Intestinal microbiota development in the first week of life of preterm newborns

Costa, Jessica Santos Passos; Brandão, Heli Vieira; Martins, Camilla da Cruz; Benevides, Raquel Guimarães; Contreras, Jean Carlos Zambrano; Sparvoli, Luiz Gustavo; Vanzele, Pedro Augusto Ramos; Taddei, Carla Romano; Vieira, Tatiana de Oliveira; Vieira, Graciete Oliveira

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2025.02.003

person Jessica Santos Passos Costa ⁎

approved the final manuscript as submitted · agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work

schoolUniversidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil

0000-0001-8557-5783

person Heli Vieira Brandão

approved the final manuscript as submitted · agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work

schoolUniversidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil

0000-0002-0485-3161

person Camilla da Cruz Martins

approved the final manuscript as submitted · agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work

schoolUniversidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil

0000-0002-6946-4618

person Raquel Guimarães Benevides

approved the final manuscript as submitted · agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work

schoolUniversidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

0000-0002-5410-6973

person Jean Carlos Zambrano Contreras

approved the final manuscript as submitted · agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work

schoolUniversidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela

0000-0002-4536-9077

person Luiz Gustavo Sparvoli

approved the final manuscript as submitted · agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work

schoolUniversidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

0000-0003-4244-6513

person Pedro Augusto Ramos Vanzele

approved the final manuscript as submitted · agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work

schoolUniversidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

0000-0002-0305-8262

person Carla Romano Taddei

approved the final manuscript as submitted · agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work

schoolUniversidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

0000-0003-0869-0651

person Tatiana de Oliveira Vieira

approved the final manuscript as submitted · agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work

schoolUniversidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil

0000-0002-5039-5077

person Graciete Oliveira Vieira

approved the final manuscript as submitted · agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work

schoolUniversidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil

0000-0001-5354-718X

person⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail:jessy17_sp@hotmail.com (J.S. Costa)

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Editor:

R. Soibelmann Procianoy

Variables	RN Control	RN Excluded
	N (%)	N(%)
Maternal age	23	15
≥ 18 years	21 (91.3)	14 (93.3)
< 18 years	2 (8.7)	1 (6.7)
Self-declared ethnicity/skin color	23	17
White	1 (4.3)	3 (17.6)
Non-white	22 (95.7)	14 (82.4)
Marital status	20	16
With partner	11 (55)	8 (50.0)
Without partner	9 (45)	8 (50.0)
Place of residence	23	17
Urban	18 (78.3)	10 (58.8)
Rural	5 (21.7)	7 (41.2)
Parity	18	17
Multiparous	9 (50)	13 (76.5)
Primiparous	9 (50)	4 (23.5)
Number of prenatal care visits	16	14
≥ 6 visits	4 (25)	9 (64.3)
< 6 visits	12 (75)	5 (35.7)
Delivery type	23	17
Vaginal	11 (47.8)	11 (64.7)
Cesarean	12 (52.2)	6 (35.3)
Gestational diabetes	23	16
No	21 (91.3)	13 (81.3)
Yes	2 (8.7)	3 (18.8)
Gestational hypertension	23	16
No	17 (74)	10 (62.5)
Yes	6 (26)	6 (37.5)
Smoker	23	15
No	22 (91.3)	15 (100.0)
Yes	1 (4.4)	0 (0.0)
Coronavirus infection	23	17
No	22 (95.6)	17 (100.0)
Yes	1 (4.4)	0 (0.0)
Urinary infection	23	16
No	20 (86.9)	11 (68.75)
Yes	3 (13.1)	5 (31.25)
Chronic kidney disease	23	17
No	22 (95.6)	16 (94.12)
Yes	1 (4.4)	1 (5.88)
Maternal syphilis	23	17
No	22 (95.6)	17 (100.0)
Yes	1 (4.4)	0 (0.0)

