|
Lisowska et al. (2010) Poland
1313 Lisowska A, Madry E, Pogorzelski A, Szydłowski J, Radzikowski A, Walkowiak J. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth does not correspond to intestinal inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2010;70:322–6.
|
Children and teenagers
n = 55
Cross-sectional study
|
To correlate small intestinal bacterial overgrowth with intestinal inflammation. |
Fecal calprotectin levels were higher in CF patients compared to the control group. There was no difference in calprotectin levels between the group with and without SIBO assessed by BT. Indirect measures of intestinal inflammation may give false positive results. |
|
Fallahi et al. (2013) Iran
1414 Fallahi G, Motamed F, Yousefi A, Shafieyoun A, Najafi M, Khodadad A, et al. The effect of probiotics on fecal calprotectin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Turk J Pediatr. 2013;55:475–8.
|
Children over 4 years old
n = 47
Doubleblind randomized controlled trial
|
To verify intestinal inflammation after administration of probiotics by measuring fecal calprotectin. |
The administration of probiotic (FOS) significantly reduced fecal calprotectin levels (p = 0.031) and, consequently, intestinal inflammation. |
|
Rumman et al. (2014) Israel
1515 Rumman N, Sultan M, El-Chammas K, Goh V, Salzman N, Quintero D. Werlin S. Calprotectin in cystic fibrosis. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:133.
|
Children
n = 62. Prospective study
|
To relate high levels to clinical signs of disease. |
No significant value in the clinical presentations, including the use of probiotics, pancreatic enzymes, and PS or PI. There was a higher percentage of sufficient pancreatic function with abnormal levels (81%) than insufficient (65%). The use of inhaled antibiotics reduced the marker levels. |
|
Adriaanse et al. (2015) Netherlands
1616 Adriaanse MP, van der Sande LJ, van den Neucker AM, Menheere PP, Dompeling E, Buurman WA, et al. Evidence for a cystic fibrosis enteropathy. PLoSOne. 2015;10:e0138062.
|
Children and adults
n = 175 prospective study
|
To assess enterocyte lesion with (I-FAPB) and correlation with intestinal
inflammation
(calprotectin).
|
They observed a correlation between CF and enteropathy (enterocyte injury) and intestinal inflammation. I-FAPB levels were increased in CF patients. Increased fecal calprotectin levels were observed in the CF group directly correlated with age and inversely with pulmonary function values in children (< 18 years) and adults. I-FAPB levels were not related to comorbidities, but there was an association of calprotectin with CFRD, PI, and use of proton pump inhibitors. |
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Więcek et al. (2017) Poland
1717 Więcek S, Woś H, Kordys-Darmolińska B, Sankiewicz-Szkółka M, Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk U. The concentration of calprotectin in the stools of children with diagnosed cystic fibrosis. Prz Gastroenterol. 2017;12:38–43.
|
Children and teenagers,
n = 41
Crosssectional study
|
Calprotectin in CF patients diagnosed by neonatal screening (mean age at diagnosis = 11 m) and without screening (mean = 7 years). |
Increased fecal calprotectin levels were observed in 4/41 patients. There was no relationship between calprotectin and clinical variables. Patients presenting changes belonged to the group with homozygous delta F508 mutation. |
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Ellemunter et al. (2017) Austria
1111 Ellemunter H, Engelhardt A, Schüller K, Steinkamp G. Fecal calprotectin in cystic fibrosis and its relation to disease parameters: a longitudinal analysis for 12 years. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;65:438–42.
|
Children and adults,
n = 171
Retrospective study
|
Calprotectin as a marker of intestinal inflammation in CF. |
Patients with PI unrelated to abdominal symptoms, forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and BMI had higher levels compared to patients with PS. Median fecal calprotectin levels in delta F508 homozygotes were not significantly higher than in heterozygotes. The levels of fecal calprotectin reduced over the years, which was attributed to the use of probiotics. There was a significant association between CRP and fecal elastase levels. |
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Garg et al. (2017) Australia
1818 Garg M, Leach ST, Coffey MJ, Katz T, Strachan R, Pang T, et al. Age-dependent variation of fecal calprotectin in cystic fibrosis and healthy children. J Cyst Fibros. 2017;16:631–6.
|
Children aged up to
10 years,
n = 165
Prospective study
|
To compare calprotectin dosage in fibrocystic and healthy participants. |
Healthy participants had higher fecal calprotectin levels at birth and decreased levels up to four years, and CF patients presented the opposite, with lower levels at birth, which increased up to four years and continued high. |
|
Parisi et al. (2017) Italy
1919 Parisi GF, Papale M, Rotolo N, Aloisio D, Tardino L, Scuderi MG, et al. Severe disease in cystic fibrosis and fecal calprotectin levels. Immunobiology. 2017;222:582–6.
|
Children and adults,
n = 104
cohort study
|
To relate CF signs and symptoms to calprotectin levels. |
CF patients had higher levels than healthy subjects. In severe CF phenotype (FEV1 < 50%, PI, BMI < 18.5, chronic P. aeruginosa colonization, > 18 ys), had higher levels of fecal elastase, as well as patients with pulmonary exacerbation. |
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Schnapp et al. (2019) Israel
1212 Schnapp Z, Hartman C, Livnat G, Shteinberg M, Elenberg Y Decreased fecal calprotectin levels in cystic fibrosis patients after antibiotic treatment for respiratory exacerbation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;68:282–4.
|
Children
n = 14 Prospective study
|
To verify the effects of pulmonary exacerbation treatment on fecal calprotectin. |
Fecal calprotectin levels decreased after systemic use of antimicrobials to treat pulmonary exacerbation. Fecal calprotectin levels were high even in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. This study indicated fecal calprotectin as an intestinal as well as a systemic marker of inflammation. |
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