 (21.93 ± 2.17 years)	Indirect strength tests and 10' swim test	-	Not disclosed	Yes 12 weeks	Null effect of strength training outside the pool over swimming performance
Barbosa, Andries Jr.³²32. Barbosa AC, Andries Júnior O. Efeito do treinamento de força no desempenho da natação. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esp2006;20(2):141-50. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092006000200007 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5509200600...	N = 16 (21.93 ± 2.17 years)	Tests: 25m & 50 m; and 1-MR and 70% of 1-MR in 30"	Males	College	Yes 10 weeks	Null effect of strength training outside the pool over swimming performance
Schneider, Henkin, Meyer³³33. Schneider P, Henkin S, Meyer F. Força muscular de rotadores externos e internos de membro superior em nadadores púberes masculinos e femininos. Rev Bras Ciências Mov 2006;14(1):29-36. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18511/rbcm.v14i1.675 https://doi.org/10.18511/rbcm.v14i1.675...	N = 26 (13.0 ± 0.8 years)	Isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex Norm)	Males and females	Not disclosed	No	Analyze isokinetic concentric strength of external and internal shoulder rotators
Papoti et al.³⁴34. Papoti M, Zagatto AM, Freitas PB, Cunha SA, Martins LEB, Gobatto CA. Utilização do intercepto-y na avaliação da aptidão anaeróbia e predição da performance de nadadores treinados. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2005;11(2):126-130. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922005000200006 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-8692200500...	N = 14 (15 to 18 years)*	Y-intercept and tests in the pool	Males and females	State and national	No	Y-intercept use in anaerobic capacity testing and performance prediction
Schneider, Meyer³⁵35. Schneider P, Meyer F. Avaliação antropométrica e da força muscular em nadadores pré-púberes e púberes. Rev Bras Med Esp2005;11(4):209-213. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922005000400001 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-8692200500...	N = 48 (9 to 13 years)*	Isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex Norm)	Males and females	Competitive	No	Anthropometry and isokinetic assessment of knee extension and elbow flexion
Marinho, Andries Jr.³⁶36. Marinho PC, Andries Júnior O. Mensuração da força isométrica e sua relação com a velocidade máxima de jovens nadadores com diferentes níveis de performance. Rev Bras Ciên Mov 2004;12(1):71-5. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18511/rbcm.v12i1.545 https://doi.org/10.18511/rbcm.v12i1.545...	N = 19 (14.5 ± 1.12 years)	Strength dynamometer for forearm and 25m maximum tests	Males	National	No	Relationship between isometric strength and maximum speed swimming performance

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[1] Author address: Caio Rosas Moreira, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, avenida Colombo, 5790, bloco M-06, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil. E-mail: crosasmoreira@gmail.com