Early changes in adipokines from overweight to obesity in children and adolescents

Mantovani, Rafael Machado; Rocha, Natália Pessoa; Magalhães, Daniel Massote; Barbosa, Izabela Guimarães; Teixeira, Antônio Lúcio; Silva, Ana Cristina Simões e

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2016.02.015

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Original articles • J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) 92 (6) • Nov-Dec 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2016.02.015 copy

Early changes in adipokines from overweight to obesity in children and adolescents^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Mantovani RM, Rocha NP, Magalhães DM, Barbosa IG, Teixeira AL, Simões e Silva AC. Early changes in adipokines from overweight to obesity in children and adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2016;92:624-30.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective:

Childhood obesity has been associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to compare plasma levels of traditional metabolic markers, adipokines and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) in overweight, obese and lean children. We also assessed the relationships of these molecules with classical metabolic risk factors.

Methods:

This study included 104 children and adolescents, which were grouped as: lean (n = 24), overweight (n = 30), and obese subjects (n = 50). They were subjected to anthropometrical, clinical and laboratorial measurements. All measurements were compared between groups. Correlation analyses were also performed to evaluate the association between clinical data, traditional metabolic markers, adipokines and sTNFR1.

Results:

Fasting glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were comparable in lean, overweight and obese subjects. Plasma levels of sTNFR1 were similar in lean and overweight subjects, but significantly increased in obese group. Leptin, adiponectin and resistin levels did not differ when overweight were compared to obese subjects. However, all adipokines differed significantly when lean subjects were compared to overweight and obese individuals. Plasma levels of adiponectin were negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), whereas leptin, resistin and sTNFR1 concentrations positively correlated with BMI.

Conclusion:

Our results showed significant differences in circulating levels of the evaluated markers when lean, overweight and obese individuals were compared, suggesting that these biomarkers may change from lean to overweight and from overweight to obesity.

KEYWORDS
Leptin; Adiponectin; Resistin; Metabolic markers; Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor

Characteristic	Lean (n = 24) A	Overweight (n = 30) B	Obese (n = 50) C	p-value
Age in years	10.93 (±2.57)	12.28 (±2.61)	10.65 (±2.59)	0.23^a a Kruskal-Wallis test.
Female gender (%)	54.2	80.0	44.0	0.007^b b Pearson's chi-squared test.

Tanner's stage (%)				<0.001^b b Pearson's chi-squared test.
Pre-pubertal	25.0	0	6.0
Early-puberty	41.7	40.0	72.0
Late/postpubertal	33.3	60.0	22.0

BMI	17.39 (±3.65)	23.76 (±2.64)	28.60 (±7.68)	0.001^a a Kruskal-Wallis test. A < B < C^c c Dunn post-test.
AC/height ratio	0.46 (±0.05)	0.56 (±0.03)	0.63 (±0.08)	<0.001^a a Kruskal-Wallis test. A < B < C^c c Dunn post-test.

Blood pressure classification (%)				0.003^b b Pearson's chi-squared test.
Normotensive	100	66.7	48.9
Pre-hypertensive	0	10.0	19.1
Hypertensive	0	6.7	31.9

Glucose (mmol/L)	85.15 (±8.74)	82.82 (±6.12)	82.08 (±7.73)	0.22^a a Kruskal-Wallis test.
Insulin (µU/mL)	13.31 (±30.78)	11.85 (±12.99)	15.77 (±27.25)	0.14^a a Kruskal-Wallis test.
HOMA-IR	3.18 (±7.69)	2.49 (±2.71)	3.50 (±6.45)	0.16^a a Kruskal-Wallis test.
HDL-cholesterol (mg/mL)	55.15 (±12.88)	47.38 (±9.53)	45.83 (±10.63)	0.03^a a Kruskal-Wallis test. A = B^c c Dunn post-test. ; B = C^c c Dunn post-test. ; A > C^c c Dunn post-test.
LDL-cholesterol (mg/mL)	87.25 (±13.78)	99.32 (±23.24)	94.22 (±30.41)	0.39^a a Kruskal-Wallis test.
Triglycerides (mg/mL)	60.83 (±34.83)	71.92 (±31.57)	82.50 (±41.37)	0.16^a a Kruskal-Wallis test.
sTNFR1 plasma levels (pg/mL) (±SD)	623.75 (±347.14)	624.73 (±191.30)	855.14 (±269.42)	<0.001^a a Kruskal-Wallis test. A = B^c c Dunn post-test. ; A < C^c c Dunn post-test. ; B < C^c c Dunn post-test.

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:acssilva@hotmail.com (A.C. Simões e Silva).