Is physical activity associated with resting heart rate in boys and girls? A representative study controlled for confounders

Zanuto, Edner F.; Ritti-Dias, Raphael M.; Tebar, William R.; Scarabottolo, Catarina C.; Delfino, Leandro D.; Casonatto, Juliano; Vanderlei, Luiz Carlos M.; Christofaro, Diego Giulliano Destro

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2018.10.007

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Original articles • J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) 96 (2) • Mar-Apr 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2018.10.007 copy

Is physical activity associated with resting heart rate in boys and girls? A representative study controlled for confounders^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Zanuto EF, Ritti-Dias RM, Tebar WR, Scarabottolo CC, Delfino LD, Casonatto J, et al. Is physical activity associated with resting heart rate in boys and girls? A representative study controlled for confounders. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020;96:247-54.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective:

Investigate the relationship between different domains of physical activity and resting heart rate (RHR) in boys and girls.

Method:

The sample included 1011 adolescents, aged between 10 and 17 years. RHR was measured by a heart rate monitor and physical activity was assessed in total and in three different domains (school, occupational, and sports practice) by a questionnaire. Anthropometry was directly obtained for body mass index and central fat. Ethnicity, sedentary behavior, and smoking habits were self-reported and used to adjust the analysis, through hierarchical linear regression.

Results:

Total physical activity was associated with low RHR in boys (β = −0.52; 95% CI: −0.92, −0.12) and girls (β = −0.67; 95% CI: −1.07, −0.28). Although sporting physical activities were associated with low RHR in both boys (β = −0.58; 95% CI: −1.05, −0.11) and girls (β = −0.87; 95% CI: −1.34, −0.39), occupational physical activity was related to low RHR only in boys (β = −1.56; 95% CI: −2.99, −0.14).

Conclusion:

The practice of physical activity in the sport practice domain and total physical activity were related to low RHR in both sexes, while occupational physical activities were associated with RHR only in boys.

KEYWORDS
Physical activity; Resting heart rate; Sedentary behavior; School

	Boys	Girls	p-Value
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	12.9 (2.3)	13.3 (2.3)	0.002
Weight (kg)	49.8 (15.0)	50.4 (14.5)	0.506
Height (cm)	155.4 (13.4)	155.9 (12.1)	0.556
BMI (kg/m²)	20.2 (4.3)	20.4 (4.2)	0.487
Waist-to-height ratio	0.44 (0.06)	0.44 (0.06)	0.061
Smoking (cigars/day)	1.1 (0.6)	1.0 (0.4)	0.145
Sedentary behavior (hours/day)	11.9 (6.2)	11.7 (6.0)	0.203
Resting heart rate (beats/minute)	82.6 (12.3)	83.2 (13.6)	0.445
School physical activity	2.3 (0.5)	2.3 (0.4)	0.739
Sports physical activity	4.6 (2.2)	4.0 (2.1)	0.001
Occupational physical activity	2.6 (0.8)	2.4 (0.7)	0.005
Total PA (Baecke's score)	9.4 (2.6)	8.8 (2.7)	0.001

	School PA				Occupational PA
	β	SE	95% CI	p-Value	β	SE	95% CI	p-Value
Boys
Simple regression	1.14	1.081	-0.99; 3.26	0.294	-1.38	0.768	-2.89; 0.13	0.072
Multiple regression ^a a All variables inserted simultaneously in the model.	R squared = 0.145				R squared = 0.152
PA score	0.32	1.017	-1.68; 2.32	0.752	-1.41	0.723	-2.84; 0.01	0.051
Age	-1.67	0.243	-2.14; -1.19	0.001	-1.65	0.242	-2.12; -1.17	0.001
Ethnicity	-0.50	0.393	-1.27; 0.27	0.205	-0.50	0.392	-1.27; 0.27	0.201
Waist-to-height ratio	20.39	9.417	1.88; 38.89	0.031	22.97	9.406	4.49; 41.46	0.015
Smoking	0.22	0.794	-1.34; 1.78	0.779	0.16	0.790	-1.39; 1.72	0.836
Sedentary behavior	1.95	0.777	0.43; 3.48	0.012	1.82	0.775	0.29; 3.34	0.020
Girls
Simple regression	-0.52	1.190	-2.85; 1.82	0.664	-0.66	0.810	-2.25; 0.93	0.413
Multiple regression ^a a All variables inserted simultaneously in the model.	R squared = 0.073				R squared = 0.075
PA score	0.15	1.179	-2.16; 2.47	0.897	-0.79	0.791	-2.35; 0.76	0.317
Age	-1.28	0.249	-1.77; -0.79	0.001	-1.27	0.249	-1.76; -0.79	0.001
Ethnicity	-0.01	0.395	-0.78; 0.77	0.982	-0.03	0.395	-0.80; 0.75	0.947
Waist-to-height ratio	25.06	9.732	5.94; 44.18	0.010	25.74	9.743	6.60; 44.88	0.008
Smoking	-0.85	1.314	-3.43; 1.73	0.517	-0.89	1.311	-3.46; 1.69	0.500
Sedentary behavior	-0.67	0.761	-2.17; 0.82	0.377	-0.69	0.748	-2.16; 0.78	0.354

	Sports PA				Total PA
	β	SE	95% CI	p-Value	β	SE	95% CI	p-Value
Boys
Simple regression	-0.58	0.255	-1.08; -0.08	0.023	-0.49	0.218	-0.92; -0.06	0.025
Multiple regression ^a a All variables inserted simultaneously in the model.	R squared = 0.155				R squared = 0.157
PA score	-0.55	0.237	-1.02; -0.09	0.021	-0.51	0.203	-0.91; -0.11	0.013
Age	-1.64	0.241	-2.11; -1.16	0.001	-1.63	0.241	-2.11; -1.16	0.001
Ethnicity	-0.53	0.391	-1.30; 0.24	0.177	-0.53	0.391	-1.30; 0.24	0.176
Waist-to-height ratio	21.61	9.324	3.28; 39.94	0.021	22.81	9.347	4.44; 41.18	0.015
Smoking	0.13	0.789	-1.42; 1.68	0.867	0.11	0.789	-1.44; 1.66	0.892
Sedentary behavior	1.97	0.770	0.46; 3.49	0.011	1.95	0.769	0.44; 3.46	0.012
Girls
Simple regression	-0.72	0.247	-1.20; -0.23	0.004	-0.57	0.209	-0.98; -0.16	0.006
Multiple regression ^a a All variables inserted simultaneously in the model.	R squared = 0.094				R squared = 0.091
PA score	-0.86	0.240	-1.34; -0.39	0.001	-0.66	0.203	-1.06; -0.26	0.001
Age	-1.34	0.247	-1.83; -0.86	0.001	-1.32	0.247	-1.80; -0.83	0.001
Ethnicity	-0.04	0.390	-0.81; 0.73	0.919	-0.04	0.391	-0.81; 0.73	0.921
Waist-to-height ratio	25.28	9.617	6.39; 44.17	0.009	25.89	9.640	6.95; 44.82	0.007
Smoking	-1.19	1.300	-3.75; 1.36	0.359	-1.10	1.301	-3.66; 1.45	0.397
Sedentary behavior	-0.73	0.739	-2.19; 0.72	0.321	-0.67	0.740	-2.12; 0.79	0.368

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:diegochristofaro@yahoo.com.br (D.G. Christofaro).