The effect of sleep quality on academic performance is mediated by Internet use time: DADOS study

Adelantado-Renau, Mireia; Diez-Fernandez, Ana; Beltran-Valls, Maria Reyes; Soriano-Maldonado, Alberto; Moliner-Urdiales, Diego

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2018.03.006

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Original articles • J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) 95 (4) • Jul-Aug 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2018.03.006 copy

The effect of sleep quality on academic performance is mediated by Internet use time: DADOS study^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Adelantado-Renau M, Diez-Fernandez A, Beltran-Valls MR, Soriano-Maldonado A, Moliner-Urdiales D. The effect of sleep quality on academic performance is mediated by Internet use time: DADOS study. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2019;95:410 -8.

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Abstract

Objective:

The aims of the present study were to analyze the association of sleep patterns with academic and cognitive performance in adolescents, and to test the potential mediating effect of different activities of screen media usage on this association.

Methods:

A sample of 269 adolescents (140 boys) aged 14 years from the baseline data of the Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud study completed questionnaires about sleep quality, cognitive performance, and leisure-time sedentary behaviors. Sleep duration was objectively computed using a wrist-worn GENEActiv accelerometer and academic performance was analyzed through school records.

Results:

Sleep quality (but not sleep duration) was associated with all the academic performance indicators (all p < 0.05). Analysis of covariance revealed higher grades among adolescents with better sleep quality (PSQI ≤ 5; all p < 0.05). These analyses showed no differences regarding cognitive performance. Internet use time was revealed as a mediator of the association between sleep quality and academic performance, being significant for all academic performance indicators (P_M ranging from 15.5% to 16.0%).

Conclusions:

The association between sleep quality and academic performance in adolescents is mediated by time of Internet use. Overall, reducing Internet use in adolescents could be an achievable intervention for improving sleep quality, with potentially positive effects on academic performance.

KEYWORDS
School achievement; Cognition; Sleep patterns; Adolescence

	All (n = 269)	Boys (n = 140)	Girls (n = 129)	p	η ²
Demographics
Age (years)^a	13.9 ± 0.3	13.9 ± 0.3	13.9 ± 0.3	0.903	0.000
Tanner stage (I -V) (%)	0/8/34/48/10	0/10/32/44/14	0/5/36/54/5
Anthropometry ^a
Height (cm)	163.0 ± 7.9	164.6 ± 8.6	161.2 ± 6.8	0.000	0.049
Weight (kg)	54.1 ± 9.2	54.5 ± 9.6	53.7 ± 8.8	0.486	0.002
BMI (kg/m²)	20.3 ± 2.7	20.0 ± 2.5	20.6 ± 2.9	0.059	0.014
Sleep
Sleep quality (0 -21)^a	4.8 ± 2.8	4.2 ± 2.7	5.5 ± 2.7	0.000	0.071
Good sleep quality^b	65 (174)	74 (104)	54 (70)	0.001
Sleep duration (h)^a	8.0 ± 0.9	7.8 ± 1.0	8.1 ± 0.8	0.006	0.028
Good sleep duration^b	50 (135)	47 (66)	54 (69)	0.326
Academic performance (0 -10) ^a
Math	6.8 ± 1.6	7.0 ± 1.6	6.7 ± 1.6	0.196	0.006
Spanish	6.9 ± 1.5	6.7 ± 1.5	7.1 ± 1.5	0.075	0.013
Core subjects	6.9 ± 1.5	6.8 ± 1.5	6.9 ± 1.5	0.838	0.000
GPA	7.1 ± 1.3	7.1 ± 1.3	7.2 ± 1.3	0.420	0.003
Cognitive performance ^a
Verbal ability (0 -50)	18.7 ± 5.3	19.1 ± 5.9	18.2 ± 4.6	0.131	0.009
Numeric ability (0 -30)	13.4 ± 4.8	14.8 ± 4.6	11.9 ± 4.5	0.000	0.094
Reasoning ability (0 -30)	16.5 ± 5.8	16.1 ± 5.6	16.9 ± 6.0	0.239	0.005
Overall (0 -110)	48.6 ± 12.6	50.0 ± 12.8	47.0 ± 12.2	0.049	0.015
SMU (min/day) ^a
Videogames	34.5 ± 44.0	45.4 ± 45.9	22.7 ± 38.7	0.000	0.066
Internet	53.3 ± 58.5	47.4 ± 57.6	59.7 ± 59.1	0.086	0.013
Mobile phone	111.0 ± 84.3	97.0 ± 79.6	126.1 ± 86.8	0.004	0.031
Television	90.9 ± 52.9	92.4 ± 53.0	89.4 ± 53.0	0.647	0.001

