Is the association between sociodemographic variables and physical activity levels in adolescents mediated by social support and self-efficacy?

Cheng, Luanna A.; Mendonça, Gerfeson; Lucena, Joana M.S.; Rech, Cassiano R.; Farias Júnior, José C.

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2018.08.003

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Sumário

Original articles • J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) 96 (1) • Jan-Feb 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2018.08.003 copy

Is the association between sociodemographic variables and physical activity levels in adolescents mediated by social support and self-efficacy?^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Cheng LA, Mendonça G, Lucena JM, Rech CR, Farias Júnior JC. Is the association between sociodemographic variables and physical activity levels in adolescents mediated by social support and self-efficacy? J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020;96:46-52.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective

Analyze whether the association between sociodemographic variables and physical activity levels is mediated by psychosocial factors.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study of public and private high school students in João Pessoa, Paraíba state, Brazil. A total of 2540 adolescents (57.0% female) were analyzed (16.4 ± 1.2 years). Physical activity was estimated using a questionnaire, self-efficacy, and parents’ and friends’ social support by scales, all previously validated.

Results

The association between sex and the physical activity level of adolescents was partially mediated by the social support of parents (β = 0.79; p < 0.001) and friends (β = 2.96; p < 0.001), and the association between age and physical activity level was partially mediated by parents’ social support (β = 0.78; p < 0.001). The associations between sex and age and physical activity levels of adolescents were mediated by the social support of parents and friends.

Conclusions

Differences in physical activity levels between adolescent females and males and between younger and older adolescents may be partially explained by differences in social support provided by parents and friends. Implementation strategies to increase the social support of parents and friends may help reduce the differences in physical activity levels between these subgroups of adolescents.

Keywords
Adolescence; Motor activity; Self-efficacy; Social support; Mediated effect

Variables	%	n
Sex
Male	42.9	1091
Female	57.1	1449
Age group
14-15 years	39.3	1087
16-19 years	60.7	1685
Economic class
A and B (upper class)	46.1	1132
C, D and E (low-middle class)	53.9	1323
	M (SD)	Md
Physical activity level (min/week)	544.3 (701.5)	301
Self-efficacy for physical activity (points)	27.5 (6.6)	27
Social support of parents for physical activity (points)	9.8 (3.5)	9
Social support of friends for physical activity (points)	12.2 (4.3)	12
BMI (kg/m²)	20.9 (3.3)	20.4

	Sociodemographic variables	β	Standard error	p-value
	Sex - self-efficacy ^a a Adjusted for age, economic class, and body mass index.
Model 1	Sex - physical activity	449.57	28.95	<0.001
Model 2	Sex - physical activity	444.76	28.68	<0.001
Model 2	Self-efficacy - physical activity	13.72	2.10	<0.000
Model 3	Sex - self-efficacy	0.35	0.29	<0.234
Mediated effect	β sex in Model 2 × β self-efficacy in Model 3	4.81	4.10	0.241
	Age - self-efficacy ^b b Adjusted for sex, economic class, and body mass index.
Model 1	Age - physical activity	78.08	29.21	0.008
Model 2	Age - physical activity	78.62	28.93	0.007
Model 2	Self-efficacy - physical activity	13.72	2.10	<0.001
Model 3	Age - self-efficacy	-0.04	0.29	0.893
Mediated effect	β age in Model 2 × β self-efficacy in Model 3	-0.54	4.07	0.893
	Economic class - self-efficacy ^c c Adjusted for sex, age, and body mass index. Reference: sex - 0 = female and age group - 0 = 16-19 years.
Model 1	Economic class - physical activity	33.12	28.54	0.246

	Sociodemographic variables	β	Standard error	p-value
	Sex - social support of parents ^a a Adjusted for age, economic class, and body mass index.
Model 1	Sex - physical activity	456.88	27.98	<0.001
Model 2	Sex - physical activity	419.77	27.34	<0.001
Model 2	Social support of parents - physical activity	47.08	3.94	<0.001
Model 3	Sex - social support of parents	0.79	0.14	<0.001
Mediated effect	β sex in Model 2 × β social support of parents in Model 3	37.11	7.44	<0.001
	Age - social support of parents ^b b Adjusted for sex, economic class, and body mass index.
Model 1	Age - physical activity	72.27	28.22	0.010
Model 2	Age - physical activity	35.58	27.56	0.197
Model 2	Social support of parents - physical activity	47.08	3.94	<0.001
Model 3	Age - social support of parents	0.78	0.14	<0.001
Mediated effect	β age in Model 2 × β Social support of parents in Model 3	36.72	7.48	<0.001
	Economic class - social support of parents ^c c Adjusted for sex, age, and body mass index. Reference: sex - 0 = female and age group - 0 = 16-19 years.
Model 1	Economic class - physical activity	36.93	27.60	0.181

	Sociodemographic variables	β	Standard error	p-value
	Sex - social support of friends ^a a Adjusted for age, economic class, and body mass index.
Model 1	Sex - physical activity	456.88	27.98	<0.001
Model 2	Sex - physical activity	311.63	28.25	<0.001
Model 2	Social support of friends - physical activity	49.12	3.17	<0.001
Model 3	Sex - social support of friends	2.96	0.17	<0.001
Mediated effect	β sex in Model 2 × β social support of friends in Model 3	145.3	12.74	<0.001
	Age - social support of friends ^b b Adjusted for sex, economic class, and body mass index.
Model 1	Age - physical activity	72.27	28.22	0.010
Model 2	Age - physical activity	56.82	26.88	0.035
Model 2	Social support of friends - physical activity	49.12	3.17	<0.001
Model 3	Age - social support of friends	0.32	0.17	0.075
Mediated effect	β age in Model 2 × β social support of friends in Model 3	15.7	8.72	0.076
	Economic class - social support of friends ^c c Adjusted for sex, age, and body mass index. Reference: sex - 0 = female and age group - 0 = 16-19 years.
Model 1	Economic class - physical activity	36.93	27.60	0.181

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[1] * Corresponding author. gerfeson_edf@hotmail.com