Vitamin E concentration in human milk and associated factors: a literature review

Lima, Mayara S.R.; Dimenstein, Roberto; Ribeiro, Karla D.S.

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2014.04.006

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Review Articles • J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) 90 (05) • Sep-Oct 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2014.04.006 linkcopy

Vitamin E concentration in human milk and associated factors: a literature review^☆,^☆☆

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstracts

Objective: To systematize information about vitamin E concentration in human milk and the variables associated with this composition in order to find possible causes of deficiency, supporting strategies to prevent it in postpartum women and infants.

Source: Studies published between 2004 and 2014 that assayed alpha-tocopherol in human milk of healthy women by high performance liquid chromatography were evaluated. The keywords used were "vitamin E", "alpha-tocopherol", "milk, human", "lactation", and equivalents in Portuguese, in the BIREME, CAPES, PubMed, SciELO, ISI Web of Knowledge, HighWire Press, Ingenta, and Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations databases.

Summary of the findings: Of the 41 publications found on the subject, 25 whose full text was available and met the inclusion criteria were selected. The alpha-tocopherol concentrations found in milk were similar in most populations studied. The variable phase of lactation was shown to influence vitamin E content in milk, which is reduced until the mature milk appears. Maternal variables parity, anthropometric nutritional status, socioeconomic status, and habitual dietary intake did not appear to affect the alpha-tocopherol levels in milk. However, the influence of the variables maternal age, gestational age, biochemical nutritional status in alpha-tocopherol, and maternal supplementation with vitamin E had conflicting results in the literature.

Conclusion: Alpha-tocopherol concentration in milk decreases during lactation, until the mature milk appears. To confirm the influence of some maternal and child variables on milk vitamin E content, further studies with adequate design are needed.

Vitamin E; Alpha-tocopherol; Human milk; Lactation; Newborn

n°	Authors/Year	Place	Type of study	Sample size	Colostrum milk α-TOH (μg/dL)	Transition milk α-TOH (μg/dL)	Mature milk α-TOH (μg/dL)	Observations
1	Martysiak-Zurowska et al., 2013¹⁷	Poland	Longitudinal	48a	999.0±151.0	445.0±95.0	292.0±84.0 (1^st month)	There was no significant difference between the concentrations at 1 and 3 months.
							207.0 ± 66.0 (3^rd month)
2	Grilo et al., 2013²⁷	Brazil	Cross-sectional	93	1,147.6 ± 582.9	-	-	-
3	Clemente, 2013²⁵	Brazil	Randomized double-blind clinical trial	36 (control)	1,665.2 ± 160.2	-	-	There was no significant difference between the concentrations of the groups.
				40 (natural suppl.)	1,387.1 ± 176.5b
				33 (synthetic suppl.)	1,802.0 ± 208.1b
4	Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz et al., 2012⁹	Poland	Longitudinal	49	886.0	-	110.0	-
5	Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz et al., 2012¹¹	Poland	Cross-sectional case-control	25	-	-	100.0c	-
6	Antonakou et al., 2011²¹	Greece	Prospective longitudinal	64 (1^st month)	-	-	357.5 ± 146.4	There was no significant difference between the concentrations at 1, 3, and 6 months.
				39 (3^rd month)			348.9± 180.9
				23 (6^th month)			366.1 ±202.4
7	Dimenstein et al., 2011²⁹	Brazil	Clinical trial	30	1,155.4 ± 811.0b	-	-	-
8	Lira et al., 2011²³	Brazil	Cross-sectional	103	1,124.1 ±551.3	-	-	-
9	Dimenstein et al., 2010²²	Brazil	Cross-sectional	25 (adolescents)	1,417.0 ± 680.5	-	-	There was no significant difference between the concentrations of the two groups.
				47 (adults)	1,309.3 ±775.3
10	Dimenstein et al., 2010³²	Brazil	Cross-sectional	30	1,603.4 ± 911.0	-	-	-
11	Garcia et al., 2010³⁰	Brazil	Clinical trial	37 (control)	986.3 ±749.4 (1^st day)	-	-	There was no significant difference between the concentrations.
				36 (supplement)	1,175.8 ± 732.2 (2^nd day)
					1,455.8 ±1,094.0 (1 ^st day)b
12	Garcia et al., 2009¹⁵	Brazil	Longitudinal	32	1,236.1 ±202.4	335.9 ± 43.1	-	-
13	Tjerina-Saénz et al., 2009³⁶	Canada	Cross-sectional	60	-	-	232.0± 11.0	-
14	Orhon et al., 2009³¹	Turkey	Cross-sectional	20	1,326.6±68.9c	-	-	-
			Case-control
15	Sziklai-László et al., 2009¹⁶	Hungary	Cross-sectional	30a	-	414.0 ± 217.0	300.0 ± 116.0	-
16	Bishara et al., 2008³⁵	Canada	Cross-sectional	24	-	-	250.0	Study conducted with mothers of preterm infants.
17	Azeredo & Trugo, 2008¹²	Brazil	Cross-sectional	72	-	-	116.3 ± 9.0	Study conducted with adolescents.
18	Tokuşoğlu et al., 2008¹³	Turkey	Cross-sectional	92	-	-	984.0 ± 213.0	-
19	Kamao et al., 2007¹⁹	Japan	Cross-sectional	51	-	-	396.0± 184.0	-
20	Kodentsova & Vrzhesinskaya, 2006¹⁰	Russia	Cross-sectional	23		260.0 ±30.0	-	Concentration obtained from the mean of 12 samples of colostrum from postpartum women at term and mature milk of 11 preterm postpartum women.
21	Quiles et al., 2006⁸	Spain	Longitudinal	15	2,455.0c	1636.7c	861.4c	-
			Case-control
22	Sakurai et al., 2005²⁰	Japan	Cross-sectional	115	-	-	309.0± 159.0	-
23	Campos, 2005¹⁴	Brazil	Longitudinal	18	1,313.9 ± 798.7	392.5 ± 173.6	389.9±69.8	-
24	Schweigert et al., 2004⁴	Germany	Longitudinal	21	2,200.9± 1,339.5	-	568.5 ± 219.7	-
25	Ahmed et al., 2004⁵	Bangladesh	Cross-sectional	105	919.1 ±364.8	-	-	-

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[TFN01t01] α-TOH, alpha-tocopherol.

[TFN02t01] ^a Total sample size, but each concentration value refers to groups with smaller sample numbers, which comprise the whole group.

[TFN03t01] ^b Data refer to the pre-supplementation time.

[TFN04t01] ^c Data refer only to the control group.

Vitamin E concentration in human milk and associated factors: a literature review☆,☆☆

Abstracts

Vitamin E concentration in human milk and associated factors: a literature review^☆,^☆☆