Descriptive statistics of preterm newborns in the first week of life
Variables	RN Control Mean ± Standard Deviation	RN Excluded Mean ± Standard Deviation	RN Control N ( %)	RN Excluded N ( %)
Clinical data
Newborn sex			23	17
Female	-	-	12 (52.2)	7 (41.2)
Male	-	-	11 (47.8)	10 (58.8)
Gestational age			23	15
≥ 28 weeks	-	-	13 (56.6)	9 (60.0)
< 28 weeks	-	-	10 (43.5)	6 (40.0)
Gestational age (weeks)	29.09 ± 2.6	28.13 ± 2.7	-	-
Birth weight (grams)	1055.2 ± 224.2	1074.59 ± 294.82	-	-
Birth weight			23	17
≤ 1500 > 1000 g (VLBW)a	-	-	12 (52.2)	11 (64.7)
< 1000 g (ELBW)a	-	-	11 (47.8)	6 (35.3)
Use of antibiotics			23	17
No	-	-	2 (8.7)	0 (0.0)
Yes	-	-	21 (91.3)	17 (100.0)
Broad-spectrum antibiotic			21	15
Ampicillin/Gentamicin/Oxacillin/Amikacin	-	-	14 (66.7)	10 (66.7)
Piperacillin/Tazobactan/Vancomycin/Meropenem	-	-	7 (33.3)	5 (33.3)
Oxygen Therapy			23	17
Non-invasive	-	-	9 (39.1)	3 (17.6)
Invasive	-	-	14 (60.9)	14 (82.4)
Umbilical catheter			23	17
No	-	-	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Yes	-	-	23 (100.0)	17 (100.0)
Central venous access			23	17
No	-	-	20 (87.0)	14 (82.3)
Yes	-	-	3 (13.0)	3 (17.7)
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter			23	16
No	-	-	8 (34.8)	9 (52.9)
Yes	-	-	15 (65.2)	8 (47.1)
Abdominal distension			23	17
No	-	-	11 (47.8)	9 (52.9)
Yes	-	-	12 (52.2)	8 (47.1)
Gastric residue			23	17
No	-	-	7 (30.5)	6 (35.3)
Yes	-	-	16 (69.5)	11 (64.7)
Mucosanguineous stools			23	17
No	-	-	22 (95.7)	17 (100.0)
Yes	-	-	1 (4.3)	0 (0.0)
Regurgitation			23	17
No	-	-	11 (47.8)	11 (64.7)
Yes	-	-	12 (52.2)	6 (35.3)

Morbidity and mortality data	Mean ± Standard Deviation	Mean ± Standard Deviation	RN Control N ( %)	RN Excluded N ( %)
Death			23	17
No	-	-	20 (87.0)	15 (88.2)
Yes	-	-	3 (13.0)	2 (11.8)
Intraventricular hemorrhage			23	17
No	-	-	21 (91.3)	14 (82.4)
Yes	-	-	2 (8.7)	3 (17.6)
Renal Failure			23	16
No	-	-	21 (91.3)	14 (87.5)
Yes	-	-	2 (8.7)	2 (12.5)
Neonatal sepsis			23	17
No	-	-	2 (8.7)	0 (0.0)
Yes	-	-	21 (91.3)	17 (100.0)
Patent ductus arteriosus			23	17
No	-	-	21 (91.3)	16 (94.1)
Yes	-	-	2 (8.7)	1 (5.9)
Pneumonia			23	17
No	-	-	22 (95.7)	17 (100.0)
Yes	-	-	1 (4.3)	0 (0.0)
Pneumothorax			23	17
No	-	-	23 (100.0)	17 (100.0)
Yes	-	-	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Hyaline Membrane Disease			23	17
No	-	-	19 (82.7)	6 (35.3)
Yes	-	-	4 (17.3)	11 (64.7)

Nutritional data	Mean ± Standard Deviation	Mean ± Standard Deviation	RN Control N ( %)	RN Excluded N ( %)
Time to start an enteral diet (days)	1.66 ± 1.45	1.94 ± 1.34	-	-
Parenteral nutrition time (days)	6.04 ± 1.63	5.25 ± 2.2	-	-
Weight on day 7 (grams)	1010.9 ± 208.7	1570.1 ± 2263.5	-	-
Type of diet on the 7th day of life	-	-	19	13
Fast	-	-	4 (21.1)	0 (0.0)
Exclusive breast milk	-	-	15 (78.9)	13 (100.0)
Breast milk + formula	-	-	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)

Genus	Week		p-valueb
Genus	T0a (%)	T1a (%)	p-valueb
g_Staphylococcus	22.57	45.59	0.11
o_Enterobacterales	8.10	6.85	0.041
g_Ralstonia	6.5	8.57	0.7
g_Streptococcus	9.18	5.59	0.019
g_Bacteroides	6.18	10.90	0.022
g_Filobacterium	0.0047	0.0026	0.9
g_Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1	5.77	1.21	0.038
g_Lachnoanaerobaculum	0.0026	0.0040	0.5
g_Stenotrophomonas	0.103	0.0035	0.2
g_Enterococcus	2.54	5.46	0.010
g_Asteroleplasma	2.77	2.05	0.7
g_Bifidobacterium	4.16	0.62	<0.001
g_Ureaplasma	3.98	0.10	0.3
g_Acinetobacter	0.55	7.87	0.6
g_Listeria	0.0056	0.000	0.081
Others	27.46	4.77	<0.001

[TFN1] ^a
VLBW, Very low birth weight; ELBW, Extremely low birth weight.

Intestinal microbiota development in the first week of life of preterm newborns

Abstract