Association between general and abdominal obesity with high blood pressure: difference between genders

Silva, Alison O.; Silva, Micaelly V.; Pereira, Lisley K.N.; Feitosa, Wallacy M.N.; Ritti-Dias, Raphael M.; Diniz, Paula R.B.; Oliveira, Luciano M.F.T.

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2015.05.007

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Original articles • J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) 92 (2) • Mar-Apr 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2015.05.007 copy

Association between general and abdominal obesity with high blood pressure: difference between genders^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Silva AO, Silva MV, Pereira LK, Feitosa WM, Ritti-Dias RM, Diniz PR, et al. Association between general and abdominal obesity with high blood pressure: difference between genders. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2016;92:174-80. ^☆☆ ☆☆ Study carried out at Faculdade Associação Caruaruense de Ensino Superior e Técnico (ASCES), Caruaru, PE, Brazil.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective:

To assess the association between general and abdominal obesity with high blood pressure in adolescents of both genders from the public school system.

Methods:

This was an epidemiological, descriptive, exploratory study, with a quantitative approach and local scope whose sample consisted of 481 high school students (aged 14–19), selected by using a random cluster sampling strategy. Blood pressure was measured through the use of automated monitor and was considered high when the pressure values were at or above the 95th percentile. The analyses were performed using the chi-squared test and binary logistic regression.

Results:

The prevalence of high blood pressure was 6.4%, and it was higher among boys (9.0% vs. 4.7%, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between general (p = 0.903) and abdominal obesity (p = 0.157) when genders were compared. After adjusting for age, high blood pressure was associated with general (OR = 6.4; p < 0.001) and abdominal obesity (OR = 7.0; p < 0.001) only among boys, when comparing the fourth quartile with the first quartile of body mass index (≤18.6 kg/m² vs. ≥23.5 kg/m²) and waist circumference (≤69 cm vs. ≥80.1 cm).

Conclusion:

It was observed that general and abdominal obesity are associated with high blood pressure only in boys, regardless of age.

Keywords
Hypertension; Adolescent; Prevalence

Variables		Total = 481
		n	%
Gender
	Boys	221	45.9
	Girls	260	54.1

Age (years)
	14–15	183	38.1
	16–17	219	45.6
	18–19	78	16.3

Place of residence
	Urban	407	84.6
	Rural	74	15.4

Skin color
	White	128	26.7
	Non-white	351	73.3

Maternal education
	>8 years of schooling	47	11.6
	<8 years of schooling	359	88.4

Occupation
	Works	122	25.5
	Does not work	357	74.5

High blood pressure
	No	450	93.6
	Yes	31	6.4

Body mass index
	Very low risk (≤18.6)	121	25.2
	Low risk (18.7–20.6)	120	24.9
	Moderate risk (20.7–23.4)	120	24.9
	High risk (>23.5)	120	24.9

Waist circumference
	Very low risk (≤69)	136	28.3
	Low risk (69.1–73)	108	22.5
	Moderate risk (73.1–80)	123	25.6
	High risk (>80.1)	114	23.7

Anthropometric indices			High blood pressure
			Odds ratio (Raw)	95% CI	p-Value	Overall p-Value	Odds ratio (adjusted^a a Ajustada pela idade. )	95% CI	p-Value	Overall p-Value
Boys
	Waist circumference (cm)
		Very low risk (≤69)	1			<0.001	1			<0.001
		Low risk (69.1–73)	0.46	0.04–5.26	0.535		0.38	0.03–4.40	0.439
		Moderate risk (73.1–80)	1.75	0.31–10.00	0.526		1.31	0.22–7.76	0.765
		High risk (>80.1)	7.93	1.69–37.18	0.009		6.97	1.47–33.15	0.015

	Body mass index (kg/m²)
		Very low risk (≤18.6)	1			<0.001	1			<0.001
		Low risk (18.7–20.6)	0.46	0.04–5.19	0.527		0.38	0.03–4.43	0.442
		Moderate risk (20.7–23.4)	2.70	0.50–14.59	0.247		2.31	0.42–12.73	0.337
		High risk (>23.5)	7.57	1.60–35.70	0.011		6.44	1.33–31.04	0.020

Girls
	Waist circumference (cm)
		Very low risk (≤69)	1			0.260	1			0.245
		Low risk (69.1–73)	0.38	0.04–3.54	0.399		0.34	0.04–3.15	0.343
		Moderate risk (73.1–80)	0.33	0.03–3.06	0.331		0.33	0.04–3.10	0.335
		High risk (>80.1)	2.22	0.60–8.25	0.233		2.23	0.59–8.41	0.235

	Body mass index (kg/m²)
		Very low risk (≤18.6)	1			0.462	1			0.463
		Low risk (18.7–20.6)	0.25	0.03–2.34	0.227		0.24	0.03–2.24	0.210
		Moderate risk (20.7–23.4)	0.23	0.03–2.16	0.200		0.21	0.02–2.00	0.174
		High risk (>23.5)	1.52	0.41–5.68	0.529		1.54	0.41–5.82	0.524

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[1] *Corresponding author. E-mail:luciano2308@hotmail.com (É.P.G. Felden).