	Sleep patterns		Academic performance				Cognitive performance
	Sleep quality	Sleep duration	Math	Spanish	Core subjects	GPA	Verbal	Numeric	Reasoning	Overall
Sleep patterns
Sleep quality	-	-0.085	0.225^b	0.143^a	0.194^a	0.205^b	0.034	0.111	0.071	0.088
Sleep duration	-0.085	-	-0.038	-0.064	-0.053	-0.073	-0.198^b	-0.018	0.006	-0.087
SMU
Videogames	-0.150^a	0.048	-0.051	-0.050	-0.054	-0.076	-0.014	-0.005	0.009	-0.004
Internet	-0.179^a	0.001	-0.193^a	-0.165^a	-0.206^b	-0.221^b	-0.068	-0.100	-0.178^a	-0.148^a
Mobile phone	-0.131^a	0.004	-0.092	-0.110	-0.113	-0.143^a	-0.034	-0.089	-0.112	-0.099
Television	-0.001	0.091	-0.003	-0.028	-0.026	-0.057	0.116	-0.049	-0.079	-0.006

	Sleep quality						Internet use
	Good sleep quality (n = 174)	Bad sleep quality (n = 95)	Model 1 p	η ²	Model 2 p	η ²	Low Internet use (n = 179)	High Internet use (n = 90)	Model 1 p	η ²	Model 2 p	η ²
Academic performance
Math	7.0 ± 1.6	6.4 ± 1.6	0.006	0.027	0.020	0.019	7.0 ± 1.6	6.6 ± 1.6	0.068	0.008	0.208	0.004
Spanish	7.0 ± 1.6	6.8 ± 1.4	0.144	0.008	0.280	0.004	7.0 ± 1.5	6.7 ± 1.5	0.103	0.010	0.190	0.008
Core subjects	7.0 ± 1.5	6.6 ± 1.4	0.024	0.018	0.067	0.011	7.0 ± 1.4	6.6 ± 1.5	0.066	0.010	0.172	0.006
GPA	7.2 ± 1.3	6.9 ± 1.3	0.026	0.018	0.082	0.010	7.2 ± 1.2	6.9 ± 1.3	0.017	0.022	0.053	0.018
Cognitive performance
Verbal ability	18.7 ± 5.4	18.7 ± 5.2	0.777	0.000	0.636	0.001	19.0 ± 5.1	18.1 ± 5.7	0.118	0.007	0.128	0.007
Numeric ability	13.7 ± 4.8	12.8 ± 4.7	0.573	0.001	0.762	0.000	13.8 ± 4.6	12.6 ± 4.9	0.137	0.005	0.222	0.003
Reasoning ability	16.4 ± 5.8	16.7 ± 5.9	0.920	0.000	0.583	0.001	17.0 ± 5.5	15.5 ± 6.4	0.015	0.018	0.024	0.017
Overall	48.8 ± 12.8	48.1 ± 12.3	0.969	0.000	0.729	0.000	49.8 ± 12.0	46.2 ± 13.4	0.019	0.015	0.033	0.013
Sleep quality	3.2 ± 1.3	7.8 ± 2.2	-	-	-	-	4.4 ± 2.4	5.8 ± 3.2	0.006	0.025	-	-
Internet use	46.1 ± 55.9	66.5 ± 61.2	0.014	0.025	-	-	20.8 ± 17.9	118.0 ± 57.7	-	-	-	-

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:dmoliner@uji.es (D. Moliner-Urdiales).